Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• for all batches show a decrease of the relaxivity of about 11.6% after nine months. Finally, the cell viability of the NPs stabilized with Melpers®2450 was evaluated in hdF and we can show that the NP system is biocompatible and non-toxic. Overall, we have developed a very promising particle system

• cell toxicity of the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs was investigated in 96-well plates on a subconfluent monolayer culture of hdF. With the CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay (Promega), based on the quantification of the ATP concentration, the cell viability was examined. The cell line was seeded

• -containing cell-culture medium and b) absorbance measurement (λabs = 700 nm) of the samples over a period of 24 h. a) Representative microscopic image of hdF 24 h after treatment with the NPs (c = 1 mg·mL−1). b) Cell viability 24 h after adding CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs at concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL−1

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• assay. This cell line is recommended by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) for the cytotoxicity evaluation of polymeric systems and was therefore used. According to MTT assay, cell viability for L929 cells is given in Figure 6. It is clearly shown that all blank amphiphilic CD nanoparticle

• -loaded nanoparticles was determined on MCF-7 cell lines. After an incubation period, cell viability was calculated, as shown in Figure 8. According to the results of anticancer activity studies on MCF-7, PCX-loaded amphiphilic CD nanoparticles have higher cytotoxicity than PCX solution in DMSO (p < 0.05

• ). The amphiphilic CD nanoparticles and the drug solution carry an equivalent amount of PCX (250 nM) during the cell culture study. The cell viability in loaded CD nanoparticles is significantly different from the PCX solution (p < 0.05). Moreover, the effect of surface charge on viability of cancer

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• assay, cell viability for L929 cells is given in Figure 6 for 24 h and 48 h. When compared with the control group, the blank formulations were found to have no cytotoxic effect on L929 fibroblast cells (the differences between groups were statistically insignificant, p > 0.05), and it can be suggested

• . Then, DMEM was replaced with fresh medium containing blank nanoparticle formulations and incubated for 48 h. MTT assay was applied to determine cell viability. 20 µL of MTT solution in PBS (5 mg/mL) were added in each well and incubated for 4 h. 80 µL of MTT lysis solution containing SDS (23% w/v) and

• DMF (45% v/v) in ultrapure water were added in plates and incubated overnight. The optical density (OD) was determined by a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, USA) at 450 nm (n = 3). The results were expressed in terms of cell viability (%) according to the equation: Statistical analysis All

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• quantum dots QD655 were studied in human skin MSCs. The effect of QD on MSCs was examined using a cell viability assay, Ki67 expression analysis, and tri-lineage differentiation assay. The optimal conditions for QD uptake in MSCs were determined using flow cytometry. The QD uptake route in MSCs was

• in skin MSCs was clathrin-mediated endocytosis. QDs were mainly localized in early endosomes after 6 h as well as in late endosomes and lysosomes after 24 h. QDs in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 64 nM had no effect on cell viability and proliferation. The expression of MSC markers, CD73 and CD90

• , comparing unlabelled and labelled cell populations. Cell-viability assay The impact of carboxyl-coated QD655 on the viability of MSCs was analysed using the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). A total of 5 × 103 cells per well were seeded onto 96-well plates in 100 μL of complete medium. The

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• , Spain) with an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cell viability and cytotoxicity Cell viability was assessed by morphology using phase-contrast microscopy and by trypan blue dye exclusion test (Merck). Viability 97% was required for the thawed HAECs in order to guarantee the viability of the cells before

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• effect might have been due to the passivation of the particle surface by DMSO molecules [48]. Biological properties of O-dots Cellular toxicity The results of studying the effect of O-dots samples on cell viability and metabolic activity of NADP-H-dependent oxidoreductases are shown in Figure 4 (for more

Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• Organization, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, USA Division of Applied Sensor Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.7.179 Abstract Cell viability monitoring is an important part of biosafety evaluation for the detection of toxic

• effects on cells caused by nanomaterials, preferably by label-free, noninvasive, fast, and cost effective methods. These requirements can be met by monitoring cell viability with a capacitance-sensing integrated circuit (IC) microchip. The capacitance provides a measurement of the surface attachment of

• medium above the capacitors. Moreover, the manufacturing of microfluidic channels in the LTCC package was demonstrated. Keywords: capacitance sensing; cell viability; lab-on-a-chip; low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC); Introduction Biosafety regulations require ethical, simple, rapid, and cost

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• could seriously compromise tumor cell viability. For such tumor destruction it is necessary to combine the heat capacity of the magnetic system with its localization in tumor tissues. However, the creation of high quality magnetic nanosystems that meet both requirements is still a great challenge

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• . Similar results were reported by Zhang et al. comparing 80 nm SiNPs with 500 nm SiNPs on HepG2 cells [40]. Those investigated particles affect cell viability and the proliferation potential in a size-ascending-dependent manner. Nevertheless, these data were only focusing on large differences in size and

• surface-area dependent cytotoxicity and focused on long incubation times of SiNPs in the order of some 24 h. In our experiments we applied high concentrations of SiNPs and could observe effects on cell viability and membrane integrity already after a few hours. When inspecting the LDH release experiments

• the following formula (Abs: Absorbance): Measurement of intracellular ATP content Intracellular ATP content was measured according to the kit instructions of CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, U.S.A.). Briefly, 15,000 HeLa cells·cm−2 were seeded on a 96-well plate. After

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• for one day with the mouse cell line L929 for a proof-of-principle study. Cell viability was measured using the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt] assay [30]. The cytotoxicity of Glc-NCs, CTAB-NCs and THPC-NCs was compared. CTAB

• lectin ConA (4). Cell viability of Glc-NCs A) purified and B) without purification incubated for one day with L929 cells. The Glc-NCs were not toxic at any of the concentrations studied. C) Cellular uptake of Glc-NCs when incubated with L929 cells for one day. Gold concentration taken up by the cells was

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• , as well as to different methods to measure cell viability and different CNT sources. More efforts are needed to solve these issues prior to the incorporation of MLG/CNT–polymer nanocomposites into the human body. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to master the production of MLG- and CNT-based polymer

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• the in vivo behavior of nanohybrids is essential in order to judge their applicability in MRI. Several types of studies were performed. The first group was to study cytotoxicity by determining cell viability upon incubation with the nanohybrids (Table 2). In some cases it was possible to indicate

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• counterstained with 0.1% Nuclear Fast Red (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 min, mounted with HistoMount (Invitrogen) and covered using coverslip. After drying, the cells were analyzed under bright field using light microscope (ECLIPSE E200, Nikon Instruments, Japan). MTT cell viability assay After NSC labeling MTT (methyl

• labeled with different concentrations of PLL-γ-Fe2O3 (A) and nanomag®-D-spio (B) nanoparticles (N = 5). The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) versus other concentrations of the same nanoparticle. PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles did not affect NSC proliferation. MTT cell

• viability assay of NSCs labeled with PLL-γ-Fe2O3 and nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles (N = 12). The statistically significant diferences versus Control were depicted by asterisks, *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.005; ***: P < 0.001. PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles had low NSC cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis showed the

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• induce brain dysfunction and pathology [25] and in some cases have an impact on gene expression in neural cells [26]. CuO NPs reduce cell viability and also cause oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells [27]. Interaction between NPs and blood circulatory system The circulatory system or

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• -2 levels, indicated that mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signaling pathways were involved in the apoptotic process. TiO2 NPs were also shown to decrease cell viability by inducing apoptosis in the microglia N9 [36] and human astrocytes-like astrocytoma U87 cell lines [37]. Direct

• toxic effects on cell structures Cell components, such as the cell membrane and mitochondria, can be targets of TiO2 NPs. TiO2 NPs can decrease cell viability of primary rat astrocytes. Herein, the mitochondrial morphology was changed and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was reduced, suggesting

• found that prenatal exposure to TiO2 NPs could alter the expression of neurotransmitter genes as well as genes associated with apoptosis, OS, and psychiatric disorders. TiO2 NPs decreased cell viability in PC12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by increasing the level of ROS and proportion of

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• business rule no. 10 (see section 4 and Supporting Information File 4 for an in-depth explanation). The lethal cytotoxicity Assay file template (“a_InvID_cytotoxicity.cell-viability_Method.xls”) was designed to record data corresponding to a reduction in cell “viability” (typically interpreted as an

Predicting cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers using molecular descriptors

• David E. Jones,
• Hamidreza Ghandehari and
• Julio C. Facelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1886–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.192

• materials with expected low levels of toxicity. Cytotoxicity can be determined by a gamut of in vitro toxicity assays focusing on a number of cellular parameters including cell viability, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response [9]. In this paper, we focus on the cell viability to

• here, it was observed that the properties regarding charge, size, and concentration of the PAMAM dendrimers are the most important properties in the prediction of cytotoxicity and cell viability of Caco-2 cells treated with PAMAM dendrimers. To the authors’ knowledge, these results are the first

• Scopus and PubMedCentral using the search terms “PAMAM dendrimers AND cytotoxicity AND Caco-2 cells”. In order for the PAMAM dendrimer cytotoxicity values to be considered relevant for extraction, both cell viability and treatment concentration information had to be available in the publication. From

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• various fields of application, especially the biomedical sciences and biosensors. Keywords: Au/polymer/Fe3O4 nanocomposites; Au nanoparticles; cell viability; magnetic nanoparticles; N-trimethyl chitosan; Introduction Nanotechnology is the science of the fabrication of novel materials, devices and

• -containing nanocomposites is more than that of polymer/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which is likely due to the relatively heavy weight of Au nanoparticles. Cell viability assay One of the most important factors for employing nanomaterials in biomedical applications is related to their safety and biocompatibility

• viability were assessed using the MTT assay. The assay was based on the reduction of the dye MTT to formazan crystals (an insoluble, intracellular, blue product) by cellular dehydrogenases. The MTT results demonstrated that no significant decrease in cell viability occurred in presence of different

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• proposed to extend the list of endpoints for hazard identification to include cell uptake, cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, immunotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, ventilation rate, gill pathologies, mucus secretion and brain pathology. The EU guidance document lists the main

• experimental data are assigned to a substance (e.g., nanoparticle) and a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) representation of the data can be retrieved through a “/substance/{uuid}/study” API call. As an example, in Figure 4, we present an excerpt from the JSON serialisation of a cell viability assay for the

• average, though this is not always specified), a minimum and maximum value, or a single value and a standard deviation. Biological measurements are linked to assays (such as cytotoxicity, cell growth, cell viability, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress), endpoints measured on that assay (e.g., ROS

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• the numeric values and dendrimer property terms. The entities associated with PAMAM were based on the NanoParticle Ontology and included: (1) hydrodynamic diameter, (2) particle diameter, (3) molecular weight, (4) zeta potential, (5) cytotoxicity, (6) IC50, (7) cell viability, (8) encapsulation

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• with a molar silver composition of 60% or higher affected the cell viability. After 24 h, this trend was observed more clearly. For HeLa cells, toxic effects began to emerge for nanoparticles with a silver content >30 mol % and also at a metal concentration of 50 µg mL−1. Discussion The synthesis

• , determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cell viability was analyzed by the MTT assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT; Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany) was dissolved in PBS (5 mg mL−1) and then diluted to 1 mg mL−1 in the cell culture medium. After incubation, the

• nanoparticles as well as for pure Ag and Au nanoparticles. The given errors represent standard deviations. Experimental molar composition of the Ag/Au nanoparticles as measured by AAS. Calculated nanoparticle (NP) concentration for cell viability experiments. Acknowledgements We thank the Deutsche

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• culture fibroblasts in diluted tattoo ink to explore both the immediate impact of ink pigment on cell viability and also to observe the interaction between particles and the cells. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); dermis; nanoparticles; skin; tattoo ink; Introduction The act of tattooing has

• . Further, we also investigate the cell viability of dermal fibroblasts after incubation with filtered/unfiltered diluted tattoo ink and discuss these results in the context of nanoparticle research. Results and Discussion Tattoo ink particle size distribution Following three repeats of the particle size

• assay for cytotoxicity assessment was carried out on fibroblasts exposed to two different diluted tattoo inks, which showed both cell death and inhibition of pro-collagen synthesis [37]. As that study was not carried out on skin fibroblasts it was decided to run a similar cell viability test using human

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• can be expected to be toxic under consideration of particle characteristics obtained under relevant biological conditions. Additionally, nanoparticle toxicity should not only be asssessed considering cell viability but also concerning functional aspects. To this purpose the investigation of

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• possible ROS induced by the nanocomposites, a set of ROS scavengers, namely mannitol, NaN3 and DMSO were used to study their inhibitory effect on NPs induced ROS formation (Figure 7). The HO• scavenger mannitol improved cell viability by 10 to 30% in NP treated, light exposed samples, corroborating the

• involvement of HO•. The 1O2 scavenger NaN3 had a much stronger effect on cell viability and improved it by 30 to 50% in NP treated, light exposed samples, indicating 1O2 as major ROS species. DMSO addition had only a slight effect on rescuing the cells. These results demonstrate the involvement of 1O2 and HO

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• biocompatibility of these NPs was investigated by standard MTT cell proliferation assay. Studies suggested that the cell viability was maintained at 83% even after a high dose of 500 µg·mL−1 of the nanocomposites. To check the applicability of these nanocomposites as fluorescence imaging agents, Gastric SGC7901

• showed higher viability (ca. 90%) compared to the fibroblasts cells (ca. 80%). Further, in case of the pancreatic islets (PIs) the cell viability was found to be more than 87%. Similarly, van Schooneveld et al. [18] reported a procedure for the synthesis of a trimodal contrast agent composed of gold

• the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a signal enhancement in the T1-weighted MRI images with increasing Mn concentration. The in vitro studies performed on HeLa cells suggested cell viability of more than 80% even at a Mn concentration of 50 mg·mL−1. The combination of results obtained from flow