An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• 1 μm formed by isotropic etching with static and dynamic etching steps [88]. Bolton et al. produced tall hollow silicon microneedles by three-step DRIE process [89]. Hamzah et el. fabricated sharp solid silicon microneedles, via wet etching with HNA, with approximately 160 μm height and a base

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• the dynamic formation process at that point, during which the wax could also be released into the surrounding area again. The process of secondary alcohol tubule formation was shown by recrystallization of N. nucifera and T. majus wax on HOPG [27][28]. The formation of secondary alcohol tubules

• . This clearly shows that the crystallization process is determined by crystal-forming molecules and by the underlying substrate. It was demonstrated that AFM is a suitable tool to study dynamic processes, even in soft materials such as natural wax. With this technique it was possible to record the

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• of images. Hence, the bottleneck can shift from data acquisition to data processing. Here machine learning in general and CNNs in particular can efficiently and quickly process the images to identify and quantify dynamic processes. The complexity of such analysis is much greater than when the CNN

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• . The energy maps of the interaction between several tips and samples under different conditions are simulated in dynamic and quasi-static modes. The molecular dynamics simulation details and main steps of reconstruction algorithms are presented. Then, several reconstruction results are conducted to

• dynamics simulation To test the effectiveness of the reconstruction algorithms we perform molecular dynamics simulations of AFM imaging in different conditions. The dynamic process (AM mode) and quasi-static process (the relative position of tip–sample remains unchanged in the simulation) are separately

• molecular dynamics simulation. Zc is the distance between the virtual atom at rest and the sample surface. The dynamic response of the tip is determined by the excitation of the virtual atom and tip–sample interactions. In the simulation the tip is parallel to the sample surface and the scanning is done in

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• paramagnetic nanoparticle chains. They used a predefined dynamic magnetic field that could controllably spread and fragment the particle chains. This is an effective strategy that shows that the assembly and disassembly process is reversible. Swarms of MNR paramagnetic nanoparticles moved together in the form

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• implementing light scattering (dynamic and electrophoretic) techniques, spectroscopy (UV–vis, atomic absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance) and transmission electron microscopy. The obtained results demonstrated that AgNPs may transform very quickly during their journey through different biological conditions

• biological fluids, obtained from animal experiments. A multimethod approach was used to examine their behaviour and transformation under experimental conditions relevant for in vivo settings by performing dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), graphite furnace atomic

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• hydrodynamic diameter (Smoluchowski's approximation) of the as-prepared- (as-loaded) and the partially dissolved nanoceria was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Brookhaven 90Plus Particle Size Analyzer. The zeta potential (0.5 mg/mL) from pH 0.5 to 13, adjusted with nitric acid and sodium

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• average size of 34 ± 14 nm. The temperature experiment results showed a higher enhancement with temperature increase. Performed simulation studies revealed a slowdown of the mobility of the water molecules close to the surface of AgNPs. Keywords: Dynamic lattice liquid (DLL) simulations; liquid water

• the OH stretching vibration region can give an idea of the dynamic supramolecular structure of water. There are many models of water structure in the liquid phase. These are generally grouped into two types: models with a continuum of geometric and energetic states (assuming tetrahedral coordination

• AgNPs. Therefore, one can simply conclude that more energy is needed to destroy the water structure in the AgNPs dispersion than in pure water. Simulation studies Dynamic lattice liquid (DLL) simulation studies based on the face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice approach were performed, in which averaged

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• human serum albumin (HSA), fibrinogen and immunoglobulin (IgG), metallothionein (MT), and ceruloplasmin (CP), forming a protein corona (PC) during silver homeostasis [121][122]. The PC is a highly dynamic system and its composition dynamically changes over time, undergoing various transformations until

• , UV–vis spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), dynamic light scattering (DLS), among other techniques [33]. The basic principles of the techniques mentioned here are detailed in the following sections. Each AgNPs is unique, depending on its size, state of

• sample stored at 4 °C leading to an overlap, which indicates size and shape stability of the nanoparticles [48]. Dynamic light scattering: Historically, the first approaches to describe interactions between light and nanostructures were published in the early 20th century. Currently, the most popular

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• +90°. Therefore, the dynamic focusing with tilt angle was successfully used. The thickness was measured by the cross-section technique of the SEM analysis, with a margin of error of ±5% (2–5 nm) compared to a standard 100 nm thick sample. Optical transmission spectra were acquired using a UV–vis–NIR

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• CO was measured in a dynamic regime using the CO/N2 gas mixture in flow mode. The CO/N2 mixture was fed at a rate of 2 L/h for aperiod of 10 min. We note that it was not possible to set a repeated exposure to analyte gas and Trec in a stationary mode for technical reasons. In the stationary regime

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• potential to advance conventional intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) by utilising brain-compatible soft nanomaterials. The resultant technique has significantly high spatial and temporal resolution, both of which enhance the localisation of brain functions and the mapping of dynamic language

• characteristics of signals. Indeed, in recent years, the modular view of brain functions has fallen out of favour, and researchers generally believe that various brain regions function simultaneously and interactively. New analysis methods, such as functional connectivity and dynamic causal modelling, have been

• used to model dynamic brain networks. To better examine the temporal relation of cortical activities, iEEG would be an ideal method. Intracranial studies on aphasia Characteristics of intracranial recording The iEEG technique provides a promising opportunity to validate and extend current findings from

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• pristine AgNPs, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). DLS gave a Z-average hydrodynamic size of 33.7 ± 0.7 nm (mean ± standard deviation) and a PDI (polydispersity index) of

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• FITC–clathrin was measured in A549 cells exposed to CavME inhibitors (i.e., F and N). Discussion The internalization of nanoparticles is a dynamic energy-dependent and highly regulated process, affected by physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles (e.g., shape, size, surface chemistry, and

• characteristics of these nanoparticles in the solvent and culture medium are shown in Table 1. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Particle size distribution and zeta potential of the surface-modified MNPs in stock solution and culture medium were determined by DLS using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• sublimation apparatus, which was then evacuated and conditioned with Ar or N2 before being evacuated again. The dynamic heating of the sample was carried out at a heating rate of 1 K per 10 min. The sublimation temperature was determined as the point at which the formation of a white film was observed on the

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• present a comprehensive characterization of the 3D nanomorphology of living, as well as fixed, osteoblastic cells using scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), which is a nanoprobing method that largely avoids mechanical perturbations. Dynamic ruffles are observed, manifesting themselves in

• surface of the material. Apart from cell biologic parameters, the adhesion interface area and the speed of its formation provide insights concerning the biocompatibility of the surface with regard to osteoblastic cells [11]. Dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton is the basis for shape adaptation and

• apical plasma membrane surface. Several other morphological and dynamic parameters are evaluated, for example, cell edge heights, membrane surface roughness, and membrane fluctuations, and discussed with respect to cellular functions. Results and Discussion In Figure 1 we show a typical overview SICM

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• moved onto a perfectly hydrogenated Ge(001):H surface. This is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6a shows a few phthalocyanine molecules on the Ge(001):H surface that are trapped at defects and are unstable during STM measurements. This is manifested by their fuzzy appearance. Dynamic behavior of other organic

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• within a set of images. The grid of the Everhart–Thornley detector was kept at 500 V while photomultiplier gain, brightness, and image intensity were adjusted for each set of images to keep the signal on all images within the dynamic range of the detector. Images were acquired at a dwell time of 0.5 µs

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• nature of textile electrodes promotes wearability, it can adversely lead to dynamic contact conditions and, thereby, motion artifacts in the acquired signal. A strategy to minimize this effect, which was investigated in this work, is to reduce the impedance of the signal source by utilizing a buffer

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the measurement of physical properties at sub-micrometer resolution. Methods such as force–distance curves (FDCs) or dynamic variants (such as intermodulation AFM (ImAFM)) are able to measure mechanical properties (such as the local stiffness, kr) of nanoscopic

• –distance curve (FDC) method is the most fundamental force spectroscopy experimental setup which yields local mechanical properties with a lateral resolution between 500 nm and 1 µm [1][2][3]. Recent developments have aimed to increase the lateral resolution of force spectroscopy by implementing dynamic

• methods. This has resulted in methods such as force modulation [4], bimodal mode [5], pulsed-force mode [6] or peak force [7], and intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) with amplitude-dependent force spectroscopy (ADFS) [8][9][10]. Dynamic methods record local mechanical properties with a resolution in the range of

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAPS), which provides the nanoparticle surface with a positive charge, increasing their interaction with the cell membrane. The particles were characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), and

• UCNPs, was dried on a carbon-coated copper grid (Cu 400 mesh, Quantifoil®: 100 carbon support films). The images were analyzed using the software FIJI. At least 300 particles per sample were analyzed. Dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering The DLS and ELS measurements were

• , XRD data, STEM images, ICP-OES, and cell cycle data. Acknowledgements We thank I. Pieper from the research group of Prof. Dr. Martin Kaupenjohann (Technische Universität Berlin) for the ICP-OES measurements, Prof. Dr. R. Haag (Freie Universität Berlin) for providing access to the dynamic light

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• , and self-pealing from a substrate [4]. Negative dynamic compressibility occurs in several 2D materials due to the dynamical wrinkling of layers [8]. Also, 2D materials folded in 3D origami-like structures [7][9][10] can, in principle, exhibit a tunable negative thermal expansion coefficient [11]. In

• understanding of the structural/dynamic response of multilayered 2D materials upon bending is also an essential issue regarding technological applications, such as deformable electronics, flexible reinforcements for brittle biomedical implants [15], and ultralight resonators suited as transducers of extremely

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• complete parametric investigation, is performed with a dynamic spectroscopy method. The results emphasize the strong impact, in terms of distinction and location, of the applied bias on the local sMIM measurements for both FEOL and BEOL layers. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); DataCube; doping

• back contact, is recorded using a logarithmic amplifier with a wide dynamic range [9][10]. Based on the measured current, the overall equivalent resistance, including the conductive tip resistance, the spreading resistance of the semiconductor under the contact, the bulk resistance of the sample, and

• . In addition, a high-resolution dynamic parametric study based on the acquisition of sMIM signals as a function of the applied VDC bias, at each pixel, is carried out. Experimental sMIM Measurements Based on AFM, the sMIM mode is a microwave mode in which an incident microwave signal travels through