Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• confocal spectra, respectively. The slightly higher value of ΔΘ determined with TERS could be due to the nanometer-sized penetration depth of the near field excited at the tip apex, in contrast to the far-field laser focus. Since the SiNWs contain a c-Si core and an a-Si shell (Figure 1), the shell can be

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• visible light, and also should have a high absorption coefficient at a wavelength that penetrates cellular tissue [4]. In the visible electromagnetic spectrum, red light has the largest depth penetration into biological tissue [6][7]. Among different photosensitizers, porphyrins are heterocyclic molecules

• morphology observations. The wider absorption peak in the FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial spectrum at 640 nm corresponds to the greater probability of absorbing a photon deeper into the tissue, since the penetration depth of electromagnetic radiation increases as the wavelength increases, reaching depths up to

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• mass of MBA (ρMBA = 1.5 g·cm−3, MMBA = 154.19 g·mol−1), the laser spot area (Aspot), and the penetration depth of the focused laser beam (which was assumed to be h =12 μm), as: where NA is the Avogadro constant. NSERS corresponds to the number of molecules adsorbed on the AuNP surface within the laser

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• discussion [9][11]. Bulk metals generally reflect microwaves, whereas fine metal powders or thin films can couple with microwaves (the penetration depth of microwaves in metals is 1–2 µm). This will quickly increase the temperature through conduction mechanisms, which enables the sintering of metals by using

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• extracting parameters for n characteristic terms without any assumptions about the load history, provided the penetration grows monotonically, the indentation is not “sufficiently large”, and the correspondence principle applies. It represents the objective fit function described by Lopez et al. [17] and

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• , resulting in an overall net positive charge [108][126]. CPPs are able to enhance membrane penetration and cell internalization of their conjugated cargo in a large variety of cells, through pathways not always well known [126][127]. In the case of BBB crossing, their positive charge might induce their

• specific ligands have been proven to be successful strategies to enhance the BBB crossing through RMT or AMT. Size and charge of the nanoparticles are also aspects that can influence their penetration into the brain. Smaller nanoparticles are able to cross the BBB more easily and to diffuse better through

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• NbN/Al, NbN/Ag and MoN/Ag bilayers. Namely, the suppression of the critical temperature of the SN bilayer is smaller while the change in magnetic field penetration depth of the SN bilayer is larger than the Usadel model predicts. Therefore, the present results should be considered only as a route for

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• non-incorporated silver nanoparticles, which exhibit pronounced antibacterial activity towards gram-negative species. It has been suggested that the gram-negative species may be more susceptible to Ag penetration, as silver nanoparticles are able to more effectively interact with the cell components

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• demand (COD) levels. Additionally, dyes decrease sunlight penetration through water, decreasing the natural restoration activity of rivers. Moreover, dyes in waste water are also considered problematic in the aesthetic sense, since the absorbance of dyes is usually very high (therefore, even small

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• conducted with PeakForce QNM measurements for which the deformation (penetration depth of the tip) of the measurements was evaluated (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6). The results indicate a constant deformation for the fresh sample, while the aged cathode shows some areas with a higher deformation

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• subsequent presentation of the epitopes on the surface of macrophages are important events in this positive regulation. According to the literature data, GNPs contribute to the penetration of antigens into phagocytic cells [56]. GNPs, in addition to their adjuvant properties, could lead to a more active

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• inaccessible voids and sealed porosity hinders the penetration of the pore network, and the adsorption of DPX on the external surface leads to a larger scattering contrast, which in turn increases the overall intensity. The chord-length distributions g(r) (Figure 4B) were obtained by fitting the SANS data with

• closed porosity, inaccessible voids and small micropores hinder the penetration of the pore network by DPX. The porosity of the sample Pitch-800 is higher than that of the other samples, which is in good agreement with the physisorption results. The pore size distribution determined by physisorption

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• approach is highly safe to use for biological applications. This is important to emphasize as chemical synthesized nanoparticles may lead to toxic or side effects due to the existence of toxic chemicals [60]. The antibacterial mechanism of CB-Hap NRs may involve (i) the size-mediated penetration of

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• with parallel alignment to the membrane surface (Figure 8). Recent reviews have shown the importance of controlling the shape of the vectors, both for cell penetration but also for the behavior in the blood stream [142]. Regarding PDT more specifically, Till et al. examined the PDT efficiency of

• group was shown to be cleaved by azoreductase under hypoxic conditions [149], the observed stronger cellular penetration [75] was explained by a de-PEGylation of the vector upon contact with the hypoxic tissues. PS positioning Since PDT relies on the local production of ROS to kill the diseased cells

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• the cell interior. Nevertheless, the mechanism they use to enter cells still remains an unsolved piece of the puzzle. Endocytosis and direct penetration have been suggested as the two major mechanisms used for internalization, however, it is not all black and white in the nanoworld. Studies have shown

• fluidity and permeability [32]. Carpet model The ‘carpet’ model describing the direct penetration of some peptides was proposed in 1992 by Pouny and co-workers [34]. According to this model, the positively charged segments of the peptide lie parallel to the membrane surface and are bound to the acidic

• , amphipathic peptide. Electrostatic interaction is essential for the binding between the CPP and the membrane. Achieving a high local concentration at the membrane’s surface is also a key factor for inducing membrane penetration by this model [35]. An alternative to the ‘carpet’ model is the ‘membrane-thinning

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• dislocation density was reduced to 1.3 × 108 cm−2. Penetration was highly dependent on solution temperature. At RT, no crossing was observed, while at 70 °C and 80 °C it took 2.0 min and 1.5 min, respectively. The subsequent 3D GaN showed a constant etch rate. When the thickness of 2D-1 was increased to 1000

• and crystal facets was reached. Applying temperature dependent crossing of 2D–3D transitions, the second 2D–3D transition of E became selectively exposed by first etching in 30 wt % KOH at 70 °C for 3 min. This led to penetration of the first 2D–3D interface. Subsequently, etching at RT for 5 h

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• does not occur in the direct complexation (Figure 2). In our original interpretation, we ascribed the HA corona formation to a difficult penetration of HA into the Chit35/TPP matrix, which is more densely cross-linked than Chit650/TPP (lower entropic penalty to pay for un-coiling lower-MW

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• penetration depth for light of 600 nm wavelength is about 100 nm, assuming α = 1 × 105 cm−1 (Figure 3c). Electron mobility tends to be greater in semiconductors when compared to hole mobility, although the efficacy of electron transport is also subject to change when the absorber thickness is varied. In this

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• mixing time in many approaches. This problem holds true especially for the preparation of NPs of size less than 200 nm, which are preferred with respect to their biological penetration potential. Improved control with respect to the mixing time can be achieved by utilizing impinging jets or microfluidic

• to address strong and continuous inflammatory responses which could have an impact in, for example, cystic fibrosis treatment [38]. The potential for application in cystic fibrosis treatment was highlighted monitoring the penetration of the particles through human pulmonary mucus. Results and

• penetration through mucus [9]. In this context, we have used microfluidics to produce size-tunable PLGA NPs coated with a muco-penetrating stabilizer (Pluronic F68). Relevant factors influencing the NP size were examined, such as flow rate ratio, PLGA concentration, solvent type, diameter of the mixing

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• growth of crystal grains on the surface of the fibers for both LiFePO4 and Li5Ti4O12. The fiber diameter is less than 1 μm, and the grain size is between 200 and 300 nm. There are numerous channels between the fibers. This structure is beneficial for the penetration of electrolyte and the contact between

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• , which are also exhibited by the SmartLipids, are reviewed. These include the restauration of the protective lipid skin barrier (anti-pollution effect), penetration enhancement by occlusion (invisible patch effect) and the option to control the release of active agents for optimized biological effect and

• inclusion; nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs); penetration enhancement; skin occlusion; SmartLipids; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs); Introduction To meet the increasing expectations and demands of consumers in personal care and cosmetics, as well of patients in medical care, dermal delivery systems are

• agents, e.g., retinol as a classical example; restoration of the natural skin barrier (recently in focus in the framework of “anti-pollution” strategies); penetration enhancement and increased bioavailability allowing for a reduced application frequency, enabling the use of active agents that could not

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• and the integration time was 4–10 minutes for each data point used to extract the lower critical magnetic field and the absolute value of the penetration depth. Both can be improved using other protocols in NV magnetometry. These are of some of the benefits of linking superconducting material

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• MBs that incorporate IONPs are often made of polymers. For example, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were embedded in the wall of poly(butyl cyanoacrylate)-based MBs, allowing the blood‒brain barrier penetration to be monitored [23]. Soft-shell colloids called lipospheres have

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• seen for C-P-ETS-10/60 with a Xe chemical shift variation from 108 ppm to 185 ppm, as presented in Figure 15C. However, another signal with a very close chemical shift value can be identified. This signal might originate from Xe penetration into the 7-member ring pores, and the amount of present OH