Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• therapeutic targets and strategies to improve drug delivery through controlling and regulating NanoEL. Nevertheless, the NanoEL mechanism also carries some limitations that result from an incomplete understanding of NP metabolism and toxicity, and the possibility of their participation in the unintended

• whose therapeutic success depends on the effective drug delivery to the target sites through highly selective vascular barriers. A relatively new method that overcomes the endothelial barrier is the use of nanoparticles (NPs), especially different metal nanoparticles, for example, Au or Ti nanoparticles

• endothelial layer [18][24][25]. NP-modulated endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and strategies to improve drug delivery through controlling and regulating NanoEL. However, the NanoEL mechanism also carries some limitations that result from an incomplete

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• methods for manufacturing ordered structures of nanoparticles is an ongoing challenge. Ordered structures of SiO2 nanoparticles have gained increased attention due to the great potential they offer in filtering, separation, drug delivery, optics, electronics, and catalysis. Biomolecules, such as peptides

• gained increased attention due to the great potential they offer in filtering, separation, drug delivery, optics, electronics, and catalysis [1][2][3][4][5]. Nanoparticles with ordered 3D structures, such as supra-particles or super lattices, can possess properties that are not observed in the bulk

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• nanoparticles exhibit various effects (e.g., homotypic targeting, prolonging drug circulation, regulating the immune system, and penetrating biological barriers) after encapsulation by cancer cell membranes. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods will also be improved by utilizing the properties

• disciplines, such as nanomaterials science, mechanical engineering, pharmacology, and clinical medicine. Nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutics are uniquely able to improve drug loading efficiency, control drug release, and protect drug molecules against undesired degradation [1][2]. NPs are widely used in

• system (RES) or the mononuclear phagocytosis system (MPS) [4]. The subsequent rapid clearance from blood circulation by the liver and kidneys results in insufficient drug accumulation in the target tissue [5]. In addition, NPs can interact with proteins to form a protein corona, which affects the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• genetic alterations leading to drug resistance. Further, an emphasis will be put on the developmental challenges of targeted nanomedicines for the co-delivery of therapeutic agents to lung tumors. Finally, current approaches in literature used to design nanotools loaded with logical combinations of

• , and evidence has been derived that no single drug can treat the broad spectrum of molecular alterations in NSCLC. Considering the fact that multiple mechanisms are involved in the reactivation of the EGFR signaling pathway, targeting multiple constituents within the EGFR cascade or targeting parallel

• complexity of resistance and continuous cancer mutations. Co-delivery of TK inhibitors with anticancer drugs, immunotherapy, or gene-specific therapeutics to disrupt key resistance pathways, reactivate p53-mediated apoptosis, or inhibit cellular drug efflux are only a few examples of strategies used to fight

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• Makoto Komiyama Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.14.21 Abstract Cyclodextrins have been widely employed for drug delivery systems (DDSs) in which drugs are selectively delivered to a

• nanoarchitectures are highly promising for future applications in medicine, pharmaceutics, and other relevant fields. Keywords: cyclodextrin; drug delivery system (DDS); nanoarchitecture; phototherapy; siRNA; Review 1 Introduction Recently, drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been attracting much interest [1][2][3

• ][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. By delivering drugs selectively to disease sites, the drug dosage can be reduced, and undesired side-effects are minimized. Undoubtedly, these methodologies are essential for further progresses in medicine. In order to accomplish eminent DDS, drugs should be combined

Concentration-dependent photothermal conversion efficiency of gold nanoparticles under near-infrared laser and broadband irradiation

• Vikas,
• Raj Kumar and
• Sanjeev Soni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 205–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.20

• applications. Keywords: broadband irradiation; gold nanoparticles; laser; near-infrared; photothermal conversion efficiency; plasmonics; Introduction Plasmonic photothermal properties of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are useful for a variety of applications including those in biomedicine, such as drug delivery

• nanoparticles shifts due to changes in the surrounding medium [14][17][26]. Thus, the same laser source may lose its suitability for applications such as photothermal therapeutics, photoacoustic imaging, and drug delivery. Also, the maximum absorption of the incident radiation is desired, which depends on the

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• nanoparticles have been proposed as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, high-precision biosensors, and carriers in magnetic-assisted drug delivery systems. Furthermore, they are used for tumor treatment via the hyperthermia method and in bone tissue regenerative medicine [5][6]. However, using iron

• makes them ideal candidates for magnetic-assisted targeted drug delivery [12]. Nanoscale magnetite can be obtained through well-known synthesis routes, such as hydrothermal synthesis, thermal decomposition, or co-precipitation [10][11]. Each of these synthetic approaches has certain advantages and

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• . Similar considerations exist for the development of soft wearable sensors or hydrogels for wound healing or drug delivery, among others. In all cases, it is of prime importance to create project teams with the appropriate make-up of expertise and within a well-designed strategy, such that ideas can be

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• are hydrophobic PTAs with rigid structure and poor water solubility [11][12]. Therefore, several lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been reported to encapsulate BODIPYs to improve their water solubility and photostability while retaining their original photothermal effects [13][14

• mean particle size and zeta potential of the samples in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS over a period of 7 days. Samples were collected at specific time points to monitor the changes in particle size and zeta potential. In vitro drug release properties of AB-LNPs The

• taken out to measure the amount of the released drug by UV–vis spectroscopy, and an equal volume of fresh release medium was added to keep the volume constant. Photothermal measurement for AB-LNPs To study the photothermal properties of AB-LNPs, different concentrations of AB-LNPs with BDP

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• . Pharmaceutically, clinical failure due to a drug’s wide biodistribution and non-selective toxicity is one of the major challenges of chemotherapy. In addition, parenteral drug administration in chronic diseases that require long-term drug use, such as intestinal tumors, is challenging in terms of patient

• orally applicable nanodrug formulations that can act against diseases seen in the distant region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), such as intestinal tumor, brings with it a series of difficulties depending on the drug and/or GIT physiology. The aim of this study is to develop an oral nanoparticle

• drug delivery system loaded with docetaxel (DCX) as an anticancer drug, using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as nanoparticle material, and modified with chitosan (CS) to gain mucoadhesive properties. In this context, an innovative nanoparticle formulation that can protect orally administered DCX

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• of electrons in the HBN lattice. This results in photoinactivity due to a wider bandgap (5.5 eV) and limits its applicability to adsorption, drug delivery, insulators, flame retardants, hydrogen storage, among others [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. This dictates the development of various innovative

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• monometallic (nanoG) structures or core–shell bimetallic (nanoGS) architectures with an external silver layer. Here, we describe the preparation of a supramolecular assembly between nanoGS and pentamidine, an antileishmanial drug endowed with a wide range of therapeutic properties (i.e., antimicrobial, anti

• , antileishmanial drugs which are currently available on the market showed several drawbacks including irreversible toxic effects, high costs, prolonged treatment, need for adequate medical care, emergence of drug resistance, and parenteral administration [20][21]. Recently, nanoantimicrobials based on biogenic

• , Figure 1) achieved by supramolecular assembly of the components as well as their physicochemical characterization in terms of size and colloidal stability. The drug binding ability of nanoGS with Pent has been investigated by complementary spectroscopic techniques such as UV–vis, zeta potential (ζ

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• ]. In particular, metal nanoclusters exhibit excellent photostability, large Stokes shifts, and low toxicity compared to quantum dots and organic dyes. Researchers increasingly use them in analytical detection fields such as metal ions, small biological molecules, drug delivery, and bioimaging [22][23

• nanotubes and functional nanomaterials, will significantly improve the performance of probes and further promote the broader and deeper application of SPM. It will significantly impact society in life science, drug discovery, and medical diagnosis. Sharpening of a blunt tip and study of its stability after

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• used. Unfortunately, they are usually not well tolerated by patients due to the need for frequent use as well as the discomfort during application. Therefore, novel drug delivery systems with improved biopharmaceutical properties are a subject of ongoing scientific investigations. Due to the

• physiology of the eye are summarized and discussed. Keywords: eye; microneedles; ocular drug delivery; ophthalmic drugs; Review 1 Introduction Since its first appearance in biomedicine, microtechnology is rapidly entering the world of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical technology [1][2][3][4

• ]. Due to the impressive evolution of new manufacturing techniques, it offers completely new opportunities to develop very sophisticated and precise drug delivery tools [5][6]. A large number of concepts and implemented projects, which is reflected in a large number of scientific papers, consistently

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, medicine, optoelectronics, and drug delivery due to their unique properties, that is, low cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, water-solubility, multicolor wavelength tuned emission, photo-stability, easy modification, strong chemical inertness, etc. This review article

• nanomaterials has proved to be useful for applications in a variety of disciplines, including chemical or biological sensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, with advantages over commonly used semiconductor dots or conventional fluorescent probes such as

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• tissue engineering, drug delivery, diagnostic, and bioimaging applications due to its biocompatibility, tuneable size, and ability to cover different kinds of therapeutic agents. Gold nanoparticles control osteoclastic differentiation [113][114][115]. Osteogenic properties of AuNPs were proven by in

• fluids [117][118]. A recent study has proven that synthetic changes made to the surface of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes can influence their characteristics, substantially impacting cell contacts and antibacterial activity. As a result, antibiotic drugs combined with a surface-modified TiO2-based drug

• delivery system in synthetic bone implants can stimulate bone regeneration while preventing bacterial infection. Furthermore, coating materials containing TiO2 can help drug stabilisation producing a long-term drug release profile [119]. The electrochemical anodization process was used by Lai et al. (2018

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• cavities, and excellent thermal stability [20][21]. These advantages make it appalling to adsorption [22], gaseous capture/separation [23], sensing [24], and drug release applications [25]. Moreover, some MOFs can be excited under UV or visible light and exhibit light harvesting properties due to ligand

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• of bio-inspired selective surface modifications The increasing knowledge on natural receptor–ligand binding mechanisms led to various approaches in the last years to increase both cellular adhesion on surfaces of biomaterials and biosensors, as well as for therapeutic drug carrier systems against

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• industry often contains biological drugs, such as antibiotics and pesticides. These drug residues in various industries would enter the drinking water source. It threatens human health and makes bacteria and viruses resistant to drugs, significantly impacting the environment [5]. Notably, wastewater

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss Daniel Schorr Julia K. Metz Metin Yildirim Saeed Ahmad Khan Marc Schneider Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Campus C4 1, Saarbruecken, Germany Department, Drug Delivery, PharmBioTec Research and Development GmbH

• nanoparticles intended to be used in drug delivery is of great interest. To this end, different potential formulations are developed since the particle elasticity is affecting the in vitro and in vivo performance of the nanoparticles. Here we present a method to determine the elasticity of single gelatin

• revealed the influence of loading a macromolecular model drug (FITC-dextran) on the mechanical properties, which decreased with raising amounts of loaded drug. Loaded particles were significantly softer, with Young’s moduli between 1.06 and 5.79 MPa for the same crosslinking time, than the blank GNPs. In

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• ]. This is applicable to monocrystalline coordination polymers as well. For instance, poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) molecular chains show an affinity to Zn2+ ions, and can, thus, trigger mineralization of ZIF-8 crystals around. Doxorubicin, a kind of antitumor drug, could be dissolved in the parent solution

• acidic environment. Enhanced cell toxicity was found by encapsulating the doxorubicin drug into ZIF-8 crystals because intracellular uptake was facilitated. When multiple cargos were required, this strategy showed good feasibility. Multiple molecules could be simultaneously encapsulated during formation

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• residues of the RBD, and a peptide with 20 amino acid binds to the Gln493 and Asn501 residues of the RBD. However, neither of these peptides was able to block the three regions of the RBD [8]. The results reported herein suggest that OAPs have a great potential as drug inhibitors of SAR-CoV2 and can block

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• solubility of a drug leads to low drug absorption. Thus, a sufficient drug concentration in plasma is not achieved, and a high therapeutic effect is not reached. As a result, high dose requirements and more adverse side effects limit the development of phytochemicals in the pharmaceutical industry. BBR

• nanoparticles produced by EPN and ASP techniques have notably increased solubility and dissolution rate due to their semicrystalline form. The small size of the nanoparticles can be obtained by adjusting the drug concentration, flow rate, stirring rate, and antisolvent volume in EPN and ASP methods [28]. Many

• : (1) Almost all drug-carrying nanomaterials have high cost, (2) the drug concentration of the encapsulated form is usually low, and (3) the toxicity risk of nanomaterials must be strictly controlled [32][33][34]. Most nanoformulations have relatively low drug loading (typically a few weight percent

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• considerable potential for medical applications such as transdermal drug delivery, point-of-care diagnostics, and vaccination. These miniature microdevices should successfully pierce the skin tissues while having enough stiffness to withstand the forces imposed by penetration. Developing low-cost and simple

• safety for the current MN design demonstrated its potential for transdermal drug delivery and fluid sampling. Experimental results indicated significant penetration improvements using the prototype applicator, which produced array penetration efficiencies as high as >92%, depending on the impact velocity

• setting. Keywords: hot embossing; microneedles; penetration efficiency; thermoplastic polymers; two-photon polymerization; Introduction During the past two decades, MN devices have become a promising tool for transdermal drug delivery, vaccination, and point-of-care diagnostics [1][2]. MNs are a

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• advancements in medical fields (hyperthermia and drug delivery), permanent magnet industry, sensoristics, and spintronics. The program has been tested not only on simulated tomograms but also on tomograms obtained on real-life systems of magnetite MNPs, obtained in-house by co-precipitation methods. Starting