A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• boehmite (green bars) are unambiguously distinguishable, since they show distinct distributions which do not overlap. The correlation of both parameters, the kr/Fattr diagram (the top-right panel of Figure 2c) shows a very distinctive pattern of accumulation points for the different materials. This method

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• contrast mechanism occurs when HIM is used to study insulating or poorly conducting materials such as most biological specimens. Here, differences in local conductivity result in the accumulation of positive charges under the ion beam, which hampers the emission of secondary electrons and results in a

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• is then proportional to the effective Cnano of the conductive tip–sample nanoscale contact and varies with the active doping level of the semiconductor. When VAC and VDC biases are applied, the equivalent nano-MIS capacitor can go either to the accumulation or inversion mode. Figure 8 shows Cnano

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• the intracellular matrix of free solution, CNTs-COOH, CNTs-PEG, and CNTs-PEG-PEI was quantitatively investigated by flow cytometry (FCM) to compare the uptake efficiency and intracellular accumulation of the different DOX-loaded nanocarriers. MCF-7 cells were cultivated into 12-well plates at 1 × 105

• more efficient cell internalization and accumulation. The subsequent drug release and diffusion within the cytoplasm can induce apoptosis. The results suggest that CNTs-PEG-PEI may be developed to be a novel nanoscale delivery system of chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer therapy. Schematic

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• -plane features, at the nanoscale, of the pre-deposited films. Ion irradiation of the Au-coated samples results in delamination, bulging, and perforation of the Au film, which is attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the film–substrate interface. The irradiation with Ne+ and Ga+ ions

• of the cells in rows 1 and 2 in Figure 4a and confirmed by AFM imaging in Figure 4b. These effects are attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the Au film/PMMA interface and to the pressure that becomes, at a certain fluence and at certain places, sufficiently high to delaminate

• be responsible for the occurrence of the second transition followed by material shrinkage in the high-dose range. We also do not exclude that a certain accumulation of gases from radiolysis inside the irradiated volume occurs in our samples, and to some degree it can contribute to shape the

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• main finding is electron accumulation below the carbonyl oxygen atoms, in agreement with the attractive interaction with the surface calcium atom already identified before from the oxygen displacement. Isosurfaces of the molecular orbital densities of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) as

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• heat accumulation within the material during its exposure to the plasma, which probably led to the observed diffusion. Unfortunately, since the temperature rise was local it could not be experimentally measured. STEM-EDS analysis performed on a single column after oxidation, showed a phase separation

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• power was kept at 0.6 mW with a 50× objective and the beam diameter was approx. 1 μm. The signal detector used a CCD camera (1040 × 256 pixels) with a grating size of 1800 lines/mm. The exposure time was 1 s and one accumulation scan was employed. The mapping images of the Raman spectrum were scanned

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• inhibition is essentially irreversible [2]. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter. This, in turn, causes seizures and respiratory failure, which are the main causes of death [3]. O,O-Dimethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, most commonly known as methyl

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• nanoparticles, but they noticed that breakdown strength of the composite was critically affected at a high concentration of filler due to free charge accumulation at the interface. Therefore, to improve breakdown strength and energy storage density of BTO, we propose the design of polythiophene (PTh

• breakdown strength of BTO-polymer composites is considerably reduced after increasing the BTO content to 30–40 wt % because of the free-charge accumulation at the interface of BTO and polymer [10]. We believe that core–shell structure of BTO-PTh nanoparticles and good interfacial compatibility between the

• two phases prevent the free-charge accumulation at the interface and, therefore, improve the breakdown strength. Furthermore, in situ oxidative polymerization of PTh on BTO surfaces allows for the inclusion of 90 wt % BTO, which results in a high dielectric constant. This means that the tremendous

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• of successful studies, the direct application of colloidal solutions containing photothermally active gold nanoparticles may be limited particularly due to the risk of accumulation in the body. Moreover, due to the heat dissipation in aqueous solution, high laser intensities are usually required to

• the published studies are devoted to the use of expensive plasmonic gold nanoparticles, whose accumulation in the body is still controversial and may lead to several adverse effects. In this direction, nanoparticle toxicity must also be studied carefully. For example, a few studies demonstrated the

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• spherical ones for MRI, having increased contrast and no toxicity in vitro and in vivo [61]. Iron oxide nanoworms were found to be a better solution for targeting tumors (in vitro) and for accumulation in tumors (in vivo) than simple spherical SPIONs [62]. Dimensions: synthesis dimension and hydrodynamic

• tumor sites making them good candidates for MRI imaging. 300 nm SPIONs coated with dextran were cleared from the main accumulation sites (liver, spleen, lungs) after 72 h, but the same SPIONs covered with silicon were still accumulating after 72 h. Similar results were obtained using 10 nm

• fluorescence) of Alzheimer’s disease Aβ plaque accumulations. They observed that the nanoparticles are not only appropriate for imaging but they also prevent plaque accumulation and break the already formed aggregates. Feng et al. [163] developed a SPION sensor coupled with a synthetic protein that recognizes

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• to conventional boron sources. In the bioassays, the lower release and leaching from LDH-B-ALG improved the accumulation of boron in the root zone of the indicator plant, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), with consequent increase of fertilizer efficiency and uptake of boron by plants. The new fertilizer

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• brain delivery such as polycaprolactone (PCL) [68] or chitosan [80][82] but to a lesser extent than PBCA and PLA/PLGA nanoparticles. For instance, enhanced accumulation in an in vivo intracranial glioma mice model of PEG-PCL nanoparticles functionalized with angiopep-2 could be observed by real-time

• and, secondly, angiopep-2 increased the accumulation of nanoparticles in glioma cells thanks to recognition of the LRP1 on the glioma cells surface. Lipid-based nanoparticles Liposomes: Liposomes are well-known and well-studied nanocarrier systems. They are composed of a lipid bilayer surrounding a

• brain endothelial cells) monolayer in vitro and exhibited a significantly higher accumulation in the brain than non-conjugated liposomes, showing the ability of this carrier system to cross the BBB. It was also shown that these particles could accumulate in the glioma cells and significantly increase

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• volume unchanged. Results and Discussion Figure 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the preparation process of the ACT and AFT nanocolumn arrays (schemes (1) and (2), respectively). In the structure represented in (2), the bottom of the array hinders the dense accumulation of Ag nanoparticles in the

• AFT2 marked with the red circle in Figure 3e. From the comparison of Figure 3d and 3e, it can be concluded that the Ag particles deposited in the TNC become gradually larger, but no accumulation around the nanopores occurs, which would block further deposition of Ag particles. Finally, in the structure

• having the thickest layer of Ag (AFT3), a large amount of Ag accumulation can be observed around the nanopore marked with the yellow circle in Figure 3f, which closes the nanopore and hinders excessive Ag deposition in the TNC. Comparing the areas marked with the red circles in Figure 3e and 3f, it

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• of composite nanobeads with antibacterial properties. The particles consist of polystyrene cores that are surrounded by sulfonic gel shells with embedded silver nanoparticles. The nanocomposite beads are prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene particles followed by accumulation of silver ions in the

• charged sulfonic groups. The gel shell can be utilized for the accumulation of cationic species, e.g., the accumulation of a monomer followed by further polymerization [2][22]. Polystyrene-based gel-shell particles have been also used for the accumulation of silver ions followed by their reduction to

• sulfonic groups followed by accumulation of silver ions in the generated hydrogel layer. Then, the silver ions were reduced using sodium borohydride, which resulted in the formation of silver nanoparticles. It has been demonstrated that during the reduction process also the sulfonic groups in the polymer

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• increase or decrease of the ionic concentration in the probed volume due to the electric field. During accumulation of Li-ions with the dc-voltage pulse, due to the electric field driven migration, the ESM signal increases. Afterwards, when the dc-voltage is turned off, the ESM signal decreases due to the

• pulse, an irreversible accumulation of Li-ions in the probed volume due to the preceding measurements would decrease the feasible change in concentration and therefore could reduce the ESM signal intensity. Similar, structural degradation could influence the ESM signal intensity by the reduction of the

• . Interestingly, the distributions of the positive and negative dc-voltage pulse differ, whereby the negative dc-voltage pulse shows smaller time constants compared with the positive pulse. This indicates a different behaviour of the diffusivity depending on an accumulation (negative pulse) and a depletion

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• , were analyzed (Figure 6B). A strong fluorescence signal appeared in the liver and kidney of normal mice after 6 h of NC injection. An apparent decrease in fluorescence after more than 6 h suggested the efficient clearance of NCs and there is no accumulation leading to cytotoxicity. A proper

• and Au content in tissues were studied. A strong signal of Au was observed in the kidney within 30 min mostly in the medulla and decreased after 1 h with a weak residual cortical uptake. However, in the liver, a weak Au signal remained intact up to 24 h possibly due to the accumulation and

• metabolism inside the body. Hence, the accumulation in the liver is still one of the concerns. The fate of accumulated AuNCs in the liver is unknown. Corresponding studies will be useful to realize the development of new bioimaging methods and their practical applications. Structure, synthesis and properties

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• attributed to the accumulation effect, whereas the overall loading was influenced by both the accumulation effect and normal diffusion processes at high feeding concentrations. The gel-like matrix cores of inorganic CaCO3 and SiO2 provide a larger surface area for encapsulation than normal cores due to their

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• deposited downstream nearby the impact spot at a distance of about 10 nm [15]. This small impact accumulation gives rise to the formation of ripples with increasing cluster fluence. Toyoda et al. have studied the influence of incidence angle and cluster size on the ripple formation on Au surfaces. The most

• collisions of individual clusters with the surface. During the collision the cluster excavates the target material, which is deposited downstream nearby the impact spot. The accumulation of the excavated material during continuous irradiation gives rise to the formation of ripple [15] and the subsequent

• increases [13]. If the amount of the material deposited downstream after a cluster collision is proportional to the sputtering yield, then one can conclude that the accumulation of the excavated material occurs faster at elevated cluster energy. As a result, the development of the ripple structure occurs

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• limited because only a small fraction of the administered dose of the drug arrives into the tumors [1][2][3]. This can be attributed, in part, to a series of biological barriers that reduce the drug accumulation in tumors [4] such as sequestration by the mononuclear phagocyte system [5], non-specific

• ]. The accumulation of nanoparticles in tumors, either passively or directed, is extensively documented [14]. Thus, there are multiple efforts to design nanoparticles that function as nanovehicles, mainly composed of liposomes, synthetic polymers, dendrimers, and virus-like particles (VLPs) [13][15

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• persist [122]. While this can be very useful when the target is the lysosomes, it is well known that lysosomal accumulation constitutes an ulterior barrier for the delivery of drugs to any other intracellular target [85][86]. This has led to the development of strategies to induce escape from the

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• recorded in capillaries [45]. Blood flow within the tumor and liver are also slower. This induces a fluid flow pattern from the center outwards in these regions and the accumulation of micro- and nanoparticles on the walls of the vasculature [46] leading to a possible loss of NP drugs. Loss of the NP drug

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• ) effect [2][3], constituted the triggering factor for the development of a whole new part of medicine, namely nanomedicine. Indeed, the observed spontaneous accumulation was explained by the existence of disjunctions between endothelial cells in the proximity of inflamed and cancerous tissues, which