Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• Bdellovibrio and prey, for example, Escherichia coli, and stopped the experiment by chemical fixation at specific points during incubation. This allowed for the study of the attachment of the predator to its prey, followed by penetration of the membrane, and the entering into the cytoplasm. After that, the

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• , thereby creating easier directions for the penetration of the projectile atom. If the projectile atom reaches the crystal at an angle smaller than the critical angle for such an axial or planar channeling direction, the projectile will be steered along this direction and will experience a reduced

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• system is not perfectly flat. The surface has noticeable irregularities that penetrate into adjacent layers. The figures also show that there is a mutual penetration of one contact layer into another. Therefore, the layer interface has a certain quantifiable thickness. It should be noted that the atomic

• lead–iron, is small: TF ≈ 0.4. This reduces the probability of penetration of Cooper pairs from the superconductor into the ferromagnetic material and requires smaller thicknesses of superconducting layers in order to obtain a significant effect of ferromagnetism on superconductivity. In turn, the

• formation. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in the total thickness of the nanosystem (at 800 K, this value is increased by 0.3 nm compared with a temperature of 300 K). The region of mutual penetration of Nb atoms into the Co layers (and vice versa) also increases, which is clearly seen in

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• molecules enter cells only by mobility or diffusion, while the individually dispersed nanotubes are more easily internalized by cells via direct penetration and endocytosis [38][43]. This can explain the above results. The fluorescence intensity of CNTs-PEG/DOX and CNTs-PEG-PEI/DOX increases further (Figure

Seebeck coefficient of silicon nanowire forests doped by thermal diffusion

• Shaimaa Elyamny,
• Elisabetta Dimaggio and
• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1707–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.153

• penetration of the doping species (phosphorous, in our case) into the silicon. It requires an oxidizing environment, at least in a first preliminary phase, to grow a thin SiO2 layer at the surface as a barrier for the doping species, forcing the diffusion into silicon. In the specific case of thermoelectric

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• materials over the entire depth of their penetration path in a target. In our recent work [4], we demonstrated that, in addition to the direct surface patterning by the abovementioned techniques, the radiation damage generated by He+ FIB in the bulk of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates can be used

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• can be taken up by cells via passive transport or active transport. Most nanoparticles are taken up by endocytosis (i.e., active transport) and rarely by direct penetration through the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport). The endocytic pathway is an energy-dependent process; therefore, it can be

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• , morphology, and size. This antimicrobial activity can be used in numerous sectors, such as textile, animal, or antimicrobial packaging industries. In the latter, NPs are used to inhibit and control microbial growth, resist against the penetration of liquids or gases, retain moisture, and maintain packaged

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• atomic vacancy yield per each delivered ion as a function of target penetration depth on the 35 nm-Au/5 nm-Ti/0.7 nm-MoS2/285 nm-SiO2 stack [41]. As evident from Figure 3d, the sulfur sputtering yield at the Ti–MoS2 interface is very close to that of unencapsulated MoS2 [15], indicating notable damage to

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• penetration of both H2O and CO2 into the pore system is similar and therefore can be used to mimic the penetration of electrolyte molecules. Furthermore, an obvious difference between LIB and SIB tests is observed for the HT samples. While linear trends are obtained for LIB tests, the SIB tests seem to have

• adsorbed according to Yang et al. [25], since we can fairly well quantify porosities between 0.3 and 0.5 nm. Are these pores not contributing or is it possible that different penetration depths of solvent molecules and, hence, SEI deposits smear out the relation of pore volume to reversible capacity? A

• complicated reality of HC anodes in SIBs as well as in LIBs. To improve the understanding of the porosity accessible by GSP techniques more sophisticated techniques are necessary. Especially the connectivity of pores affecting the penetration depth and electrode utilization will play a crucial role in

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• penetration depth, λ, [38][39] ranges from 720 to 874 nm. Additionally, Jc (0.6 K, 0 T) is approx. 0.15 MA/cm2. Summarizing, the estimated superconducting parameters (Tc, µ0Hc2, Jc, ξ, λ) for these NWs (Table 2) are mostly compatible with those reported for He+ FIBID out-of-plane WC nanotubes [17

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• confocal spectra, respectively. The slightly higher value of ΔΘ determined with TERS could be due to the nanometer-sized penetration depth of the near field excited at the tip apex, in contrast to the far-field laser focus. Since the SiNWs contain a c-Si core and an a-Si shell (Figure 1), the shell can be

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• conventional sterilization procedures that are usually time consuming and require higher temperatures. In addition, the NIR light in the so-called “bio-transparent window” (750–900 nm) is considered safe for direct in vivo application as it has a large penetration depth and does not damage normal tissue (at

• demonstrated that the photothermally induced local heat, triggered by the irradiation at 808 nm and 1.2 W/cm2, accelerates the release and penetration of ions into bacteria, resulting in an alteration of the intracellular metabolic pathways and causing bacterial death without a systemic toxicity. In the latest

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• visible light, and also should have a high absorption coefficient at a wavelength that penetrates cellular tissue [4]. In the visible electromagnetic spectrum, red light has the largest depth penetration into biological tissue [6][7]. Among different photosensitizers, porphyrins are heterocyclic molecules

• morphology observations. The wider absorption peak in the FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial spectrum at 640 nm corresponds to the greater probability of absorbing a photon deeper into the tissue, since the penetration depth of electromagnetic radiation increases as the wavelength increases, reaching depths up to

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• mass of MBA (ρMBA = 1.5 g·cm−3, MMBA = 154.19 g·mol−1), the laser spot area (Aspot), and the penetration depth of the focused laser beam (which was assumed to be h =12 μm), as: where NA is the Avogadro constant. NSERS corresponds to the number of molecules adsorbed on the AuNP surface within the laser

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• discussion [9][11]. Bulk metals generally reflect microwaves, whereas fine metal powders or thin films can couple with microwaves (the penetration depth of microwaves in metals is 1–2 µm). This will quickly increase the temperature through conduction mechanisms, which enables the sintering of metals by using

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• extracting parameters for n characteristic terms without any assumptions about the load history, provided the penetration grows monotonically, the indentation is not “sufficiently large”, and the correspondence principle applies. It represents the objective fit function described by Lopez et al. [17] and

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• , resulting in an overall net positive charge [108][126]. CPPs are able to enhance membrane penetration and cell internalization of their conjugated cargo in a large variety of cells, through pathways not always well known [126][127]. In the case of BBB crossing, their positive charge might induce their

• specific ligands have been proven to be successful strategies to enhance the BBB crossing through RMT or AMT. Size and charge of the nanoparticles are also aspects that can influence their penetration into the brain. Smaller nanoparticles are able to cross the BBB more easily and to diffuse better through

A Josephson junction based on a highly disordered superconductor/low-resistivity normal metal bilayer

• Pavel M. Marychev and
• Denis Yu. Vodolazov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 858–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.71

• NbN/Al, NbN/Ag and MoN/Ag bilayers. Namely, the suppression of the critical temperature of the SN bilayer is smaller while the change in magnetic field penetration depth of the SN bilayer is larger than the Usadel model predicts. Therefore, the present results should be considered only as a route for

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• non-incorporated silver nanoparticles, which exhibit pronounced antibacterial activity towards gram-negative species. It has been suggested that the gram-negative species may be more susceptible to Ag penetration, as silver nanoparticles are able to more effectively interact with the cell components

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• demand (COD) levels. Additionally, dyes decrease sunlight penetration through water, decreasing the natural restoration activity of rivers. Moreover, dyes in waste water are also considered problematic in the aesthetic sense, since the absorbance of dyes is usually very high (therefore, even small

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• conducted with PeakForce QNM measurements for which the deformation (penetration depth of the tip) of the measurements was evaluated (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6). The results indicate a constant deformation for the fresh sample, while the aged cathode shows some areas with a higher deformation

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• subsequent presentation of the epitopes on the surface of macrophages are important events in this positive regulation. According to the literature data, GNPs contribute to the penetration of antigens into phagocytic cells [56]. GNPs, in addition to their adjuvant properties, could lead to a more active

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• inaccessible voids and sealed porosity hinders the penetration of the pore network, and the adsorption of DPX on the external surface leads to a larger scattering contrast, which in turn increases the overall intensity. The chord-length distributions g(r) (Figure 4B) were obtained by fitting the SANS data with

• closed porosity, inaccessible voids and small micropores hinder the penetration of the pore network by DPX. The porosity of the sample Pitch-800 is higher than that of the other samples, which is in good agreement with the physisorption results. The pore size distribution determined by physisorption