Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• observed in the Bode plots for the hydrogel samples tested. At the highest frequencies (104–103 Hz and 104–102 Hz for samples without and with cCB, respectively), a resistive behaviour is observed (Figure 4a), while the phase shift is close to 0° (Figure 4b). For hydrogels containing MCO-cCB, the

• capacitive behaviour starts at 200 Hz, while for samples without cCB, from 2000 Hz. Depending on the sample, the phase angle reaches a maximum of −90° to −65°. The Nyquist plot (Figure 4c) presented similar profiles for all the samples. In the case of samples without cCB and with cCB content not higher than

• Rs corresponds to solution resistance, Rct is related to charge transfer resistance at the interface of the solution and the electrode material, while CPE is a constant phase element, which represents capacitive performance of the electrode. The circuit parameters and their standard deviations were

Josephson dynamics and Shapiro steps at high transmissions: current bias regime

• Artem V. Galaktionov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 51–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.5

• , equivalently, ω = (k/n)ωJ, where k and n are positive integer numbers. The values k ≥ 2 correspond to the presence of higher harmonics of the Josephson current emerging because of a possibly non-sinusoidal current–phase relation, whereas the numbers n ≥ 2 account for multiphoton processes, which may become non

• ) equals to one half of the Josephson phase being related to the voltage V(t) across the junction by means of the standard Josephson relation . In order to solve this equation, it will be convenient for us to introduce a dimensionless variable, thereby reducing Equation 5 to The solution φ0(s) of the

• the voltage and the phase variables and averaging the resulting expression for V(t) over time, we immediately recover the I–V curve in the form [3] where In the limit a − 1 ≪ 1, that is, provided the current I just slightly exceeds Ic, this result reduces to a simple formula Verifying the assumption

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• identified works presented results in the clinical phase. Finally, based on our findings, the outlook appears favorable, as there is a significant diversity of new substances with schistosomicidal potential. However, financial efforts are required to advance these nanoformulations. Keywords: delivery system

• classic nanocarriers are not present in SLN, such as lack of biocompatibility, difficulty to produce on a large scale, and high raw material cost [36]. Many methods are used to prepare SLN, and they are divided into (1) high-energy methods, for dispersion of the lipid phase (such as high-pressure

• nanoformulations. This is the only way for the product to advance to the next stages, such as clinical phase. In fact, none of the papers in this work was in clinical trials, reflecting the small number of nanosystems that enter the clinical phase. This probably happens not only because many of these works do not

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• sample and a coherently tilted reference plane wave. The intensity of the hologram can be represented in the form of where Ψi(r) stands for the electron wavefunction in the image plane i with amplitude Ai and phase φi, r is a two-dimensional vector in the sample plane, and q is the two-dimensional

• reciprocal space vector related to the tilt of the reference wave. Note that the phase φi(r) is now separated in the third term inside the cosine; it can be retrieved by taking the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the intensity [24]. The phase shift can then be used to recover the in-plane magnetic

• using the transport of intensity equation. Using off-axis electron holography, we were able to directly measure the phase shift induced by the in-plane magnetization in focus and quantitatively. Using the same parameters as in the LTEM experiment, we kept the tilt angle of the sample constant and

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• composition and morphology of FEBID deposits fabricated in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber were explored on different surfaces and at varied beam currents. In the gas phase, dissociative ionization was found to lead to significant carbon loss from this precursor, and about 50% of the chlorine was on average

• -vacuum (UHV) surface science studies and mass spectrometry in high-vacuum (HV) gas-phase investigations [27][28]. In this context, surface science experiments allow for electron-dose-dependent studies of the elemental composition of the deposit, and desorbing ligands may be monitored by means of mass

• spectrometry. On the other hand, gas-phase studies using controllable, quasi-monoenergetic electron beams under single collision conditions, provide information on the electron energy dependence and extent of the individual fragmentation processes [28]. A number of such comparative gas-phase and surface

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• uptake for softer particles [30]. Cell uptake is often the first biological evaluation during the development phase besides toxicity and biocompatibility. However, after application, particles first need to reach the cells and overcome several other biological barriers. During uptake, other biological

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• by the second term in Equation 1, wherein the effective coordinate is a phase of the Josephson junction, φ. The quantities Ec = and EJ = are the capacitive and the Josephson energy, respectively, determined by critical current Ic and the capacity C of the Josephson junction. A typical example of

• system is to control the phase difference between a pair of converging levels in the regions of increase (or decrease) in the external field, which of course depends on Δt = t2 − t1. These dependencies are naturally periodic, as shown in Figure 2g,h, for the two cases of application of an external field

• ⟩ = bφin(t) − a⟨φ⟩ is the mean value of the current operator on the Josephson junction when the external flux changes relative to the mean phase of the contact ⟨φ⟩ = ⟨ψ(t)|φ|ψ(t)⟩. As shown in Figure 4a, the transfer characteristic of the parametron has a sigmoidal dependence. It is worth noting that this

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• processes that involve classical nucleation, aggregation, and/or Ostwald ripening [38]. Figure 6 shows a STEM micrograph of the nanomicellar structure of a rosemary NCMP composed of two immiscible phases, that is, (a) the aqueous phase formed by the sulfur nanoparticles and (b) the oily phase formed by

• and rosemary essential oils. This is in agreement with similar studies where an increase in essential oil concentration influenced the viscosity of the oily phase of the nanomicelle, increasing the diameter of the particles [41][42]. A possible reason is that the viscosity of the oil will influence

• the rate at which cosurfactant molecules move from the oily phase to the aqueous phase. The lower the oil viscosity, the faster the cosurfactant molecules can move and the smaller the formed nanomicelles [43]. Furthermore, the diameters agree with other research that obtained Eucalytus globulus oil

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• , Poland 10.3762/bjnano.14.90 Abstract In recent years, nanostructures with hexagonal polytypes of gold have been synthesised, opening new possibilities in nanoscience and nanotechnology. As bulk gold crystallizes in the fcc phase, surface effects can play an important role in stabilizing hexagonal gold

• power, the atomic structure and specific properties of various interfaces have been successfully studied using first principle calculations [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Up to very high pressures, gold crystallizes in the fcc phase [14] with the ABC repeating pattern of hexagonal planes in the [111] direction

• , involving a hexagonal AuGe β phase present during the intermediate stages of growth. Interestingly, while the fcc crystallites were randomly oriented with respect to the Ge substrate, the hcp nanostructures were typically found with (001) planes at 60–65° to the (111) Ge planes [22]. In a recent experiment

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• implied the formation of single-phase oxide in the films grown at temperatures above 300 °C. Appropriateness of the mentioned precursor system to the preparation of SnO2 films was established. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; tin oxide; tin tetraiodide; Introduction Atomic layer-deposited SnO2 films

• stoichiometric SnO2 as the major phase at temperatures higher than 300 °C. Film structure Increasing the deposition temperature increased the crystallinity of films, as can be seen in Figure 8. Diffractograms of all crystalline films revealed the presence of tetragonal SnO2 (PDF Card 01-071-5324). Depositions

• films deposited below 200 °C is not SnO2. One diffraction maximum at 24.5° that exists in samples up to 300 °C is not attributable to any SnO2 phase. This is, however, the diffraction maximum of monoclinic I2O5 (PDF card 00-022-0338). This is consistent with the higher iodine and oxygen content measured

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated

• components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be

• achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• KPFM shown in Figure 1a illustrates multiple lock-in amplifiers employed to excite the cantilever both mechanically and electrically at the same time, and to retrieve simultaneously the amplitude and phase of the movement of the cantilever at different frequencies. The cantilever is excited at its

• simultaneously determined. One of the shortcomings of the implemented KPFM method in our previous work [32] was its operation in dual-pass mode, in which topography measurements were done in the first pass and the CPD in the second pass. Such a measurement can give rise to a phase shift between these two signals

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• in this study was selected in accordance with the R1234yf as the refrigerant. Superheating, which was applied to ensure that the refrigerant enters the compressor in gas phase, was approximately 6 °C. The superheating was controlled by an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant was gradually

• were measured at 25 °C and shown in Figure 12. The measurement results were compatible with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data [37] at 25 °C. Results of compressor electrical power measurements Compressors are devices used to compress any fluid that has a gas phase, and that

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• phase; metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate); negative ions; organometallic complexes; Introduction Nowadays, organometallic compounds are used in many applications. They receive great interest in the field of nanoscale technologies [1][2][3]. For example, in nanoscale design processes, the combination of an

• , 0.498, 0.44, and 0.16 eV for CuL2, NiL2, and CoL2, MnL2, and ZnL2, respectively [15][16][17][18][19]. As the molecules are sublimated, the pressure of the molecular beam, P, that is, the number of precursors in the gas phase, follows the Clausius–Clapeyron relation (log(P) = C − ΔHsub/T), where C is a

• visit to Siedlce University, Siedlce (Poland) from the European Union via the COST Action CM1301 (CELINA). The research was conducted in the frame of the COST action CA18212 Molecular Dynamics in the GAS phase (MD-GAS) and action CA20129 "MultIChem".

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• , and UV–vis spectrophotometry. For the isolated cubic Si3P4 phase, a cell parameter of a = 5.04 Å was determined, and the bandgap was estimated to be equal to 1.25 eV. Because of the nanoscale dimensions of the obtained Si3P4 nanoparticles, the product may exhibit several exceptional properties as a

• synthesized either under atmospheric or high pressure. Since pseudocubic Si3P4 is bound to be metastable according to the phase diagram [8], any method of its synthesis must involve out-of-equilibrium conditions. The majority of theoretical studies on numerous Si3P4 phases have shown pseudocubic (tetragonal

• microcircuits through the introduction of P donors by diffusion doping of wafers with an efficiency comparable to monolayer doping [18] or ion implantation [19]. This paper outlines the successful formation of the cubic Si3P4 phase under mild conditions. The technique developed for this investigation requires

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• deposition mechanism has changed. The thickness trend shows that the deposition seems to be inhibited in the initial phase as t0 rises significantly above 0. The assumed linear relationship has been plotted in Figure 3 for each deposition temperature. The calculated inhibition times are 13.2 min for 100 °C

• time of 6 s has been chosen to reach the saturation state safely. The purging time after the precursor pulse also may affect the deposition rate. Insufficient purging may result in an increased deposition rate as the remaining precursor can directly react in the gas phase within the hydrogen plasma

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• illustrated in Figure 1. Random forest (RF) In ensemble learning, RF is often used for its flexibility. Whether it is regression or classification, RF is a versatile learning method that can handle both. It works by building several decision trees in the training phase and generates average forecasts of

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• layered hydroxide impurities are formed, indicating a phase competition during the precipitation related to the thermodynamic stability of the growing phases. Overall, this work demonstrates that it is possible to upscale the synthesis of high-quality hexagonal CoAl-LDH in a reproducible manner. It

• reactor size) and mass (increment in the reagent concentration) scale-up processes. In the mass scale-up process, the increment in the concentration (25-fold that of the reference condition) triggers the appereance of simonkolleite-like Co-based impurities due to phase competition during the precipitation

• -fold volumetric scale-up can provide pure CoAl-based LDH materials exhibiting comparable morphology and crystallinity. Interestingly, while in the case of the volumetric scale-up, the kinetic issues could be solved by a better control over the heating process, the thermodynamic aspects (phase

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• ultimate goal of diagnosis and treatment with better efficacy. However, ACNPs have proven their ability to deliver chemotherapeutics specifically to the tumors and are currently the most beneficial targeted conjugated therapy in preclinical studies. However, ACNPs have not been passed phase-III clinical

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• concentrations of SPIONs (1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µg/mL) were added, and cells were cultured for 96 h. The cell density was calculated every 24 h by counting the number of cells in a Neubauer chamber using contrast-phase light microscopy. Besides, SPIONs were also evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, the

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• solvent phase or the double-deck assembly. Since non-adsorbed alkyl chains cannot be detected by STM, the missing (non-observed) alkyl chains are considered as dangling into the solvent phase [68][69][70]. For example, physisorbed monolayers of 1,3,5-tetra(hexadecyloxy)benzene (B-OC16: Scheme 1) were

• were partially desorbed from the surface of HOPG. Desorption from the surface is unfavorable regarding enthalpy. However, the detached alkyl chain is mobile in the solution phase; thus, desorption from the surface is favorable concerning entropy. Therefore, the peculiar 2D structural change can be

• dangled into the solvent phase (Figure 6c–e). The formation of porous and non-porous networks depends on the alkyl chain length and the concentration of the alkoxy-substituted DBA derivatives [92]. Shorter alkoxy chains and lower concentrations are preferable for the formation of porous honeycomb

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• resonance in solution-phase samples [15][18][19][20][21][22]. In these works, the NHC monolayer films were formed using several different approaches and preparations [16]. Indeed, a recent feature article highlights four methods to prepare NHC films [16]. For example, Crudden and co-workers have presented

• after only 30 min, that was at a substantially higher concentration of 2 in THF. In terms of generalizability, though, we are able to clearly show that etching of gold occurs from both thin films and nanoparticles, and in a single organic phase and a mixed organic and aqueous phase. Conclusion The

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• ) criteria need to be considered early on in the conceptual phase. Furthermore, direct fabrication is more costly than creating molds from a polymer master, and the fabrication cost is a crucial factor when a new medical device is launched onto the market. Conclusion Microneedles are emerging as a new

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• this angle of observation. During the bombardments, a Langevin thermostat is only applied to a slab at the bottom of the sample, which has a thickness of one unit cell. The remaining sample is in the NVE ensemble. Only during the cooldown phase following the development of the collision cascade, the

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• . Composition and β-phase content of the piezoelectric composite films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The morphology of the composite film fibers was observed through scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/graphene composite film was encapsulated in a sandwich-structure heart sound

• utilized to analyze the composition and β-phase content of the composite piezoelectric nanofilms, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the morphology of the thin film filaments. Figure 6 displays the XRD patterns of the three composite piezoelectric nanofilms. In the P(VDF-TrFE

• XRD map of the composite nanofilm. This indicates that ZnO exists in the form of nanoparticles in the fiber film after being added to P(VDF-TrFE) [20][21]. P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR exhibits the highest β-phase content among the three films, with P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO showing a slightly higher content than P(VDF