Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• factors needs to be taken into account when developing a carrier system for this purpose. Depending on the chosen pathway to cross the BBB, nanoparticle material, size and surface properties such as functionalization and charge should be tailored to fit the specific route of BBB crossing. Keywords: gold

• to cross the BBB through transcytosis. To reach this goal, their surfaces have to be modified, either non-covalently with a coating or covalently by functionalization. Coating with surfactants Coating nanoparticles with a surfactant was the first method used to enhance their BBB permeation ability

• ., the polymer and API in use. Surface functionalization To be able to cross the BBB by RMT, nanoparticle surfaces can be functionalized with specific ligands. This approach has been well studied and a multitude of different ligands has been tested. Some of the recent advances for this approach are

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• , require coatings to prevent sticking of the mirrors due to relatively high adhesive forces [3]. Therefore, there has been considerable research into surface modification (e.g., lubricants [7][8][9], surface functionalization [10][11], and surface texturing [12][13][14]) in order to mitigate the impact of

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• the surface N-functionalization of carbon nanoparticles derived from biomass and biowaste and for the production of carbon nanoparticles with stable PL characteristics and excellent water-wettability. Schematic of the setup for laser ablation in liquid. TEM images of soybean-derived nanoparticles: (a

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• Hepatitis C viruses with HIV-1 p24 antigen. The clinical validation using samples from HIV-positive tested patients also demonstrated the efficacy of AuNCIA detection and no false negatives were observed. This suggests that AuNCs with appropriate labeling and surface functionalization offer new avenues for

• of streptavidin with biotin was exploited for imaging human hepatoma cells (HepG2, Figure 4C). HepG2 are cancerous cells that contain excess biotin. Retnakumari et al. studied the surface functionalization of Au-BSA NCs with folic acid (FA) for selective binding, internalization and imaging of folate

• functionalization of AuNCs also offers opportunities to develop NC-based radiosensitizers for cancer radiotherapy. Jia et al. reported atomically precise Au8 NCs capped with levonorgestrel [Au8(C21H27O2)8] NCs with yellow-green luminescence and a quantum yield of 58.7% as a radiosensitizer for enhanced cancer

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• a highly controllable architecture, unique stimuli responsiveness and easy tuning of the properties for intracellular delivery of cargo. This review describes the progress in the preparation, functionalization and applications of capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes or their combination with

• potential applications. Keywords: drug delivery; functionalization; multilayer capsules; synthesis; weak polyelectrolytes; Review Introduction In the last few decades, micrometer and nanometer-sized capsules made of polyelectrolytes (PEs) have been the subject of intensive research because of their

• different ways of functionalization of the capsules and several internal/external triggers used to release the payload with special focus on their applications. It is believed that weak PE systems can prove to be highly efficient and suitable for several in vivo applications. Core templates The most

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• because, in addition to the surface functionalization of 3D crystals, organic compounds can actually be incorporated into the crystal as 2D phases. Thus, for example, layered Ruddlesden–Popper phases are obtained. We present photoswitchable azobenzene ligands with different head-group lengths for the

• their size varies from 100 to 300 nm. PXRD measurements prove that all particles exhibit the cubic perovskite structure, independent on the applied ligand (see also Supporting Information File 1, Figure S16). For simplification the particles are named 3D-AzoX in the following. The functionalization and

• successful functionalization. The UV–vis absorption spectra, shown in Figure 4F, confirm these findings. 3D-AzoC2 shows absorption maxima at 518 and 324 nm. The absorption at 518 nm is assigned to the excitonic bandgap of the perovskite. The absorption at 324 nm indicates the coordination of the azobenzene

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• decreases from G-M1 to G-M4 (where G refers to graphene and M1, M2, M3, and M4 refer to the respective molarity of the electrolyte used for the exfoliation), and the elemental composition calculated from the survey spectrum of the materials revealed that the degree of oxygen functionalization varies from

• eV, corresponding to alcoholic (C–OH)/ether type of oxygen in ester functional groups and carbonyl (C=O in –COOH) functional groups, respectively [42][44]. Interestingly, irrespective of the degree of functionalization (oxygen content), carbonyl groups are found to be the major component in all the

• %. However, previous studies showed that the fluorine-doped graphene systems follow a direct four-electron ORR path [45][46][47][48], whereas some of the other fluorine-doped carbon prefers the H2O2 path during the ORR [49][50]. Along with the degree of functionalization, the surface area of the material can

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• RNA genome [22]. Also, the casid protein able to encapsidate anionic molecules, such as heterologous RNAs [23], enzymes [24], drugs [25], or gold nanoparticles [26] by charge complementarity with the possibility of directing them to target cells through the functionalization of the external surface of

• the breast cancer cells. Representative confocal microscopy images showed NanoOrange fluorescence inside the cells (Figure 1A). It is important to point out that the capsids are able to internalize efficiently into tumor cells without any functionalization. The cell internalization has been quantified

• potential candidate to deliver siRNA. The versatility of these plant virus nanocarriers includes the functionalization of the viral capsid surface with specific ligands, e.g., folic acid, antibodies, or modified mannose, which further increase the recognition of specific targeted tissues or tumor cells. The

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• in the surface functionalization of nano-sized drug carriers to achieve targeting [33][34][35]. Ideally, by better controlling the early interactions with cells, nanomedicines should be recognized by the desired receptors and be trafficked intracellularly to their target. 1.2 Corona formation Another

• possibility of using nano-sized materials to deliver drugs to their target. Nanoparticle design can be tailored to target specific cell types or pathways. Size, charge, shape [107], hydrophobicity [108], rigidity [109][110], roughness [111] and surface functionalization [43][112] of nanomaterials are all

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• nanoparticles (metallic gold) are widely applied in the development of biological sensing devices. Gold is an inert metal that exhibits exceptional chemical stability in physiological media and the readiness for surface functionalization with desired biomolecules through stable Au–S bonds. The key properties of

• complementary DNA, the colloidal stability was recovered because of the hybridization of the negatively-charged DNA with the neutral PNA-modified AuNPs. The group of Graham has reported the functionalization of AuNPs (13 nm) with LNAs, revealing a remarkable binding affinity and selectivity towards DNA targets

• optical properties not only in the visible but also in the near-infrared spectral range. Shape anisotropy (rods) and regiospecific surface functionalization (tip versus lateral parts) enable the fabrication of colloidal systems with limited degrees of freedom. In such systems, the possible orientations of

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• trademark iGP (D ≈ 5 μm), iGP (D ≈ 44 μm), and iGP2 (D ≈ 5 μm) were labelled G1, G2, and G3. All GNPs were used as supplied by the producer without any purification or functionalization process. The physical properties of the GNPs are shown in Table 4. Preparation of polymer nanocomposites HDPE/GnP

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• the functionalization with DNA. The crystallization of nanoparticles can be easily programed by the selection of designer DNA sequences. In fact, DNA-mediated assembly is widely used to synthesize hybrid lattices of gold nanoparticles and protein-based capsid particles [97][98]. The methylation of DNA

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• –biotin sandwich strategy as well as the high selectivity of antigen–antibody interactions. Six different fabrication routes based on dibenzocyclooctyne- (DBCO-), thiol- and epoxy-functionalization of glasses and click chemistry attachment of biotinylated molecules (Figure 1) were used to obtain

• advantages such as high reaction rates, high yield, mild reaction conditions and easy post-treatment [25][26][27][28][29]. Afterwards, the biotinylated glasses produced following the six different functionalization procedures, which are referred to as routes 1–6 throughout this article, were gradually

• surfaces). After base functionalization, biotin was immobilized on the DBCO-, thiol- or epoxy-functionalized glasses by incubation with the respective click chemistry partner molecules leading to the six different biotinylation routes: for DBCO-terminated glass, biotin–thiol (route 1) and biotin–azide

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• . In one study, Jana and co-workers reported the design of fluorescent and plasmonic nanohybrids by covalent attachment of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and Au nanorods. Further functionalization with glucose, using glutaraldehyde coupling chemistry, yielded nanohybrids that could subsequently be used

Mobility of charge carriers in self-assembled monolayers

• Zhihua Fu,
• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Alexander Welle,
• Asif Bashir,
• Michael Rohwerder,
• Qiang Zhang,
• Björn Schüpbach,
• Andreas Terfort and
• Christof Wöll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2449–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.235

• of charge carriers has been observed in field-effect transistors (FET) made from this compound [32]. Anthracene-2-thiol, obtained by functionalization of anthracene with a thiol group, was used to fabricate SAMs on the top of Au bottom electrodes, which resulted in a beneficial effect on the

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• functionalization of BNNTs was confirmed by spectroscopic, gravimetric and imaging techniques. In contrast to “pure” BNNTs, P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs demonstrate intense green fluorescence emission at 520 nm. Under neutral or alkaline pH values, P(AA-co-FA)-functionalized BNNTs are highly emissive in

• toxicity [21][22][23][24]. They are superhydrophobic in their pristine state and cannot be dispersed in aqueous media or in most organic solvents [11][22][23]. To improve the dispersibility of BNNTs in aqueous media, numerous surface functionalization methods have been used [11][25][26][27]. The

• functionalization strategies can be classified into three groups: (1) noncovalent, (2) covalent grafting to the surface, and (3) formation of amino and/or hydroxyl groups at the ends and defect sites [11][25][26][27]. Up to now, the most prospective procedure for BNNT functionalization is covalent grafting of

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• blunt tips (the tip radius increased by an order of magnitude). Lee et al. have shown that hydrogel AFM cantilevers fabricated by replica moulding and UV curing have great potential for tuning the mechanical properties of the tip, its shape and the surface functionalization [26]. However, the

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• –vis analysis revealed the functionalization of cisplatin in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination in the CuFe2O4/HYPS composite. Compared to other supports such as mesocellular foam and silicalite, the release of cisplatin using the dialysis membrane technique was found to be superior when CuFe2O4

• /HYPS, the sample was analyzed using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Ferrite is a cubic spinel consisting of tetrahedral and octahedral crystalline sites [19]. Before cisplatin functionalization, a wide and strong absorption was observed between 200 and 700 nm that is characteristic of the spinel

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• alumina pad to remove the copper catalyst, followed by precipitation in diethyl ether. Synthesis of the mannosylated polymers The sugar functionalization of the polymeric backbone was performed through CuAAC click reaction (Scheme 1, step d), by combining the triple bonds with 2-azidoethyl α-ᴅ

• triazole (8.1 ppm) were observed (Figure 3). The shift of the peak corresponding to the methylene group near the triple bond (4.5 ppm) and the appearance of the signal of mannose anomeric protons (Man-H1, 4.7 ppm) in the product spectrum also confirmed the functionalization. Reactions were completed after

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• composite of Co3O4 nanoparticles in black phosphorous thin films [86]. The composite structures were engineered by functionalization of black phosphorous nanosheets with branched polyethylenimine to which Co3O4 nanoparticles were included with a hydrothermal process. The sensor composite structures showed

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• 28 nm and a surface charge of ca. 13 mV [38]. Surface functionalization and UV–visible studies One of the objectives of the present work was the development of a smart cell-specific contrast agent based on the surface modification of Au-CPMV with specific antibodies to target desired cells

• functionalization of Au-CPMV. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrum shifted by almost 4 nm (Figure 3A). This shift of the extinction maximum from 534 nm to 538 nm is a result of an increase in the local refractive index at the Au-CPMV surface as reported in the literature following surface

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• [78], we needed the hydrogel particle surfaces to be positively charged. For this modification, we chose poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) MW: 100,000 (pDADMAC), which has been previously used to attach noble metal seeds to hydrogel cores [79][80][81]. To verify the successful functionalization

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• functionalization of nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) is one potential method to enhance their biocompatibility. There are several directions in the development of coating types: coating of the nanoparticles themselves [10], design of BSA microcapsules with iron oxide

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• phytosomes were prepared by substituting Di and its derivative for cholesterol. The anticancer effects of free drugs and their phytosomes were investigated in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization of Di derivatives Late-stage functionalization that uses the C