Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• four comparing Me3CpMePt(IV) and Co3Fe(CO)12 as precursors for quite similar GIS geometries and precursor flux values. 4.2 Shadowing of directed precursor flux component In FEBID with a capillary-based GIS the precursor flux has a directional and a nondirectional component. The directional flux to the

• avoided. Here we present a simple approach that does not need any preprocessing of the geometry of the target structure defined in geof. The GIS capillary orientation determines the direction of the directional precursor gas flux component which we indicate by the normalized vector g = (gx, gy, gz) in the

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• when researching these materials. Here, we present a droplet capillary reactor that can be used for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Compared to conventional batch synthesis, the particles synthesized in our droplet reactor have a narrower size distribution and a higher

• reproducibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the particle size can be changed from 5.2 ± 0.9 nm to 11.8 ± 1.7 nm by changing the reaction temperature and droplet residence time in the droplet capillary reactor. Keywords: capillary reactor; droplet synthesis; magnetic nanoparticles; narrow size distribution

• coprecipitation of iron oxide, nanoparticles inside of droplets should have significant benefits due to the fast mixing and thermal control compared to batch synthesis. Here, we show a droplet capillary reactor for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using a coprecipitation reaction. Nanoparticles

Nanoscale characterization of the temporary adhesive of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

• Ana S. Viana and
• Romana Santos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2277–2286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.212

• air conditions. Indeed, using AFM it is expected that adhesion forces are considerably lower when performed in liquid environment. In water, the capillary effect (caused by the formation of a meniscus between the tip and the sample due to air vapour) is eliminated, thus the measured adhesion forces

Filling nanopipettes with apertures smaller than 50 nm: dynamic microdistillation

• Evelyne Salançon and
• Bernard Tinland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2181–2187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.204

• apertures make backfilling unfeasible. There are many other ways to fill nanopipettes, but none is very efficient. One way is to apply high pressure behind the fluid placed in the large part of the capillary. Conversely, the so-called desiccator method consists in applying a depression of about 1mbar in the

• external environment. A third solution is to use a nanopipette with a glass filament inside. The filament is melted during tape manufacturing, which can lead to glass impurities in the capillary and geometrical irregularities at the very end of the nanopipette. In some cases, the intended use of the

• filling method, dynamic microdistillation, is capable of filling any capillary. Filling time, complete filling and electrical equilibrium were assessed on “basic nanopipettes”, without modification of their internal geometry or chemistry. The nanopipettes used have an inner diameter as low as 7 nm

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• . Electrospinning is based on the electrostatic effect on a high viscosity fluid. In electrospinning, a hemispherical droplet of the polymer solution, suspended at the end of a capillary tube, is subjected to an electric force. Electric charges accumulate at the surface of the droplet and tend to elongate the

• by co-electrospinning a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) solution containing a titanium alkoxide (Ti(OiPr)4) and mineral oil. The mineral oil is removed at a later stage by calcination. In the same way, the interior of a hollow fiber is decorated by oil-dispersible nanoparticles using a silica capillary

• nanotubes (NTs) in a single capillary electrospinning process by changing the heating rate during the calcination process [79]. Similarly, In2O3 NFs are converted into nanoribbons (NRbs) by changing the experimental parameters [80]. The rapid evaporation of solvent and the concentration of the precursor are

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• cuvette PCS8501 (Malvern) was utilized. The SLS measurements were carried out in ethanol solution. Zeta-potential measurements were carried out in folded capillary cells DTS1061 (Malvern). Zeta-potential values were calculated from electrophoretic mobilities by using the Hückel approximation for solutions

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are measured to confirm the porosity of the hexagonal NPLs. As shown in Figure 4A, all isotherms of the samples exhibit a capillary condensation step at relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.45–0.9, known as a type IV(a) isotherm according to IUPAC classification [35]. The

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• cryogel (labeled as B in Figure 3) is formed during the treatment of sol A with liquid N2 (−196 °C ). The resulting water crystallite shell prevents the agglomeration of the sol particles. The obtained organic–inorganic cryogel powders consisted of capillary porous granules (Figure 2) and contained the

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• lateral capillary forces tend to induce aggregation and disorder. Nevertheless, we were able to control the surface coverage by tuning the absorption time in order to achieve a long range order. Notably, we showed how this method can be easily transferred for use with different materials to produce large

• temperature and carefully dried in a nitrogen flow; in this third (2D) assembly phase, however, (unwanted) lateral capillary forces could become relevant when the solvent film thickness approaches the particle diameter, as discussed later. As process parameters, the NaCl concentration and particle

• ]. In the third 2D assembly phase, during the unavoidable drying process, when the solvent film thickness reaches the particle diameter, unwanted attractive lateral capillary forces [24][28] can become relevant. This results in particle displacements and deviations from the RSA model since the particle

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• capillary cuvette cell (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Near-field light scattering system (NLS) A near-field evanescent field was generated by a single-mode Fabry–Pérot coherent laser diode that was coupled into a silicon nitride waveguide (Optofluidics) and was capable of trapping metallic

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• respective precursor gas is locally supplied by a capillary needle. The electrons decompose the adsorbed molecules and leave non-volatile fragments on the substrate while the volatile fragments are pumped out of the chamber [2]. Due to the small spot size of the electron beam in combination with the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• capillary attractive forces and molecular interactions [230] or van der Waals interactions leads to adhesion [231]. This may be due to the production of secretory fluids in the contact area by some animals (insects) [232][233][234], whereas others do not (spiders, geckos) [235][236], which makes the basic

• force in the physical form contribute to their adhesion. In recent reports, the reason for adhesion of gecko setae is due to van der Waals interaction through strong evidence [237] and rejects the capillary adhesion mechanisms. It was predicted that application of contact mechanics may help in smaller

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• via capillary force [38][39][40]. Due to the attractive properties of Fe–Co nanoparticles, this work is directed towards the synthesis of CNT-based nanocomposites of Fe–Co based on a post-synthesis method, in which prefabricated multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) are used as templates. Two facile filling

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• thick [16][17] and is usually studied by measuring adhesive forces between the AFM tip and sample. Capillary necking between the adsorbed water layer and AFM tip creates additional adhesive forces that can be easily measured with a typical AFM system. These measurements are conducted using force pull

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• Luggin capillary, a platinum foil counter electrode, and a zinc working electrode with an exposed surface area of 0.196 cm2. The electrolyte volume for the measurements was 10 mL, and the electrolyte surface was ≈2.5 cm away from the surface of the working electrode. All electrode potentials shown here

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• . According to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) (BET-BJH) nitrogen capillary adsorption analysis, the specific surface area of the mesoporous silver particles (mp-Ag) reached 42 ± 5 m2/g and the pore size distribution analysis demonstrated a broad

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• fluorescein (Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific; excitation/emission wavelengths 498/518 nm) aqueous solution (0.08 wt %). The extraction channel was loaded with pure water. Two plastic tubes were then inserted into the two unmodified channels at the other end of the theta capillary and sealed with epoxy (Bob

Effect of ferroelectric BaTiO₃ particles on the threshold voltage of a smectic A liquid crystal

• Abbas R. Imamaliyev,
• Mahammadali A. Ramazanov and
• Shirkhan A. Humbatov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 824–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.76

• Teflon spacer. The internal surfaces of glasses were covered by a transparent and conductive ITO layer. Polyimide was used as a planar aligning material. The process of filling of the electro-optical cell was carried out by a capillary method in the isotropic state of the LC. The capacitance of the

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• heterostructured nanocomposites of ZnO and BiOI. The structural characteristics of the as-prepared ZnO/BiOI composites were revealed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms shown in Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1. The isotherm of sample B-4, with a unique hysteresis loop and a classical two capillary

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• explained by the phenomenon of the capillary condensation that occurs when titanium dioxide is exposed to the adsorbate. According to the BET method of calculation, the investigated titanium dioxide is characterized by a surface area of 59.5 m2/g. Its structure is a combination of both mesopores (defined in

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• higher than on their nanoparticle counterparts, the dependance on functional groups remained the same. Keywords: adhesion; AFM; gold; nanoparticle functionalization; nanoparticles; Introduction Adhesion is a complex combination of various interfacial forces such as capillary, electrostatic and vdW

• , electrostatic forces, H-bonding and capillary forces are crucial to understand the dependence of adhesive force on the type of functional layer. First, the high adhesion values of –SH and –NH2 coated NPs are explainable by the high polarizability of the molecules. Hence, adhesion forces acting between

• hydrophilic NPs (including –SH, –COOH, –OH and –NH2 tail groups) and the silicon probe seem to be controlled mainly by attractive forces such as electrostatic and H-bonding as well as capillary forces. For NPs size varying from 5 to 20 nm diameters, the range of adhesion values of –NH2 coated NPs is quite

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• ). The CNT yarn treated with AN and irradiation showed a rougher surface. The CNT yarn treated with AA exhibited a smoother appearance but wavy extensions protrude from the surface as shown in Figure 6. This is probably related to hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals and capillary force interactions

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• in an ESI-QTOF instrument Impact II (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany), working in positive detection mode. The mass range was recorded between 100 and 500 Da, using a capillary voltage of 4500 V. The nebulizer was working at 20 psi and the drying gas flow was kept at 4 L·min−1. The temperature was

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• aerogel provides sufficient space for the storage of absorbed organic solvents or oils, so that its absorption ability is greatly enhanced. In addition, the crossed CNF-derived nanofibers between the carbon skeleton can provide small pathways for liquid flow as well as enhance the capillary effect of the

• , especially for gasoline, which attained the highest value at 97 g/g. The absorption capacity and water contact angle of the CNF/PVA/GO carbon aerogel is higher than most existing oil-absorption materials (Table 1). This was attributed mainly to the strong capillary effect of the super-hydrophobic carbon