ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• parameters f0 = 38.38 ± 0.02 kHz, c = 0.018 ± 0.002 K−2, and T0 = 330 ± 10 K. The slope of the curve at a given temperature indicates the sensor’s sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. Near room temperature, where the slope is 0, it is relatively insensitive to temperature fluctuations, while at

• sputtering (3 μA, 1 kV, 30 min) at room temperature followed by annealing at 1000 K for 5 min. In Figure 5a,c, taken at 450 K under UHV conditions, we recognize steps in the vertical direction, which correspond to the Pd(100) steps. In the current signal image, the same steps are visible and defined more

• hydrocarbons CnH2n+2, with water as byproduct [24]. We have investigated the reaction on Co nanoparticles deposited on an Al2O3 support, grown on a NiAl(110) single crystal. The NiAl(110) surface has been prepared by repeated cycles of Ar-ion sputtering (3 μA, 1 kV, 30 min) at room temperature followed by

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• polymerization, the resulting complexes were cooled down to room temperature, dissolved in DCM, and precipitated using an excess of cold diethyl ether. The precipitates were isolated by filtration using filter paper and dried under vacuum. The collected PEG–PCL NPs were then subjected to further characterization

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• mL) were dripped into Eudragit RS 100 suspension (2%, v/v, of Eudragit RS 30D, diluted with ddH2O) by using a syringe pump at a rate of 5 mL/h, and the dispersion was incubated on a magnetic stirrer (700 rpm, 10 min, room temperature). At the end of the incubation, coated NPs were centrifuged (10000g

• ) was added to the solution and incubated for another 30 min at room temperature. Finally, the absorbance of the solution was recorded at 550 nm in a UV spectrophotometer. To determine the mucoadhesion of the nanoparticles, EudAlg NPs was resuspended in mucin solution (final concentration 0.5 mg/mL, 2

• another glass vial, gelatin powder was dissolved in hot water (60 °C) to a final concentration of 10% (w/v), and 1 mL of prepared gelatin solution was hardened at room temperature in separate wells of a 24-well plate. The mucin solution (1 mL) was then placed on the hardened gelatin layer, and F-EudAlg

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• resistivity of ≥17.5 MΩ·cm was obtained from a Thermo Scientific Barnstead Smart2Pure Pro UV/UF 15 LPH Water Purification System. The experiments were performed at room temperature and in ambient air. Glassware was cleaned with aqua regia, thoroughly rinsed with water, and dried before use. Data analysis and

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• Kafi Devi Usha Rani Arun Kumar Divya Gupta Sanjeev Aggarwal Ion Beam Centre, Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.25 Abstract In this study, zinc telluride (ZnTe) films were grown on quartz substrates at room temperature, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500

• °C, and 600 °C using RF sputtering. The thickness of the films has been found to decrease from 940 nm at room temperature to 200 nm at 600 °C with increasing substrate temperature. The structural investigation using grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that films deposited at room

• II–VI semiconductor with a direct bandgap of 2.26 eV, which lies in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. ZnTe is a p-type semiconductor because of zinc vacancies and has a low electron affinity of 3.53 eV at room temperature [5]. It exists in both zincblende and wurtzite structures

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• mL of H2SO4 (98%) which intercalates between graphitic layers. Finely powdered KMnO4 (1.5 g) was slowly added (time span ≈30 min) to the reaction mixture under continuous stirring at 4 °C in an ice bath (0–5 °C). The reaction mixture was kept under vigorous stirring for 12 h at room temperature

• ) nanosheets was mixed with 15 mL of an aqueous solution of Chl diphosphate (250 μg/mL) under continuous stirring at room temperature in the dark for 24 h. The final GO–Chl nanoconjugate was collected by centrifugation at 9500 rpm for 15 min followed by freeze-drying. The supernatant was separated for

• buffer, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetraoxide for 4 h at 4 °C, and again washed with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer. After that, cells were dehydrated using different percentages of acetone series (15–100%) and incubated with an AralditeR–DDSA mixture overnight at room temperature. The cell blocks were made

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• concentration in BerNPs was determined based on a berberine powder standard curve (SIGMA HPLC standard) at a wavelength of 350 nm. FE-SEM (Hitachi S-4800, Japan) was employed to determine the form and particle size of BerNPs. A small sample was placed on a copper net (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), dried at room

• temperature, and analyzed at a voltage of 10 kV [24]. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to evaluate the crystalline structure of berberine and BerNPs. FTIR spectra were analyzed to identify typical functional groups and chemical bonds in raw berberine and BerNPs [28]. Determination of minimum inhibitory

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• with varying standard electrochemical reduction potential (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Al, and Ti) was performed in the TMS of 1-nonanol and propylene carbonate under monophasic state conditions (85 °C). The gained colloids were cooled to room temperature by disabling the heating plate as it was observed that

• File 1, Figure S3. The temperature of the batch vessel was set to 85 °C to induce a conversion to the monophasic TMS. Afterward, the target material was ablated for 10 min followed by storage of the batch vessel at room temperature for two hours to attain phase separation. A slow cooling rate was

• chosen to avoid precipitation of the nanoparticles at the phase boundaries. Heating cycles were performed in a 50 mL vessel, which was heated up to 85 °C with a temperature ramp of 5 °C/min and temperature was held for 15 min. For the cooling of the colloid to room temperature, the heating was turned off

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• clay/Nb suspension was continuously stirred for 72 h at 65 °C. The color of the bentonite modified with niobium changes to light yellow (Figure 1b,c). Finally, after being cooled to room temperature, the suspensions were subjected to thermal treatment at 500 °C, with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. These

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• proposed device setup, the temperature was varied from 280 to 360 K. With the increase in temperature above room temperature, the PCE decreased from 26.37% to 25.14% with PEDOT:PSS; but, surprisingly, an increase in PCE from 25.68% to 27.10% was observed in the case of Cu2O along with an increase in FF for

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• composed of PEDOT:PSS/poly(p-anisidine) (PPA) to detect CO was investigated at room temperature. The gas-sensing characteristics of the developed sensors such as sensitivity, response, and recovery time were evaluated at room temperature for different CO concentrations [5]. Many research works on PEDOT:PSS

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• ambient conditions with a bandgap and high exciton binding energy of 3.37 eV and −60 meV, respectively [10]. Because of this high exciton binding energy even at room temperature, the excitonic transitions have a broad range of applications such as in optics, gas detecting, piezoelectrics, and

• (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out at room temperature using a three-electrode cell with 0.1 M KCl electrolyte. The ZnO NP electrode was measured at scan rates from 10 to 50 mV/s. The measurements revealed reversibility and electrode load efficiency along with

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• coefficient on temperature has already been observed for lighter organic molecules [17][19][20]. The values in these works are close to unity at room temperature and lower temperatures and go down to near zero only at substantially high temperatures (>1000 K). In contradistinction, the values obtained for Cr

• (C6H6)2 at room temperature are almost two orders of magnitude lower. Despite the fact that the investigations in these works have been performed for relatively light molecules (≈72 g/mole) compared to Cr(C6H6)2 (208 g/mole) or Me3CpPtMe (319 g/mole), these findings may shed light on the adsorption

• 60° with the identical positioning. The background pressure was 4 × 10−7 mbar and rose to 5 × 10−7 mbar for Cr(C6H6)2 and 6 × 10−6 mbar for Me3CpPtMe during deposition at room temperature. To prevent any mechanical or beam drift, a waiting time of 10 min was introduced right before the start of the

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• desired pressure and temperature, the experiment ran for three hours. The experiment was ended by releasing the pressure. The vessel was then placed in an ice water bath to lower the temperature to room temperature. For the decompression/explosion test, the reaction chamber was cleaned by rinsing in

• to lower the temperature to room temperature. Scale experiments All samples were weighed and photographed prior to testing. The samples were then loaded onto the sample holder, and a solution of synthetic seawater and 3% oil was flushed through the sample holder to prime the samples for three minutes

• conducted for three hours at room temperature. After three hours, the suction line was switched to demineralized water and the samples were rinsed for three minutes to remove all loose particles. The sample holder with loaded samples was dried in an oven at 80 °C. The samples were weighed, and photos were

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Following this, the precipitate was filtered and washed with a cold ethanol/water mixture (9/1), which was then dissolved in 15 mL of butanol. After adding 1.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 5 mL of double-distilled water, the mixture was

• stirred at 90 °C for 4 h. The solution was then cooled to room temperature, and 30 mL of chloroform was added. After evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure, 30 mL of diethyl ether was introduced, and the mixture was sonicated for 30 min. The product was subsequently filtered and washed with

• , 10.74 g (77.6 mmol) of K2CO3 and 1.6 g (9.7 mmol) of KI were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature, and a solution of ethyl bromoacetate (13 g, 77.8 mmol) in 100 mL of acetone was added dropwise. After addition, the mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 24 h, followed by the removal of the

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• solution (2:1 v/v), which was then systematically evaporated under nitrogen to form a thin lipid film. This film was rehydrated with HEPES buffer at pH 7.4, yielding multilamellar liposomes. Subsequent sonication in a bath sonicator for 5 min at room temperature facilitated the conversion to unilamellar

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• remove protein aggregates (Figure 2a), as recommended earlier [36]: 10% FBS or NBS was sonicated for 4 min at 30 W, using a Sonorex Digitec DT-31 (Bandelin Electronic, Germany) and then centrifuged at 16000g for 4 min (Centrifuge 5415 R, Eppendorf, Germany, rotor F-45-24-11) at room temperature. The

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• dried at high temperatures requires, on average, only 33% of the force required to dislodge seeds dried in the refrigerator or at room temperature. It can be supposed that the high temperatures destroy the polysaccharide structure and other important chemical bonds responsible for the interaction

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• -car-AgNP1 was synthesized at room temperature (RT = 25 °C), with the addition of 1 mL ʟ-carnosine (0.01 M) to 5 mL DD water followed by sequential additions of 100 μL NaOH (1 M), 1 mL AgNO3 (0.01 M), and 1 mL NaBH4 (0.001 M). The other samples, ʟ-car-AgNP2, ʟ-car-AgNP3, ʟ-car-AgNP4, and ʟ-car-AgNP5

• -chemical reduction approach. The precursor metal salt was reduced in the presence of the stabilizing or capping agent. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the ʟ-car-AgNP synthesis. The sample ʟ-car-AgNP1 was synthesized at room temperature by sequentially mixing water, NaOH, ʟ-carnosine, AgNO3

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• /100 mL of purified water) by heating the mixture for 5 min and decanting for 1 h. After this process, the mixture was filtered and stored for 5 days at 15 °C. Finally, the filtered solution was treated with an aqueous solution of AgNO3 (1 mM) and incubated at room temperature. The chemical compounds

• ) under boiling for 5 min. The filtrate was treated with aqueous AgNO3 solution (1 mM; the ratio of aqueous solution to AgNO3 solution was not mentioned) and incubated at room temperature. Finally, a yellowish-brown solution was observed, indicating the formation of AgNPs. Chemical analysis of the AgNPs

• ethanol, concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator, and finally stored at refrigerator temperature. A hydroalcoholic extract was produced by adding 1 mL of S. natans extract to 99 mL of purified water and 0.5 mL of Triton®. This extract was treated with AgNO3 (100 mM; 99:1) and conditioned at room

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• –2.00 hPa. For sample preparation, transversely sectioned T. bifurca specimens were fixed in Karnovsky fixative solution + 0.1% ruthenium red for 12 h. Following buffer washing, a post-fixative solution (osmium tetroxide + 0.1% ruthenium red) was applied at room temperature. After rinsing with alcohol

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). (a) XRD pattern and (b) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. Full-scan (a) and high-resolution C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Fe 2p (d), and Cu 2p (e) XPS spectra of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. TEM image of (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. SEM images of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE (a

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• based on the fact that the movement of dislocations is impeded by particle surfaces (grain boundaries) quite rapidly. For example, a transmission electron microscopy study (irradiation with Kr ions at 1 MeV at room temperature and an average defect generation rate of about 2 × 10−3 dpa·s−1) showed that

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• where a substrate at room temperature is exposed to a constant flux of Pt(CO)2Cl2 molecules and Ar+ ions. Results The mass spectra in Figure 1 identify the volatile species produced from Ar+ ion irradiation of Pt(13CO)2Cl2. The UHV chamber background gases (H2, H2O, and 12CO/N2) and Ar (Ar2+, m/z 20; Ar

• of any chlorine although carbon and oxygen are observed. We ascribe the presence of carbon and oxygen to be in part due to the adsorption of background CO in the growth chamber onto the exposed Pt surface as it was warmed to room temperature. Light Ar+ sputtering significantly reduces the

• vessel was charged with PtBr2 (0.31 g, 0.88 mmol), a magnetic stir bar and dry DCE (30 mL). The glass pressure vessel was placed in a 300 mL Parr reactor for 2 h at room temperature under CO (150 psi). The temperature was then increased to 110 °C by a sand bath, and the reaction mixture was stirred for