Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• , 5 μM particle size, New Objective). The source temperature was set to 275 °C and the nanoelectrospray voltage to 2.2 kV. The mass spectrometer operated in data-dependent acquisition mode, where full scan MS1 spectra (m/z 300–1,600) were acquired at resolution r = 60,000 after accumulation of 1 × 106

• ions. The 20 most intense peptide ions with charge state ≥2 were sequentially isolated to a target value of 5000 and fragmented by collision-induced dissociation in the linear ion trap using a normalized collision energy of 35%. Dynamic exclusion was enabled with an exclusion size list of 500 peptides

• ± 0.5 nm for the SiO2NPs-ZW-FO. The DLS measurements provided the hydrodynamic diameter of SiO2NPs and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO, indicating values of 106.8 ± 1.6 nm and 114.7 ± 1.0 nm (Figure 1d), respectively. In both cases, the polydispersity index (PDI) was less than 0.08, suggesting a homogeneous size. The

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• AuNPs exhibited uniform size with an average diameter of 10.0 nm. The nanocomposites facilitated the recyclable reduction of organic dyes, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and methyl orange, employing NaBH4 as the reducing agent. Kinetic studies further underscored the potential of this

• electrostatic bonds with multivalent metal cations (such as Ca2+, Ba2+, and Cu2+) to create an extensive gel network in water [15][16]. The cross-linking of saccharide chains within alginate generates macromolecules ranging in size from micrometers to millimeters, resulting in gelispheres insoluble in water

• temperature, and the reaction time, by using UV–vis spectroscopy. Changes in the physicochemical properties, such as morphology and particle size of AuNPs, were monitored through absorbance and the λmax values of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. Figure 2 illustrates the impact of synthesis conditions

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• , iron oxide, copper sulfide), and rare earth-based usNPs (cerium oxide, gadolinium oxide) [22]. Ultrasmall NPs have dimensions comparable to those of a typical globular protein of 3 to 6 nm in diameter [22][25], although the precise size criteria can vary among researchers. For the purpose of this

• proteins (Figure 2A) [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. This occurs because of the small size and high surface curvature of usNPs, which restrict the binding interface for proteins. As a result, protein spreading and denaturation on the usNP surface are minimized, and fewer non-covalent interactions form

• , indicating the formation of a “permanently” bound (hard) protein corona. Moreover, given the appropriate combination of size and surface chemistry, nonspecific interactions between usNPs and proteins can be virtually eliminated (Figure 2C). Notably, achieving highly stable and “stealth” usNPs is feasible

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• program SRIM (Monte Carlo simulation) was used to determine the heat flux that 5 keV gallium ions (Ga+) induce in skin. 50000 ions were simulated for each incident ion energy. The methods “surface sputtering/monolayer collision steps” was selected as the calculation type. The plotting window size was

• analysis [31][32], the differential time step has been calculated to Δt ≤ Δx2/(8α) = 23 ps. A sample volume of 600 nm × 600 nm × 400 nm (depth) has been simulated with a voxel size of Δx = 5 nm and the boundary voxels, with exception of the sample surface, have been fixed to room temperature. This approach

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• than free DOX. To date, several types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, micelles, and metal-organic frameworks, have been studied to encapsulate DOX to obtain effective and non-toxic drugs [7][8]. Great attention has been paid to nanoparticles because of their specific properties, such as small size

• . Physicochemical features such as size, shape, and surface charge play an extremely important role in the internalization of nanostructures. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells requires two steps. The first is the binding to the cell membrane, and the second is the uptake into the cell [34]. The zeta potential

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• C60 [21]. The unmodified fullerene C60 is known as a “free radical sponge” because its double bonds tend to accept free radicals [22]. Because of its size, surface area, and capacity to extinguish or generate reactive oxygen species, C60 is very promising in medicine and clinical therapy [23][24]. It

• because of the large size of the complexes. The atypical chemokine receptor 3, also known as CXCR7 or G-protein-coupled receptor 159 (GPR159) [16][18][43], was selected as the target protein for molecular docking. The iterative assembly refinement server (I-Tasser) was used to produce an initial structure

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess

• ; Introduction Nanomaterials, which are defined as materials that fall in the range of 1–100 nanometers two-dimensionally, are commonly used in the fields of biomedicine, catalysis, and electricity because of their stable and unique performance, small size, and large surface area [1]. Nanomaterials encompass a

• of an element. In the context of nanoparticles, the size of the metal atoms directly affects the overall size and surface area of the nanoparticles, which are critical factors in their reactivity and interaction with other materials. The ionic radius is essential for understanding the metal’s

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• opening a size-dependent energy gap [6][9]. As in graphene, the Fermi level of GNRs is also strongly influenced by charge transfer between the substrate and the GNR [10], again related to differences in the work function. Here, we take the work function as a local property influenced by local charge, that

• nm at far distance, resulting from the size of the graphene nanoribbon. The experimental results (blue squares in Figure 3) generally follow the shape of the calculated curve with a shift. There are several possibilities to understand the origin of this shift. First, we discuss the possibility of a z

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• (H1) has a relatively bright appearance with particles of about 10–40 nm size that are most pronounced in the direction of the molecule delivery (indicated by the white arrow in Figure 1a). Below, smaller particles of about 5–10 nm can be seen. Particles of about 5–20 nm size are observed in the

• second part of the first halo region (H1’), where the background forms irregularly shaped dark and bright regions of several hundreds of nanometers in size. After taking the high-resolution images, the imaged regions showed an increase in particle size and brightness (cf. Supporting Information File 1

• fluorine in the halo region but showed a significant amount of both in the carbon-rich deposit (cf. Supporting Information File 1 for more details). Of note is that the surrounding of the deposit as well as the surface topography changed after deposition. Tiny particles of few nanometers in size appeared

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• application of nanoscale systems with unique physicochemical properties, including small size, large specific surface area, high reactivity, and quantum effects of the nanoparticles (NPs) [1][2]. Nanomedicine is specifically designated for therapeutics (drug delivery), diagnostics, and imaging, as well as for

• impermeable basal lamina allow for rapid accumulation of NPs in the liver through passive targeting [24]. Complementing certain anatomic or pathophysiological features of the target organ, such passive accumulation also relies on nanoparticle properties including size, shape, surface charge, and

• hydrophilicity [25]. For instance, the passive liver targeting strategy highly depends on the size of nanocarriers as the endothelial fenestrations of liver sinusoids span approximately 50–200 nm in diameter (Figure 2a). In their study, Hirn and co-workers revealed that 50% of small gold NPs (around 1.4 nm) were

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• , these nuclei grow and accumulate within the alginate matrix, resulting in the formation of alginate-based nanoparticles. The morphology and size of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting various specifications of materials such as the concentration of alginate, metal ion precursor, pH, and

• ensure efficacy and safety [58]. The most crucial characteristics of nanoparticles are particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and surface area. Morphology of nanoparticles: There are many tools available for determining the morphology of nanomaterials. However, the most commonly used methods are

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The shape and size of the nanoparticles can be determined by these two methods [59]. TEM is extensively utilized and can differentiate between nanocapsules and nanospheres, as well as measure the thickness of the nanocapsule

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• was meticulously evaluated by analyzing the ablation rates, surface plasmon resonance peak positions, and particle size distributions of the obtained colloids. The nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using the techniques of UV–visible absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and energy

• simulants was observed at a 325 nm Raman excitation. Our findings reveal that a higher ablation yield was observed at IR irradiation than those obtained at the other wavelengths. A size decrease of the NPs was noticed by changing the liquid environment to an electrolyte. These findings have significant

• synthesis in solution (LASiS), and sputtering [1]. The LASiS technique has been proven to be cost-effective in producing various shapes of NPs with distinct size distributions in a short time (a few minutes). It offers many advantages including high purity, minimal contamination, and precise control over NP

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• quantum confinement as reported by Bolker and co-workers [77]. Authors reported that the bandgap of NDs is strongly correlated to the NDs’ size, and it increases with decreasing crystallite size. However, the ND properties can be altered by heteroatomic doping and through the introduction of surface

• particle sizes on macrophage proliferation, platelets aggregations, and inflammatory cytokine release. NDs significantly reduced the concentration of platelet-derived growth factor compared to serum. Also, there was a complex dependence of macrophage responses on local concentration and size of the NDs

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• ], increased responsivity, unwavering reliability, ultrafast response time, and a substantial reduction in device size. The introduction of large, two-dimensional (2D) detector arrays has further increased the complexity of the detector optimization. In response to these multifaceted challenges and the quest

• strongly influenced by the size and morphology of the catalyst particles. A correlation between cluster size and diameter of the CNT grown on it was shown in [15]. The effect of the growth temperature on the diameter distribution and chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes can be found in [16]. A new

• 980 nm. A Thorlabs compact laser diode controller set the output power to 4 mW. The spot size of the laser beam of 100 μm was accurately determined using the knife edge method [17]. A mechanical chopper was used to modulate the laser beam intensity. The key component in the responsivity measurement

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

• cell layer in this manner when it comes to size, charge, material, and NP-associated ligands. In vivo there are also a number of challenges regarding studies of distribution, half-life, and long-term effects. Furthermore, there is a major challenge in the field of NP research regarding the fact that

• different types of material, and even NPs with slight differences in chemical composition but having the same size and zeta potential have turned out to have very different effects on cells. They have for instance very different effects on autophagy in a cellular system [73], and it can be difficult to

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• /bjnano.15.82 Abstract Electronic and structural properties of calcium clusters with a varying size range of 2–20 atoms are studied using a two-step scheme within the GW and density functional theory (DFT) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The GGA overestimates the binding energies, optimized

• materials science (as an ionic deposition) [2]. The clusters of calcium are essential because they bridge the atomic and bulk materials; therefore, revealing their transition from micro- to macroscopic characteristics is a significant undertaking [3]. Being a divalent metal, the size transition of calcium

• -capacity hydrogen storage [8]. As cluster size grows, the electronic configuration changes its semiconducting behavior from nonmetal to metallic due to the overlap between the s and p orbitals. Moreover, the geometry of clusters is related to their structural properties. Most of the studies on calcium

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• spherical nanoparticles (NPs) upon cooling is studied through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The goal is to identify the morphological transformations occurring in the nanomaterials as well as to quantify their dependence on temperature, chemistry, and NP size. For diameters smaller than 3 nm

• , the transition temperature from a melted/amorphous to a highly crystalline state varies considerably with NP size. For larger NPs, the transition temperature is almost diameter-independent, yet it differs considerably from the transition temperature of the respective bulk materials. The platinum NPs

• picture of the NPs’ toxicity and reactivity emerges: Small/hot NPs are likely more toxic than their large/cold counterparts. Because of the small size of the NPs considered, the observed structural modifications are challenging to be studied by experimental techniques. The present approach can be readily

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• good sensitivity detection via a label-free procedure, real-time electrical signal in situ amplification, and cost-effective mass production, achieved through microelectronic manufacturing processes and a small size for portable point-of-care testing [34][35]. Additionally, the application of

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• to sub-micrometer size [8][9]. It has been an active area of academic research for well over 30 years. Microfluidics technology has eventually enabled a variety of new innovations, including COVID-19 rapid tests [10], microfluidic displays [11], and low-cost diagnostics [12]. Soft robotics is a newer

• have been applied to previously, and a very promising application is the development of shape- and stiffness-tunable composites. Anyone familiar with the movies “The Terminator” or “Big Hero 6” has seen a sci-fi version of robots that can change their shape, size, or function. Science fiction offers

• can occur with these proof-of-principle designs. The inset shows the relative size of the anti-adhesive beads on top of the Setex surface. (c) Multiheight fibers inspired by spider legs (2008 experiments) as previously disclosed [48] may further enhance composite behaviors for on–off functionality

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• scattering (DLS) and zeta potential spectra measurements were carried out in three replicates on a nanoPartica Horiba SZ-100 (Japan) with a scattering angle of 90° at 25 °C to determine the size distribution and stability of the nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL

• F127-folate to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Size and charge of the nanoparticles PLGA nanoparticles can be synthesized by several methods, such as single emulsion evaporation, double emulsion evaporation, or microfluidics using different surfactants, including PVA, F127, sodium cholate, or SDS

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• because of their extremely large surface area-to-volume ratio, small pore size, and high porosity. Nanofibers are known to be highly functional systems with the ability to mimic the structure and function of the natural bone matrix, facilitating osteogenesis for cell proliferation and bone regeneration

• mixed polymers, and the formation of highly porous and continuous fibers are the remarkable features of this method. The importance of nanofiber-based scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration is increasing because of suitable pore size, high porosity, osteoinduction, induction of bone growth with

• systems because of their extremely large surface area-to-volume ratio, small pore size, and high porosity. Nanofibers are known to be highly functional systems with the ability to mimic the structure and function of the natural bone matrix and to facilitate osteogenesis for cell proliferation and bone

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• . Moreover, it explores the influence of relative tool sharpness and rake angle on the cutting process. The results show that an increase in the average grain size of the GNG samples leads to a decrease in the average resultant cutting force, as predicted by the Hall–Petch relationship. The deformation

• behavior shows that grain boundaries are crucial in inhibiting the propagation of strain and stress. As the average grain size of the GNG sample increases, the range of shear strain distribution and average von Mises stress decreases. Moreover, the cutting chips become thinner and longer. The subsurface

• damage is limited to a shallow layer at the surface. Since thermal energy is generated in the high grain boundary density, the temperature of the contact zone between the substrate and the cutting tool increases as the GNG size decreases. The cutting chips removed from the GNG CoCrNi MEA substrates will

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• medicine, electronics, and environmental science. Understanding the structural aspects of surface modifiers in nanoparticles that govern their cellular uptake is crucial for optimizing their efficacy and minimizing potential cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake is influenced by multiple factors, namely, size

• dimensions within the range of 1 to 100 nm [2]. The diminutive size of nanoparticles contributes to a significantly high surface area with respect to volume, resulting in enhanced reactivity, improved stability, and augmented functionality. In the field of nanomaterials, ENMOs are a notable subset. These

• ENMOs (monocrystalline magnetic nanoparticles having overall size of 38 nm and an average of 60 ligands per nanoparticle, indicating a consistent level of attachment across different preparations) regarding human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PaCa2), human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• , using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model, and the total pore volume and pore size distribution, using the Horvath–Kawazoe (HK) model. The samples were activated under vacuum at 150 °C for 12 h before being introduced into the porosity analyzer. CO2 and N2 adsorption test The characteristic

• /desorption isotherms characteristic of type I. Additionally, a pore size distribution was observed with three prominent peaks at approximately 0.62, 1.30, and 1.75 nm within the micropore region defined by IUPAC (less than 2.0 nm), as depicted in Figure 5b. These observations confirm that the reference

• sample has a microporous structure with a BET surface area and a total pore volume of 1825.4 m2·g−1 and 0.772 cm3·g−1, respectively. Similarly, the micropore structures were also determined in the obtained M-100Fe@Fe2O3 samples by examining the profiles of isotherms and pore size distributions. Notably

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• , resulting in the fabrication of metal oxide nanostructures. Post-deposition purification requires the removal of carbon after completion of the deposition, causing porosity and/or severe changes in size and shape. In addition, post-deposition purification may lead to only partly purified material. For

• discrete exposure points. The distance between exposure points is the pitch, while the exposure time for each point is the dwell time. This pattern is repeated for a certain number of passes [1]. The shape and size of the deposits are defined using the TFS “rectangle” or “line” patterning tools. The main

• patterning parameters are the patterned area size, dwell time, primary beam energy and current, pitch, number of passes, and SEM chamber pressure during deposition or chamber pressure increase during deposition. The complete parameters for the deposits presented in this work are presented in Supporting