Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• applied. This process is not only challenging due to the need for accurate alignment of all consecutive slices, but also extremely time consuming, depending on the required resolution in the vertical dimension. Other methods are two-photon lithography [5], heterogeneous nucleation [6] or template-based

• shift of the writing location will likely occur that has to be compensated for, since already a mismatch of a few nm can compromise the complete 3D structure. In our implementation, for the alignment between several fabrication steps (in particular between changes of the precursor) dedicated 2D

• , depending on the SEM software available. Additional auxiliary objects are (b) four- and eight-armed stars which, if defined in the geometry file, will appear before the 3D pattern definitions in the pattern file. These can be used for manual or automatic fine alignment by repeated image acquisition of a

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• regarding low-cost and reliable PEC cells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. For a widespread application of PEC cells, the photoelectrodes need to fulfill the criteria of (i) a low band gap (1.7–2.2 eV), (ii) low resistivity, (iii) low cost, (iv) corrosion stability and (v) a correct alignment of band edges with

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• with a ZnO seed layer in order to provide adhesion of the nanostructured ZnO film to the glass surface, as well as epitaxial growth and the vertical alignment of nanostructures. It was prepared by dip coating using 5 mM zinc acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2) solution in ethanol. The seed layer film was dried in a

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• fused silica capillaries, resulting in the formation of stable droplets within the tubing (Figure 2A). Through the close proximity, the two aqueous flows from the capillaries immediately merged to form one droplet. Small perturbations of the manual capillary alignment did not influence the formation of

• for the reagent solutions and continuous oil phase, the droplet generation junction, the water bath for heating, and collection of droplets in a vial (A). Photograph of the droplet generation junction (B), and microscope image of the droplet generation junction showing the alignment of the fused

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• obtained from single nanowire measurements is shown in the upper inset. (a) Ni–Cu alloy nanowires placed on SiO2/Si substrates between the interdigitated metallic electrodes obtained by photolithography; (b) alignment of the SiO2/Si substrate with the sample holder of the microscope; (c) the sample covered

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• ), where 2-propanol was determined to be the best solvent. As reported in Figure 4, the nanoporous thin membrane (i.e., pore size ≈20 nm) adheres to the macroporous substrate without any discontinuities. As reported in Figure 4d, the desired vertical alignment of the nanoporous system is maintained, even

Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

• Valerio F. Gili,
• Lavinia Ghirardini,
• Davide Rocco,
• Giuseppe Marino,
• Ivan Favero,
• Iännis Roland,
• Giovanni Pellegrini,
• Lamberto Duò,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Luca Carletti,
• Andrea Locatelli,
• Aristide Lemaître,
• Dragomir Neshev,
• Costantino De Angelis,
• Giuseppe Leo and
• Michele Celebrano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2306–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.215

• SiOx are deposited on the surface via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to later improve the adhesion of the negative-tone HSQ resist on the III–V layer. A first positive-tone lithography step with PMMA resist is performed to realize the alignment structures, followed by electron beam

• evaporation of 5 nm of Ti and 80 nm of Au. Finally, a standard lift-off procedure reveals the gold alignment structures. The choice of gold as a material at this stage is crucial to ensure the highest possible contrast and precision in the successive lithography step. HSQ resist is then spun and nanoantenna

Hierarchical heterostructures of Bi₂MoO₆ microflowers decorated with Ag₂CO₃ nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of toxic pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Wei Jiang,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yanping Liu,
• Kaibing Xu and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2297–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.214

• attributed to the high charge-separation capacity, which results from the matched band alignment of the two components. The cycling experiments showed a good durability of Ag2CO3/Bi2MoO6. Holes were found to be the dominant active species accounting for the pollutant degradation. This compound is a promising

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• nanoparticles on a mirror substrate using defined spacer layers [47][48], in general, this approach is non-transferrable to tip-supported antennas used, e.g., in TENOM and TERS. Another frequently considered approach utilizes DNA as scaffold for the alignment of the nanoparticles [41][49][50]. In particular

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• nanofibers are highly attractive as ultrasensitive sensors [42]. To date, many excellent review articles on the fabrication, alignment and application of electrospun nanofibers have been published [32][37][39][40]. However, to the best of our knowledge, a modern, comprehensive review on gas sensing

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• system (blue lines) in a KPFM measurement configuration, i.e., a grounded ITO electrode and the DC and AC bias applied to the tip. Considering no floating potential at the [ITO/TiO2/P3HT-COOH] surface (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), a Fermi level alignment can be assumed across the entire

The role of the Ge mole fraction in improving the performance of a nanoscale junctionless tunneling FET: concept and scaling capability

• Hichem Ferhati,
• Fayçal Djeffal and
• Toufik Bentrcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1856–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.177

• barrier height at the source–channel junction decreases and a higher tunneling current can be generated when the band alignment at the junction is satisfied. In addition, Figure 4 shows the complex subthreshold behavior. The Ge mole fraction induces a highly non-linear behavior of the swing factor as it

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• CNTs can be either randomly oriented or arranged parallel to each other resulting in a preferential alignment (Figure 1d). By the proper choice of synthesis parameters, the CNT growth orientation perpendicular to the substrate can be realized and such 3D CNT structures are referred to as vertically

• adsorption sites, in VACNTs the alignment ensures that the bundled morphology extends over macroscopic dimensions. Simulation studies of Yang et al. on double-walled aligned CNTs have shown that the outer adsorption sites (interstitial + groove + outside periphery) constitute a significant fraction (>50%) of

• the study: a) CNHs, b) MWNTs, c) high-magnification image of MWNTs revealing their unordered, felt-like structure, d) VACNTs revealing their alignment, e) unordered SWNTs, f) Norit R1 Extra. a) TEM image of VACNTs obtained after unhinging from the substrate and dispersed in ethanol by ultrasonication

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• either gelatin or collagen substrates. However, grooves with a width of 100 µm width did not influence osteoblast cell orientation [44]. Good cell alignment in collagen or gelatin grooves has also been reported for NIH-3T3 cells [36], vascular smooth muscle cells [46], and dental pulp stem cells [56]. In

• 200 or 560 nm, but were well-aligned in grooves with a depth of 2 µm. With respect to the grooves used in our study, it appeared that a gelatin groove depth of 500 nm was sufficient for alignment of Saos-2 cells. Therefore, grooves with widths of 500 nm to 2 µm and a 500-nm depth are suitable for the

• alignment of Saos-2 cells. Saos-2 cells cultured on certain gelatin pillars developed filopodia that elongated radially from the Saos-2 cell body. Cells on pillars with a diameter of 500 nm and height of 500 nm (Figure 5d) or 2 µm (Figure 5e) exhibited larger cell areas and numerous filopodia after 1 h of

Toward the use of CVD-grown MoS₂ nanosheets as field-emission source

• Geetanjali Deokar,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Junjie Li,
• Francis Leonard Deepak,
• Wei Ou-Yang,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jean-Francois Colomer and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1686–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.160

• homogeneous distribution and vertical alignment compared to the previously reported MoS2 nanostructures (on which FE studies were performed), which were sparsely and randomly distributed [9]. The NSs reported by Kashid et al. have few protruding MoS2 NSs and mostly planar surfaces [12]. A typical Raman

Photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in nematic liquid crystals in electric fields

• Margarita A. Kurochkina,
• Elena A. Konshina and
• Daria Khmelevskaia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1544–1549, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.145

• I/I0 (a) and decay times t/t0 (b) of the QD photoluminescence as functions of the electric field strength applied to LC cells with a planar (blue circles) and vertical (red circles) alignment. The insert shows the structure of a LC cell: 1 - quartz substrates, 2 - ITO electrode, 3 - orienting layer

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model [182]. The heterosystem CuCo2O4/TiO2 for the removal of Cr(VI) by photocatalytic reduction under visible light has been reported by Kebir et al. [183]. The synergetic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic reduction with proper band alignment are attributed to

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• implementation remains difficult because alignment of an electrode is generally cumbersome and electrostatic forces frequently convoluted with the tip–sample interaction where changes in capacitance gradient due to topographical features influence cantilever excitation. An optically transparent electrode [20] or

• device itself. Built into the encasement and located between cantilever and sample, the actuation electrode does not need alignment and the device remains compatible with any scanning probe force microscope using optical beam deflection detection. Our method allows for static or dynamic actuation and is

• clean resonance peaks in air and in liquid. The built-in drive electrode does not require any alignment. With only little modification of the cantilever holder, the devices can be used in almost any instrument. We studied static, harmonic and sub-harmonic actuation modes. In the harmonic mode, the

Formation and development of nanometer-sized cybotactic clusters in bent-core nematic liquid crystalline compounds

• Yuri P. Panarin,
• Sithara P. Sreenilayam,
• Jagdish K. Vij,
• Anne Lehmann and
• Carsten Tschierske

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1288–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.121

• the electro-convection phenomena is beyond the scope of present work, however we find that a DC bias field up to 40 V does not affect the homogeneously planar structure created by alignment. The dielectric loss spectra ε″ versus DC bias voltage were recorded for both BCN66 and BCN84 compounds at 1 °C

A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• into a preliminary set of combined force data. Combination here implies that each data point of each force curve is included into a single data set, resulting in a single force curve. No further individual alignment beyond the steps described above was performed. 5) Each single force curve was compared

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• magnets, so-called ferrofluids, are ultrastable suspensions of small magnetic NPs with superparamagnetic properties [36]. Upon applying a magnetic field, the liquid will macroscopically magnetize, which leads to the alignment of NPs along the magnetic field direction [37]. Recent research has focused on

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• interface, closely resembling the energy level alignment in an n–p junction. The energy level shift is too large to permit further electron transfer through the layer, inhibiting corrosion. Adsorption hence changes the defect density in the protecting ZnO layer. This mechanism of corrosion inhibition shows

• because of β-CD adsorption is too high to enable easy electron transfer at active corrosion conditions. This work shows that the energy level alignment across the interface can be significantly affected by the presence of simple organic molecules. The defect chemistry of the oxide plays also an important

Optical orientation of nematic liquid crystal droplets via photoisomerization of an azodendrimer dopant

• Sergey A. Shvetsov,
• Alexander V. Emelyanenko,
• Natalia I. Boiko,
• Alexander S. Zolot'ko,
• Yan-Song Zhang,
• Jui-Hsiang Liu and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 870–879, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.81

• adsorbed dendrimer molecules are mostly oriented perpendicularly to the NLC–glycerol interface and align the NLC molecules in the same direction. The UV irradiation causes the trans→cis isomerization of the dopant, the cis isomers of the terminal moieties provide the planar alignment of NLC. In our

• in the droplets resting on the solid substrate [30]. The NLC director distribution with boojum defect on the top of the droplet (Figure 1a) can be reversibly changed to almost homeotropic NLC alignment (Figure 1b). The interest in these geometries of NLC droplets is explained by their better

• substrate Let us consider the orientational transitions of NLC droplets resting on the cell substrate. Before any LED irradiation, the NLC droplets exhibit homeotropic alignment on the substrate coated with an orienting compound and planar alignment on the glycerol interface. This leads to the director

Effect of ferroelectric BaTiO₃ particles on the threshold voltage of a smectic A liquid crystal

• Abbas R. Imamaliyev,
• Mahammadali A. Ramazanov and
• Shirkhan A. Humbatov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 824–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.76

• high, the final state is close to homeotropic. As mentioned above, the threshold voltage is determined from the capacitance–voltage measurements of the electro-optical cell initially having planar alignment. The threshold voltage corresponds to the voltage at which the capacitance of the cell or the