Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• environments is briefly described and hints for future sensor designs are discussed. Interfacial environments provide two distinct features, (i) contacts of phases with different dielectric natures and (ii) connection of extremely different size events (both along the lateral direction and thickness direction

• interfacial types and nanoarchitectonics of interfacial structures. The above-mentioned specific features at the interfacial media were also proved by theoretical calculations based on quantum chemistry [152][153][154]. Even without direct contact, the low dielectric nature in nonpolar media located close to

• devices. Of course, all important sensor activities cannot be described in this review. For example, sensors based on various advanced physical mechanisms such as plasmonic [194], dielectric sensing [195], surface-enhanced Raman scattering [196], Fabry–Pérot-based intraocular pressure [197], and/or novel

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• enhanced extinction compared to molecular chromophores [44][45]. This type of particle generally consists of a single metal or an alloy shell with or without a dielectric silica core [46][47][48]. Fortunately, for biological applications, the optical properties of the nanoshells can be tuned by varying the

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• of the free electrons of the metal that occurs when the dielectric constants of the metal and the medium (through which the free electrons oscillate) are appropriately matched and the wavelength of the incident light is longer than the size of the nanoparticle (NP). A consequence of plasmon

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• Currently, there is considerable interest in the growth of self-assembled quantum dots their application in optoelectronics and nanosized structures. For instance, semiconducting Si, Ge and SiGe nanocrystals (NCs/NPs) embedded in a dielectric oxide matrix have been found to exhibit strong quantum

• interface traps (known as Pb-type defects). These interface traps produce scattering centers that can affect the mobility of charge carriers, thus altering the transport properties [11]. Moreover, sharp interfaces with an abrupt change in the dielectric constant or thermal expansion coefficients give rise

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• infrared (FTIR) and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. SF6 is an inert, nonflammable and nontoxic gas, which is known to be an excellent dielectric gas for high-voltage applications [15][16]. At the same time, it is also known as one of the most severe greenhouse gases [17][18]. Therefore

Prestress-loading effect on the current–voltage characteristics of a piezoelectric p–n junction together with the corresponding mechanical tuning laws

• Wanli Yang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Yuxing Liang and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1833–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.178

• = e2/(cε). In the above, strain S and electric field E can be expressed as S = du/dx and E = −dϕ/dx, in which u and ϕ are displacement and electric potential, respectively. c, e and ε are elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constant, respectively. The one-dimensional Gauss’s law of a piezoelectric p

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• Department, Namur, Belgium 10.3762/bjnano.10.172 Abstract Background: Numerous optical applications of nano-objects require a dispersion of the nanoparticles in a dielectric matrix. In order to achieve high particle concentrations, one can, as an alternative, directly grow the particles in a polymer or an

• of their conduction electrons excited by incident light. They are strongly influenced by shape and size of the particles but also by the dielectric properties of their environment, in particular when particles are embedded in a dielectric matrix. There are numerous synthesis methods for such

• model assumes flat interfaces between adjacent layers, each of them being characterized by its thickness and its (frequency-dependent) complex refractive index or dielectric function. In the case of layers containing mixed materials, which is the case for our nanocomposite layers, the optical properties

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• ]). Strontium titanate, SrTiO3, is a perfect example of a semiconductor with a wide bandgap of 3.2 eV and also a model perovskite oxide. Ti4+ cations provide no electrons for the d-band, which can participate in conductivity. Strontium titanate finds many applications as a dielectric ceramic material [15] but

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• -dimensional CuO petal assemblies (by Abe and co-workers [133]), perovskite nanosheets and their layer-by-layer assemblies as high-k dielectric/ferroelectric materials (by Osada and Sasaki [134]), the manipulation of transition-metal dichalcogenides nanosheets for the usage in energy storage/conversion

• categorized as interfacial environments with certain degrees of freedom of molecular mobility (dynamism). These interfaces with liquids have several intrinsic features: (i) They are environments of two different phases; (ii) they exhibit a discontinuous change of the dielectric constant; (iii) they are highly

• , simplified recognition-pair structures of phosphate and guanidinium were placed at a model interface of two phases with different dielectric constants of 2 (lipid phase) and 80 (water phase). By fixing the position of the guanidinium moiety at the interface and changing the relative location of the phosphate

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• treated ITO films is essential in assessing the advantages of the RTA procedure. To obtain information on the bandgap width, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric permittivity, position of the impurity levels in the bandgap and characteristics of the optical

• (Figure 8) on wavelength is similar to that of the absorption coefficient, according to the relationship [42][45][47]: where α is the absorption coefficient, n is the refractive index and c is the speed of light. According to the Drude theory, depending on the dielectric parameters and concentration of

• carriers, N, the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permittivity characterizes the transparency of thin films to electromagnetic radiation (see Figure 9a,b). Thus, when the imaginary part, ε'', can be neglected, the layer is transparent to electromagnetic radiation. The dependence of the

Magnetic segregation effect in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov,
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh and
• Dmitriy V. Makarov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1464–1474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.145

• studied systems in soft condensed matter physics, since they successfully combine fluidity and orientational order with specific properties of impurity particles, such as ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, metallic or dielectric impurities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Adding a small amount of nanoparticles

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• ]. The use of metal oxide nanowires as sensing elements in gas sensors continues along two directions: The first direction involves the use of large quantities of nanowires or “nanosponge”. For example, nanowires can be grown on the surface of metallic electrodes deposited on a dielectric substrate

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• -GaN or, much less likely, the absence of the dielectric covering of the nanowire sidewalls in the processed LED, but not related to processes inside the NWs themselves. The large difference in the ideality factor points to limitations of the single-NW measurements for a detailed analysis of I–V

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• backbone and a higher dielectric constant (εr(TriEG) = 23.7 vs εr(TetEG) = 20.4) while the latter exhibits a larger molecular weight and is assumed to be a little more polar (µTetEG = 5.84 D vs µTriEG = 5.58 D) [28]. Regardless of reaction time and composition, we observe that the NP diameter is higher

• when tetraethylene glycol is used instead of triethylene glycol. Dipolar moment and dielectric constant of the two molecules are very similar and we can assume that they both exhibit the same strength to dissolve the ionic precursors. TetEG has a longer backbone than TriEG and can chelate bigger

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• energy for the QD [48] and QW [49] can be calculated as: where Eg is the CIS low-temperature bandgap energy, h is the Planck constant, me is the effective conduction-band mass, mh is the effective valence-band mass, e is the rest electron charge, ε is the CIS dielectric constant and Ex is the exciton

Influence of dielectric layer thickness and roughness on topographic effects in magnetic force microscopy

• Alexander Krivcov,
• Jasmin Ehrler,
• Marc Fuhrmann,
• Tanja Junkers and
• Hildegard Möbius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.106

• overlapped by additional forces acting on the tip such as electrostatic forces. In this work the possibility to reduce capacitive coupling effects between tip and substrate is discussed in relation to the thickness of a dielectric layer introduced in the system. Single superparamagnetic iron oxide

• nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as a model system, because their magnetic signal is contrariwise to the signal due to capacitive coupling so that it is possible to distinguish between magnetic and electric force contributions. Introducing a dielectric layer between substrate and nanoparticle the capacitive

• coupling can be tuned and minimized for thick layers. Using the theory of capacitive coupling and the magnetic point dipole–dipole model we could theoretically explain and experimentally prove the phase signal for single superparamagnetic nanoparticles as a function of the layer thickness of the dielectric

Revisiting semicontinuous silver films as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates

• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Małgorzata Norek,
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz and
• Piotr Nyga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1048–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.105

• through percolated films to almost continuous films. We found that films below the percolation threshold (transition from dielectric-like to metal-like) made of isolated silver structures provided the largest SERS enhancement of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) analyte signals. The substrate closest to the

• dielectric constant of the metal, surrounding dielectric, shape and size of the nanostructure, and its orientation with respect to the electric component of the electromagnetic field [1][2]. At resonance, the electric field near the surface of metallic nanostructures can be greatly enhanced and localized in

• . Chemical methods allow for fabrication, in solution or on surfaces, of nanostructures of various shapes including: nanospheres [5], spheres coated with a thin dielectric shell [10], dielectric core-metallic shell particles [11][12], nanostars [13], microflowers [14] and aggregates [15], just to mention a

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• femtomolar range for oligonucleotides detection [6]. A particular type of photonic sensing devices are photonic bandgap (PBG) biosensors based on evanescent-wave detection [7]. PBG structures consist of a periodic dielectric configuration for which the propagation of a certain wavelength range is forbidden

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• the solution, the solubility of AuNCs in the mixed solvent was lowered due to the low dielectric constant of acetone, resulting in the precipitation of relatively large-sized clusters. The deposit could then be separated from the solution by centrifugation. Four fractions (F36%, F54%, F72%, and F90

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• seconds), long cycle life (>105), wide working potential and broad temperature range of operation [1][2]. The higher energy density and power density of supercapacitors are an important advantage over conventional dielectric capacitors and batteries. Supercapacitors can combine the advantages of batteries

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• investigated both a conducting sample and a thick dielectric sample (200 μm thick sapphire, εr = 11.3) by measuring the frequency shift as a function of the distance with a constant applied bias. The force was then extracted from the frequency shift using the Sader–Jarvis method [41] while taking care to

• with this particular probe type on samples of two extremes (a smooth conductor and a thick dielectric material). However, it is not necessarily valid in all cases and should therefore be verified through spectroscopy measurements such as this on a case-by-case basis. Sapphire was chosen for its high

• dielectric constant (εr > 10), which is similar to those found in many solid ionic conductors such as LiFePO4 and LiCoO2, and for its low electronic conductivity and lack of mobile ions. This experiment is therefore a reliable validation of the z-dependence of the tip–sample capacitance expected for actual

Biomimetic synthesis of Ag-coated glasswing butterfly arrays as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates for efficient trace detection of pesticides

• Guochao Shi,
• Mingli Wang,
• Yanying Zhu,
• Yuhong Wang,
• Xiaoya Yan,
• Xin Sun,
• Haijun Xu and
• Wanli Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.59

• signal intensity [3]. When incident light interacts with the free conduction electrons near the metallic plasmonic nanostructures, the collective oscillation of these electrons is significantly enhanced at metal–dielectric interfaces, which is known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Namely

• set to 1 nm × 1 nm × 1 nm. The dielectric function of a metal is a complex entity as a function of the wavelength. Therefore, the infinite-frequency relative dielectric constant and the zero-frequency relative dielectric constant of Ag were set according to the Gai’s work [36]. In order to simulate as

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

• Juan Casanova-Cháfer,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 565–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.58

• electromagnetic field around the Au–nanoparticle–dielectric interface. The Raman shift observed can be caused, in part, by LSPR. Further details can be found in Supporting Information File 1 (Figure S3). Since oxygen-plasma-treated CNTs were employed, a study on the nature of oxygenated species present (acting as

Mo-doped boron nitride monolayer as a promising single-atom electrocatalyst for CO₂ conversion

• Qianyi Cui,
• Gangqiang Qin,
• Weihua Wang,
• Lixiang Sun,
• Aijun Du and
• Qiao Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 540–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.55

• solvent environment [60], and the dielectric constant was 78.54. To construct the modes, we first built a periodic 5 × 5 BN supercell, whose vacuum region was 15 Å along the z-direction. The single TM atoms were doped at the boron vacancy sites [45]. All of the structures were completely optimized in a

Choosing a substrate for the ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials

• Egor A. Kolesov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 531–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.54

• , initially recognized due to its catalytic effect in the CVD synthesis of graphene. SiO2, the most common material for supporting monolayers (usually in the SiO2/Si alignment), is in turn a typical dielectric, mostly referred to as introducing a comparatively small effect on the properties of 2D materials

• potentially useful since dielectric substrates are highly essential for nanoelectronic applications. Results and Discussion For each simulation a set of output values was obtained describing damage to the target substrate implemented through different processes. Among them, substrate sputtering can be on one