Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• , they provide an increased signal-to-noise ratio. The MF-LYAP can be seen to perform comparably to the LIA when tuned to similar measurement bandwidth settings. When imaging with higher harmonics, the off-mode rejection of each channel was tuned to suppress the large fundamental frequency. Imaging a PS

The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• 35,000 detected positions obtained from 7 immobilized particles. This precision is in agreement with simulated particles [26] with a similar signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ≈20. We like to point out that we measure the same SNR using raw images similar to that in Figure 2b, but for moving particles we can

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• anatase (004) reflection. Therefore, an unambiguous assignment of the observed reflection is not possible. Measurements for longer times and higher count rates for improvement of the signal to noise ratio were thus done from 35–47° (Figure S5a, Supporting Information File 1). The Au (200) reflection at

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• region [24][25] for a chosen range of frequencies. In addition, a high signal-to-noise ratio due to the low background autofluorescence of the material is obtained [26]. A high purity of the material involved, chemical inertness and stability and atomic flatness of the surface are other important

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• can be related to contributions from reflections in WZ and ZB segments in the nanowires, but also from the ZB planes in the epilayer underneath the nanowires. The signal-to-noise ratio is lower for sample A in comparison with sample B. In order to quantify the change of the relative intensities of

• higher temperatures. The behavior of C5 can be explained by an increase of the uncertainty of the peak energy estimation in PL spectra having low signal-to-noise ratio. In the case of sample B, C5 follows roughly . Regarding C3, no shift is observed for T 100 K and for T 200 K the behavior is followed

Preparation and characterization of polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

• Claudio Larosa,
• Niranjan Patra,
• Marco Salerno,
• Lara Mikac,
• Remo Merijs Meri and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2026–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.203

• spectrometer, Bruker, Madison, USA. The samples were analyzed in attenuated total internal reflection absorbance mode, with an aperture diameter of 3 mm and a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1. For an optimal signal-to-noise ratio, 64 scans were averaged per sample spectrum and apodized. All the spectra were

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• (S 2p3/2 + S 2p1/2), which is superposed to the Si 2s plasmon loss. Comparison was, therefore, based on the S 2s peaks. In both samples, the signal to noise ratio is very poor (Figure 7b). Anyway, the smoothed data (full black lines) show different S 2s peaks in the sample treated with PEG + [EMIM

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• attention should be paid to the selection of the laser excitation wavelength. The improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved by using ultrashort-pulsed laser sources (stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)) or metal nanoparticles (surface-enhanced

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• -Ab. A Qdot 625-Ab concentration of 20 nM was used, as it has been shown that a high concentration of Qdot-Abs improves specific labelling and signal-to-noise ratio [21]. Initially, to assess the labelling efficiency of Qdot-Abs, the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin was dual labelled

• fixation gave better signal-to-noise ratio and specific Qdot 625 labelling of β-tubulin (Figure 3B), without the need for further permeabilisation, there was non-specific labelling observed for talin and SC35. Size limiting access to the nucleus: We suspected that the size of the commercial Qdot 625-Ab and

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• and thus the signal-to-noise ratio. Energy calibration was established by putting the sample between the first and the second ionization chamber and the corresponding metal foil between the second and the third chambers. At least two repeated spectra were taken for each sample to check stability of

Functional dependence of resonant harmonics on nanomechanical parameters in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano,
• Enrique Rull Trinidad,
• Urs Staufer and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 883–891, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.90

• , which implies a very low signal to noise ratio. To overcome this difficulty, A6 is acquired at each point of the AFM image (256 × 256 points) and then it is calculated by averaging all the values obtained at the image. In this way, the time evolution of the value of A6 is expressed in terms of

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• originating from the Si(100) planes. Each measurement took 4 h for an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. Thickness of the films on Si wafer and glass substrates was measured with a spectroscopic ellipsometer (M-2000, J. A. Woollam) at 65, 70, and 75° within a range of 300–800 nm. For electrical characterization

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• kHz. This offers improved sensitivity over the OPO IR laser source used in previous investigations [32] and thus provides a better signal-to-noise ratio for the low thermal expansion of the organosilicate material. The oscillation amplitude of the probe at this frequency was then plotted versus the

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• extremely high carrier mobility, high carrier density, and low intrinsic noise for better detection by virtue of the high signal-to-noise ratio. In the anchored structure, electroactive NPs are anchored on the GS (Figure 1c) [76], and in the mixed structure, the graphene and NPs are synthesised separately

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• operation current leads to a low signal-to-noise ratio. The interface-coupling problem between the functional block and the electrodes does not exist in the copper atomic-scale transistor, because the material of the electrodes and the building blocks is the same. The “switching on” current of a copper

Thin SnO_x films for surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometric gas sensing (SPREE)

• Daniel Fischer,
• Andreas Hertwig,
• Uwe Beck,
• Volkmar Lohse,
• Detlef Negendank,
• Martin Kormunda and
• Norbert Esser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 522–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.56

• chosen because only the change of the ellipsometric quantities is relevant for the gas measurement. We decided to focus on the evaluation of the ΔΔ values instead of analyzing the ΔΨ values because the signal to noise ratio is much better for the ΔΔ measurement. The calculated values of the standard

• deviation σ for the gas measurement of CO on a Fe:SnOx overlayer, as shown in Figure 5, are 0.04° for ΔΨ and 0.016° for ΔΔ, respectively. This lower σ value leads to a better signal to noise ratio and, consequently, a higher sensitivity in the gas measurement. The measurement of three different gases is

• resolved with ΔΔ = 1.6°. The better resolution in comparison to the undoped sample is a result of the much better signal to noise ratio achieved with the Fe:SnOx add-on layer. This effect is probably due to a changed thickness (5 nm for Fe:SnOx and 7 nm for SnOx) of the layer which also effects the

Flexible photonic crystal membranes with nanoparticle high refractive index layers

• Torben Karrock,
• Moritz Paulsen and
• Martina Gerken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 203–209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.22

• steps of 2 wt %. 14 wt % was also tested but the resonance quality regarding to signal to noise ratio of our sample was too low for meaningful statements. Therefore, all experiments were conducted only with the concentrations below 14 wt %. Furthermore 0.5 wt % of fluorosurfactant (PFT) (NOVEC FC-4430

Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• . It is therefore desirable to minimize these possible sources of systematic errors or complications by reducing the contact region of the rubbing pieces without decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the relevant parameter, and by limiting the analysis to interfaces that can endure many friction

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• composition (Figure 5a). As one discusses 10 mol % SnO2/90 mol % TiO2 it appears that at 1 ppm H2 the signal-to-noise ratio becomes much worse. However, the sensor signal is still discernible. Within the studied temperature range SnO2-rich nanomaterials exhibit better gas-sensing performance (Figure 5c,d

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• signal to noise ratio. The acquired histogram was averaged over many cycles. The count rate under RF pulses was typically 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Figure 4b shows the time-resolved optical emission versus the electrical signal amplitude applied with the pulse generator. The optical signal of the WG-CNT

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• (10 to 75 nm). No dependence on temperature or penetration depth was observed. Therefore, the µSR spectra were obtained by averaging the data obtained at different temperatures and different sample penetration depths in order to improve the signal to noise ratio. Three different samples were

Noise in NC-AFM measurements with significant tip–sample interaction

• Jannis Lübbe,
• Matthias Temmen,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1885–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.181

• the intrinsic value Q0 [14][15]. Our analysis can, however, be applied to any NC-AFM detection scheme and sample environment, specifically also to measurements in liquids where signal-to-noise-ratio considerations play a paramount role [16][17][18]. From our findings, we derive a general strategy for

• optimum in stability, accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio can be done by a rational, systematic approach following the findings described in this paper, provided the measurement system is well characterised and offers sufficient choice and flexibility in system parameter settings. The starting point is

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• is graphene [14]. Due to its large surface area (2600 m2/g) [15], high chemical activity [16] and exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio [17], graphene provides a rich platform for surface chemistry and the desirable conditions for detection of heavy metals because of the strong sensitivity of its

Dynamic of cold-atom tips in anharmonic potentials

• Tobias Menold,
• Peter Federsel,
• Carola Rogulj,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• József Fortágh and
• Andreas Günther

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1543–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.148

• good signal-to-noise ratio, all data have thus been averaged over 50 experimental cycles. At higher outcoupling rates, tip oscillations can be detected in a single run. Figure 8 shows an example of the measured ion signal as averaged over 50 experimental runs with the outcoupling position tuned to y0

• single particle events rather than the binned detector signal to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 9 shows an example of the binned detector signal alongside the Fourier transform and the autocorrelation function as extracted from the measurement at y0 = 32.6 μm (Δ = 2π × 2.03 MHz). The

• the correlation analysis. Signal-to-noise ratio As described earlier, the detection signal strongly depends on the outcoupling position. For an application-orientated assignment of a cold-atom tip, the signal-to-noise ratio should thus be optimized. Therefore, we take a series of oscillation

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• . In AM-AM and AM-PM, the second eigenmode drive frequency is held fixed. In that case, when the second eigenmode resonance frequency shifts by more than its bandwidth (fc/2Qc), the signal-to-noise ratio degrades because the signal drops relative to the noise floor. Furthermore, in AM-AM operation, A2

• decreases upon interaction with the surface – further aggravating the drop in signal-to-noise ratio. It is therefore often advisable to operate the second eigenmode in FM mode in practical situations. On the other hand, the first eigenmode typically undergoes more modest changes in resonance frequency upon

• interaction with the surface. Also, these changes are controllable by the AFM user by the setting of an amplitude setpoint. For this reason, AM operation on the first eigenmode does not cause the same decrease in signal-to-noise ratio often observed on the second eigenmode. More importantly, dynamic AFM