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Search for "contacts" in Full Text gives 343 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO4 with W doping

  • Xin Zhao and
  • Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

Graphical Abstract
  • the surface charge injection (inset in Figure 6b) [25]. In the equivalent circuit, Rs represents the sum of resistance values of the FTO film, the external electrical contacts, and the liquid electrolyte; Rct and Cbulk represent, respectively, the direct charge transfer resistance, and a capacitance
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Published 07 Dec 2017

Synthesis of [{AgO2CCH2OMe(PPh3)}n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

  • Jelena Tamuliene,
  • Julian Noll,
  • Peter Frenzel,
  • Tobias Rüffer,
  • Alexander Jakob,
  • Bernhard Walfort and
  • Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

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  • Ag–Ag contacts between these AgPO2 were observed [15][16]. In case of 2 a related stabilization of the AgPO2 units is not observed, although the formation of an additional dative O–Ag bond is noticed (Figure 1) to give a [3 + 1] coordination setup around the silver(I) ions. This bonding motif is most
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Published 06 Dec 2017

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of difurylethene-based photochromic single-molecule junctions

  • Youngsang Kim,
  • Safa G. Bahoosh,
  • Dmytro Sysoiev,
  • Thomas Huhn,
  • Fabian Pauly and
  • Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2606–2614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.261

Graphical Abstract
  • motor and a differential screw. The low-bias conductance is measured by a sub-femtoamp source-meter (Keithley 6430) operating with an automatic variable gain pre-amplifier, while controlling the nanogap distance and thereby breaking and forming Au–Au contacts. In order to measure IET spectra, a DC bias
  • reversed by closing the junction until Au–Au contacts form again. The breaking and forming processes are repeated roughly 1000 times to find the most probable single-molecule conductance. We note that the plateaus are well developed with a rather constant conductance upon stretching in the closed form
  • traces shown in Figure 1c it becomes clear that multiple steps occur within the individual opening processes. These multiple steps might originate from multi-molecule contacts as well as from a single-molecule junction that adopts different configurations upon stretching. We assume that the most
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Published 06 Dec 2017

Numerical investigation of the tribological performance of micro-dimple textured surfaces under hydrodynamic lubrication

  • Kangmei Li,
  • Dalei Jing,
  • Jun Hu,
  • Xiaohong Ding and
  • Zhenqiang Yao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2324–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.232

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  • tribological performance of lubricated contacts [5][6][7][8][9]. In Kligerman and Etsion’s study [5], the pressure distribution in the uniform clearance between the annular surfaces is obtained from a solution of the Reynolds equation for compressible viscous gas in a laminar flow. Wang et al. [6] calculated
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Published 06 Nov 2017

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

  • Perumal Kannappan,
  • Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
  • Jennifer P. Teixeira,
  • Maria R. Soares,
  • Bruno P. Falcão,
  • Maria R. Correia,
  • Nestor Cifuentes,
  • Emilson R. Viana,
  • Marcus V. B. Moreira,
  • Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
  • Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
  • Juan C. González and
  • Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

Graphical Abstract
  • μm on individual nanowires. Following this procedure, ohmic contacts with acceptable low contact resistance are obtained [19]. Figure 1a presents an optical image of a FET in which the nanowire and electrical contacts are observed. The TEM image at the bottom of Figure 1a shows the typical morphology
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Published 11 Oct 2017

Electronic structure, transport, and collective effects in molecular layered systems

  • Torsten Hahn,
  • Tim Ludwig,
  • Carsten Timm and
  • Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2094–2105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.209

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  • between the organic molecules and metallic contacts. These interactions may substantially alter the electronic structure of the organic material and needs to be carefully investigated [24]. In the following, we present DFT results for model systems were two phthalocyanine systems are in contact with Au
  • assume β-stacking [25]. The selected Au surface is known to form metal–organic contacts with medium interactions [26]. On the other hand, pure Ni surfaces are known to have a very high reactivity that sometimes lead to decomposition of the deposited organic material [27][28]. The reactivity of the Ni
  • ferromagnetic Fe thin film exhibits pronounced spin dependence. These investigations suggest the possibility of versatile applications in spintronic devices. The calculations on model systems with gold contacts show that it is possible to obtain spin-polarized currents from both phthalocyanine-based devices
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Published 06 Oct 2017

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

  • Giuseppe Foti and
  • Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

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  • ) and right (R) contacts and tends to drive the system to the Bose–Einstein (BE) distribution of the bath at a temperature T0 (see below). For Jλ = 0, energy cannot be dissipated into bulk phonons and the junction is in the undamped limit [29]. On the other hand, for large Jλ, coupling to Au phonons is
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Published 02 Oct 2017

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

  • Colin K. Curtis,
  • Antonin Marek,
  • Alex I. Smirnov and
  • Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

Graphical Abstract
  • to values in the range 0.05–0.1 for both stainless steel and alumina, while +ND suspensions yielded an increase in friction for stainless steel contacts but little to no increase for alumina contacts. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy
  • existing protective boundary layers in the case of stainless steel contacts. This study therefore reveals atomic scale details associated with systems that exhibit starkly different macroscale tribological properties, enabling future efforts to predict and design complex lubricant interfaces. Keywords
  • penetrating into contacts where they may form boundary films and/or act as rolling or sliding spacers (Figure 1) [6][10][11]. As such, nanoparticles exhibit a great potential for replacement of the centuries-old oil-based lubricating technologies. Tribological studies of water-based nanoparticle suspensions
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Published 29 Sep 2017

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

  • Patrícia M. Amorim,
  • Ana M. Ferraria,
  • Rogério Colaço,
  • Luís C. Branco and
  • Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

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  • of ceramics. Other investigators followed this idea and added imidazolium-based ILs to base oils to lubricate steel/aluminum contacts [5][6][7] and steel/steel contacts [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Jiménez and Bermúdez [7] tested two ILs with the short alkyl chain imidazolium cation [EMIM], and the anions
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Published 20 Sep 2017

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

  • Chin-Yi Tsai,
  • Jyong-Di Lai,
  • Shih-Wei Feng,
  • Chien-Jung Huang,
  • Chien-Hsun Chen,
  • Fann-Wei Yang,
  • Hsiang-Chen Wang and
  • Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

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  • granular structure [3]. Similarly, ZnO grown on bulk silicon substrates and their application to wafer-based silicon solar cells is an interesting issue and an important subject [3]. In such a case, these materials potentially not only act as metal contacts to eliminate the blocking of the incident
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Published 15 Sep 2017

Non-intuitive clustering of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone on Au(111)

  • Ryan D. Brown,
  • Rebecca C. Quardokus,
  • Natalie A. Wasio,
  • Jacob P. Petersen,
  • Angela M. Silski,
  • Steven A. Corcelli and
  • S. Alex Kandel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1801–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.181

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  • for the observed 9,10-phenanthrenequinone rows and 9-fluorenone rows, respectively. Figure 6 displays the calculated structure of pairwise interactions in the linear rows for both molecules. It is evident that the 9,10-phenanthrenequinone dimer has more hydrogen-bonding contacts and is, thus, more
  • structures (red), and regions of a close-packed domain (blue). The calculated structure of pairwise interactions in linear rows for (a) 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and (b) 9-fluorenone with the C-H···O hydrogen-bond contacts indicated in green. Acknowledgements This research was supported by funding from the
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Published 30 Aug 2017

Air–water interface of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy

  • Markus Moosmann,
  • Thomas Schimmel,
  • Wilhelm Barthlott and
  • Matthias Mail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1671–1679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.167

Graphical Abstract
  • of values obtained by scanning with different forces. Moreover, by taking force–distance curves, we were able to predict a model for the contact between the AFM tip and air–water interface, indicating that only the apex of the tip contacts the interface during imaging. The methods presented
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Published 11 Aug 2017

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

  • Subrata Ghosh,
  • Shyamal R. Polaki,
  • Niranjan Kumar,
  • Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
  • Mohamed Kamruddin and
  • Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

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  • -probe contacts and an Agilent B2902A precision source/measure unit was used to estimate sheet resistance in van der Pauw geometry. Author contributions S. G. planned, performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. S. R. P. carried out scanning electron microscopy. S. R. P., N. K
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Published 10 Aug 2017

Group-13 and group-15 doping of germanane

  • Nicholas D. Cultrara,
  • Maxx Q. Arguilla,
  • Shishi Jiang,
  • Chuanchuan Sun,
  • Michael R. Scudder,
  • R. Dominic Ross and
  • Joshua E. Goldberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1642–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.164

Graphical Abstract
  • oxidation of As occurs. The As 2p3/2 peak centered at 1323 eV in as-grown As:GeH starts disappearing in favor of a 1326.1 eV [35] oxidized state. The effect of dopants on the electronic transport of single-crystal flakes of Ga:GeH and As:GeH were measured with contacts fabricated by using a shadow mask
  • technique (Figure 5b). Two-probe I–V measurements were carried out on single crystals with device geometries that typically featured a channel length of 25 µm, a width of 2–4 mm and a thickness of 5–20 µm (Figure 5b). After exploring numerous metals, nearly ohmic contacts (under vacuum) to Ga:GeH were
  • observed using 100 nm Au as a contact metal. Furthermore, the highest ambient and vacuum conductivities in As:GeH were achieved when contacting with Ag (80 nm)/Au (20 nm). The fact that Au with its higher work function is needed to make ohmic contacts for Ga:GeH, compared to Ag for As:GeH, suggests that Ga
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Published 09 Aug 2017

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

  • Tomasz Marszalek,
  • Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
  • Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

Graphical Abstract
  • . Parylene C forms transparent, pinhole-free conformal coatings of thicknesses as low as 0.1 μm with excellent dielectric and mechanical properties. Increasing thickness to 0.2 mm suffices to uniformly cover rough colloidal-graphite contacts. Transistors with rubrene as semiconductor and parylene as
  • configuration (0.02 cm2/Vs) [58]. Changes in the surface energy between Parylene C (bottom gate, top contacts) and glass with gold electrodes (top gate, bottom contacts) are the main factor responsible for variations in the organization of semiconductor molecules. Additionally, parameters such as wettability
  • characteristics measured during the continuous bias stress of 125 h. (a) Bottom-gate, top-contacts, (b) top-gate, bottom-contacts, and (c) dual-gate OFETs. Reprinted from [54], copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. Volumetric reconstruction of the Parylene C-coated microscopy glass (left, atop) and calculated
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Review
Published 28 Jul 2017

Charge transport in organic nanocrystal diodes based on rolled-up robust nanomembrane contacts

  • Vineeth Kumar Bandari,
  • Lakshmi Varadharajan,
  • Longqian Xu,
  • Abdur Rehman Jalil,
  • Mirunalini Devarajulu,
  • Pablo F. Siles,
  • Feng Zhu and
  • Oliver G. Schmidt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1277–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.129

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  • challenge due to difficulties in creating non-destructive contacts [14][15][16]. Although there have been remarkable advances in the methods for vertically contacting a variety of organic thin films, one of the main challenges to perform such fabrication still lies in the preparation of reliable vertical
  • ], indirect evaporation [22][23], ‘ready-made’ approaches [24][25], and robust mechanical contacts [26][27][28][29], the rolled-up nanotechnology provides the precise positioned electrodes and high fabrication yield of array devices, and does not require the chemical modification of functional organic layers
  • previous report, organic nanocrystal diodes have been successfully developed, in which rolled-up nanomembranes provide robust contacts to fully unleash the advantages of organic nanocrystals for sensing gas molecules [19]. Apart from the demonstration of functional nanodevices, the investigation and
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Letter
Published 19 Jun 2017

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

  • Dario Zappa,
  • Angela Bertuna,
  • Elisabetta Comini,
  • Navpreet Kaur,
  • Nicola Poli,
  • Veronica Sberveglieri and
  • Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

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  • transducer. In order to have a stable chemical sensor, not only the active material, but all the components of the device, such as electrical contacts and heating system, must be stable and reliable. The scope of this manuscript is to present different techniques for the preparation of nanostructures, and to
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Published 06 Jun 2017

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and thermogravimetric analysis of two series of substituted (metallo)tetraphenylporphyrins

  • Rasha K. Al-Shewiki,
  • Carola Mende,
  • Roy Buschbeck,
  • Pablo F. Siles,
  • Oliver G. Schmidt,
  • Tobias Rüffer and
  • Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1191–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.121

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  • which symmetry-related molecules with planar porphyrin cores interact with each other by, for example, formation of intermolecular ZnII…O contacts. Further intermolecular interactions refer to those that were described in detail by, for example, Goldberg et al. [14] or by us [15]. In contrast, saddle
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Published 02 Jun 2017

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS2 thin films

  • Reinhard Kaindl,
  • Bernhard C. Bayer,
  • Roland Resel,
  • Thomas Müller,
  • Viera Skakalova,
  • Gerlinde Habler,
  • Rainer Abart,
  • Alexey S. Cherevan,
  • Dominik Eder,
  • Maxime Blatter,
  • Fabian Fischer,
  • Jannik C. Meyer,
  • Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
  • Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

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  • exposed to visible light radiation and local temperature increase. Electrical properties of MoS2 thin films In order to investigate the electrical properties of our PVD MoS2 films on the SiO2-covered Si substrates two types of FET devices with rectangular and circular source and drain contacts were
  • (with some devices showing higher resistances, which might however be related to non-continuous film regions under the contacts), in all our measurements we find no response to the applied gate bias. Since bulk MoS2 in its most stable 2H form is a semiconductor [8] the observation of such metallic-like
  • (FET) devices with rectangular and circular contacts have been made. The drain/source contacts were defined by means of optical lithography. The Ti/Au (5/50 nm) contact pads have been fabricated by means of thermal evaporation. As the global back gate to the FET devices the highly doped Si wafer under
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Published 22 May 2017

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

  • Taras Chutora,
  • Jesús Redondo,
  • Bruno de la Torre,
  • Martin Švec,
  • Pavel Jelínek and
  • Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

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  • Au is very fast at room temperature, individual molecules cannot be stabilized and contacted outside islands. This has important consequences for single-molecule transport, where it would be desirable to have reliable and stable metal–molecule contacts. In the case of molecular spintronics, the
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Published 17 May 2017

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

  • Guenther Ruhl,
  • Sebastian Wittmann,
  • Matthias Koenig and
  • Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

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  • devices. Generally speaking the crucial issues for graphene integration are identified today and the corresponding research tasks can be clearly defined. Keywords: contacts; deposition; encapsulation; graphene; process integration; Introduction Since the discovery of the electronic properties of
  • should be manageable with respect to device manufacturing. 5 Contacts Because the performance of an electronic device, e.g., a transistor, is strongly affected by parasitic effects such as contact resistances (the contact resistance should not exceed 10% of the channel resistance), this issue is of
  • enormous importance, especially for short-channel devices. Numerous studies have been published during the last few years on the understanding and improvement of graphene–metal contacts, reporting contact resistivity values in a wide range from several ohm-micrometers to several hundred thousand ohm
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Published 15 May 2017

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

  • Chiara Schiattarella,
  • Sten Vollebregt,
  • Tiziana Polichetti,
  • Brigida Alfano,
  • Ettore Massera,
  • Maria Lucia Miglietta,
  • Girolamo Di Francia and
  • Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

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  • gold contacts with wire-bonds are clearly visible. As can be seen, accurately defined multilayer graphene patterns down to micrometre-size can be obtained using this method. From an electrical point of view, the fabrication technique has proven to be quite repeatable and uniform, since devices with the
  • SiO2. Cr/Au metal contacts have finally been patterned by a lift-off process to design a four-point probe structure. The final chemiresistive devices consist of a material strip 206 µm long and 5 µm wide, placed between two couples of metal electrodes (Figure 1). Raman analyses have been performed at
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Published 08 May 2017

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

  • Gheorghe Stan,
  • Richard S. Gates,
  • Qichi Hu,
  • Kevin Kjoller,
  • Craig Prater,
  • Kanwal Jit Singh,
  • Ebony Mays and
  • Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

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  • measurements, the tip–sample contact is mechanically vibrated at various frequencies to detect the so called “contact resonance frequencies”. These CR-frequencies are characteristic of the tip–sample contact stiffness (higher frequencies for stiffer contacts) and depend on the mechanical properties of the tip
  • considering the blanket film as a reference with a modulus of 3.5 GPa and reporting all the measured values of contact stiffness to the contact stiffness measured on the blanket film. The tip–sample contacts were treated as Hertz contacts [33]. Results and Discussion To monitor changes in the chemical
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Published 13 Apr 2017

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

  • Juan V. Escobar,
  • Cristina Garza and
  • Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

Graphical Abstract
  • widely varying heights, shapes and relative distances (Figure 2). In summary, larger contact lengths lead to larger deformations of the solid or liquid probe, and possibly of the substrate, which results in a larger pull-off force due to the increase of contacts. We point out that the pull-off forces for
  • number of contacts between the glass sphere and the peaks for each run. The number of contacts we find in this system ranges between 1 and 5 as shown in Figure 10a. The low number of contacts in this case, the relative insensibility of the pull-off force to the contact length, and the high stiffness of
  • measured for a contact line pinned on a strong defect on a carbon nanotube dipped in a liquid, also measured by AFM [35]. Just as before, dividing each measured pull-off force by 14.9 pN, we obtain numbers that are statistically close to integers. In this way, we get the approximate number of contacts
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Published 10 Apr 2017

3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

  • Brett B. Lewis,
  • Robert Winkler,
  • Xiahan Sang,
  • Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
  • Michael G. Stanford,
  • Harald Plank,
  • Raymond R. Unocic,
  • Jason D. Fowlkes and
  • Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

Graphical Abstract
  • combination of photolithography and electron beam lithography (EBL) were used to produce the two-contact pads with a spacing of 500 nm. An initial set of gold electrical contacts were patterned using photolithography and deposited with a thickness of 100 nm. A 3 nm titanium adhesion layer was deposited, prior
  • to gold sputtering, to promote adhesion between the gold contacts and the underlying, insulating SiO2 film (290 nm). The original photolithographically defined spacing between electrical contacts was 20 µm. EBL was performed using a Raith ELPHY Quantum patterning engine equipped on the FEI NovaLab
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Published 07 Apr 2017
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