Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• deposition rate in a DE area depends on the precursor density and the secondary electron flux density for a given effective dissociation cross section [8][30]. The most simple implementation of code for pattern file generation would be to process the vertex-edge information in the geometry file in a linear

• (energy averaged) dissociation cross section and the volume of the nonvolatile part of the dissociated precursor molecule [8], sF is also governed by these process- and precursor-specific parameters. As the effective precursor supply by surface diffusion drops with increasing height of the growing deposit

• definable height correction function which is gained by a FEBID simulation. 4.4.3 Edge shape For some applications of 3D FEBID structures, the shape of the edges’ cross section can be important. From Figure 11 it is apparent that the cross sections are not circular which adds complexity to the magnetization

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• pearlitic steel with round dimples, no microstructural changes within the 100Cr6 samples in the heat affected zone were expected [15]. Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a cross-section through a laser-textured sample prepared by focused ion beam

• . Supporting Information Figure S1: Optical micrograph of a scale-like surface texture after 1000 m of dry sliding against sapphire. Figure S2: Scanning electron microscopy image of a focused ion beam cross-section of a laser-textured sample. Figure S3: Optical micrograph of a PEEK disc after a dry sliding

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• samples demonstrated linear current–voltage characteristics down to sub-helium temperatures while sustaining high values of conductivity. The cross-section specimens for S/TEM studies were prepared by focus ion beam (FIB) milling in a Helios (FEI, US) SEM/FIB dual-beam system equipped with C and Pt gas

• injectors and a micromanipulator (Omniprobe, US). A 2 μm Pt layer was deposited on the surface of the sample prior to the cross-section preparation by FIB milling. Sections of approximately 8 × 5 μm2 area and 2 μm thickness were cut by 30 kV Ga+ ions, removed from the sample and then attached to the

• and Hall slope ΔRH normalized by the corresponding values at T = 320 K. TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTEM image. (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calculated electronograms

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• cross-section of the material and identify the Si distribution inside the composite (Figure 2). The cross section in Figure 2a and 2b shows several lighter spots located inside the matrix material. In comparison with Figure 2c and 2d which show the pure Si-NPs that were added during the synthesis, the

• /C composites. SEM micrographs of the different synthesized Si/C composite materials with a carbon to silicon ratio of 100:0 (a, b), 90:10 (c, d) and 80:20 (e, f) in a magnification of 10k× (a, c, e) and 25k× (b, d, f). FIB-SEM cross section of the C:Si 80:20 composite (a, b) and SEM micrographs of

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• mol−1) at low magnification. c) PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1) at high magnification. d) Freeze fracture cross section PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1). Reprinted with permission from [62], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of a composite nanoporous

• titania films. Reproduced with permission from [105], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Schematic cross section of a screen filter (A) and a depth filter (B). Reprinted with permission from [4], copyright 2017 Elsevier. Block copolymers (BCs), sacrificial components (SC), and the

Performance analysis of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and its integration in a coupled modeling approach for optical simulation of complete heterojunction silicon solar cells

• Ziga Lokar,
• Benjamin Lipovsek,
• Marko Topic and
• Janez Krc

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2315–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.216

• the unit cell (green square) and is 0.7. The depth is dependent on the PF as the pyramid facets are defined by the slow-etching crystallographic plane 111 [6]. In Figure 4b,d the top view of the random microtexture is shown for lateral range of 40 × 40 μm2, and a 30 μm long cross-section is shown. In

• /microtexture was shown to require further individual optimization as the simulations currently indicate it does not outperform the front nano- or microtexture individually. Vertical cross-section of a sliced three-layer structure with texture applied to the bottom layer (sine texture shown in this example

• simulations (in this 2D cross-section only five modes are depicted (including evanescent modes) for reflected and transmitted light). The internal modes of each sublayer are not shown. Principle of the coupled modeling approach (CMA). RCWA is applied to the parts of the structure where nanotextures are

Two-dimensional photonic crystals increasing vertical light emission from Si nanocrystal-rich thin layers

• Lukáš Ondič,
• Marian Varga,
• Ivan Pelant,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Karel Hruška and
• Robert G. Elliman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2287–2296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.213

• . Samples under study. (a) Schematic cross section of the PhC sample. Red line shows the spatial distribution of the refractive index in the sample (not in scale). (b) Layout of the PhC samples fabricated on the SiNCs/SiO2 layer. Three samples with different height of the columns were prepared by increasing

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• 1.7 nm and 2.6 nm thick Si-NWells embedded in SiO2 or Si3N4 together with a Si reference sample (Figure 3a–d) using synchrotron UPS. Figure 4a–c shows high-resolution cross-section TEM images of each NWell sample. Such ultrathin Si layers require long signal acquisition times in UPS due to the short

• ) without strong electron localization at N as is the case for O. Structures of samples investigated by synchrotron UPS: (a) Si-reference, (b) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4, (c) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in SiO2, (d) 2.6 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4. Sample codes are shown on top of each structure. Cross-section HR-TEM images of

Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation

• Nan Guan,
• Andrey Babichev,
• Martin Foldyna,
• Dmitry Denisov,
• François H. Julien and
• Maria Tchernycheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2248–2254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.209

• emitted light is coupled into the NW photodiode. Simulation For our optical simulations, we chose a platform architecture that follows the experimental realization as previously described [30]. The considered geometry is illustrated in Figure 1a,b. The horizontal NW LED with a hexagonal cross-section has

• ratio between the light intensity integrated over the waveguide cross-section after propagation over 6 µm in the waveguide and the intensity in the NW LED 1.5 µm away from the entrance of the waveguide, is 55%. Almost half of the light is lost during the coupling from the NW LED to the waveguide. This

• coupling, which increases from 55% to 77.1%. The electric field distribution in the vertical cross-section in the middle of the waveguide is shown in Figure 2e. We note that this change of the architecture is feasible for the platform fabrication: the spin-on-glass supporting layer can be removed by dry

The role of adatoms in chloride-activated colloidal silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement

• Nicolae Leopold,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Krisztian Herman,
• István Sz. Tódor,
• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu and
• Loredana F. Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2236–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.208

• cross-section of the adsorbed molecule. The charge-transfer electronic transition can be explained as follows [8][12][13][14]: The chemical mechanism of SERS involves the absorption of a photon and the excitation of an electron from the Fermi level of the metallic nanoparticle (M) to the LUMO orbital

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• observed fluctuations in the fluorescence enhancement likely relate to variations in their far-field optical properties. Therefore, differences in the LSPR positions, width and the amplitude of the scattering-cross section may affect the near-field optical response. Due to the small gap size of CB[8

• amplitude at λexc is approximately twice as strong as for the most regular spectra (Figure 4B and Figure 4C). Furthermore, these dimers possess also a strong scattering cross-section across the spectral emission region. Finally, the spectral resonance of the quenching rate has also to be taken into account

• shown to affect the LSPR position, width and scattering cross-section [18][25][28][36][59][60]. As a first parameter, variations in the gap size have to be considered. Figure 5A and Figure 5B display TEM images of a typical dumbbell dimer with a sub-nanometer gap size. In accordance with the used CB[8

Interaction-induced zero-energy pinning and quantum dot formation in Majorana nanowires

• Samuel D. Escribano,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Elsa Prada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.203

• potential, taking into account the actual three-dimensional (3D) geometry as well as the effect of nearby metallic leads. We consider the geometry depicted in Figure 1a, where a nanowire of rectangular cross section lies on an insulating substrate (typically SiO2) and is contacted to a thin superconducting

• the pinned zero-energy plateaus may become lifted at resonance with the dot states, thus revealing their electrostatic origin (as opposed to true wave function non-locality). (a) Schematic representation of the setup analyzed in the present work. A nanowire of rectangular cross section (green) lying

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• ) and TEM (B–G). (A) Semi thin cross-section of a tube foot at the level of the disc, boxes indicate approximate area of TEM images. (B–G) Ultrastructure of cells in the adhesive epidermis: (B,C) in the basal part of the disc, at the level of the connective tissue, and (D–G) in the apical part of the

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• higher kinetic energies, the cross section for vacancy creation decreases and more complex defect configurations are created, such as di-vacancies and distortions (Figure 5) [83][86][87]. The effect of different ion kinetic energies on supported graphene has been highlighted in the case of CF4 plasma

Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• nanowire. In Figure 6c and Figure 6e the waveguides have a cross section of 500 nm × 110 nm and both images were taken after creating the optical tunneling gap antennas. Note that in Figure 6e, the displacement of the junction towards the source electrode has been taken into account to place the tunneling

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• effect analysis Prior to Hall effect analysis, we consider the structure of the layer before LTA. TEM cross-section observations (Figure S10, Supporting Information File 1) indicate that the top crystalline SiGe layer has a thickness between 5 and 6 nm, i.e., very close to the original thickness of 6 nm

• different methods (TEM, XRD and ellipsometry) as a function of the etching time. Ge content: 27 atom %. Inset: TEM cross-section micrographs of reference and the sample etched for 30 min. This figure illustrates the agreement between the three chosen techniques. Removed SiGe thickness (measured by

Nonlinear effect of carrier drift on the performance of an n-type ZnO nanowire nanogenerator by coupling piezoelectric effect and semiconduction

• Yuxing Liang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Xuedong Chen and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1917–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.183

• effect on the performance of a ZnO nanogenerator was investigated in detail and it was elucidated that carrier motion/redistribution occurs in the ZnO nanowire (ZNW) cross section while there is no carrier motion in the axial direction. At the same time, we noted that the amplitude of boundary electric

• charge grows with increasing deformation, but the peaks of boundary electric charge do not appear at the cross-section endpoints. Thus, in order to effectively improve the performance of the ZNW nanogenerator, the effect of electrode configuration on the piezoelectric potential difference and output

• proven to occur along the cross section. Because the semiconduction in ZNWs results in some electric leakage, a smaller initial carrier concentration is suggested to be more proper for energy-harvesting from a bent ZNW [31]. Because a small fluctuation of the carrier concentration implies a small

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• the CNWs. Figure 10 shows a SEM cross section of a sample with curled CNWs with the corresponding mappings for the distribution of carbon (Figure 10b) and aluminium (Figure 10c) in the film. At every pixel (corresponding to a spot size of 30 nm) an AES spectrum was taken. The mappings show the

• voltage: thorny CNWs. All grown on stainless steel substrates. Cross-section images taken under from an angle of 45°. SEM images. Sample 3 deposited at 425 °C and −30 V bias voltage: straight CNWs; sample 2 deposited at 500 °C and 0 V bias voltage: curled CNWs. All grown on silicon substrates. Cross

• -section images taken under from an angle of 45°. Growth zones of CNW growth: nanorods (low energies), thorny structures and straight CNWs (medium energies) and curled CNWs (high energies). Growth zones on different substrate materials as a function of substrate temperature and bias voltage. Typical Raman

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• cross section in neutron absorption [32]. Hafnium alloys are used in medical applications because they are biocompatible and exhibit high corrosion resistance as well as in aerospace technology because it can increase the mechanical strength of materials [33]. Furthermore, because of its high dielectric

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• mode; AM off resonance; AM second eigenmode; cross section; crosstalk; field effect transistor; FM-KPFM; frequency modulation heterodyne; frequency modulation sideband; quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy; solar cells; Introduction In this study, we compare the most commonly used amplitude

• cross sections of a range of different solar cell devices, including organic [3][4][5], and inorganic [6] as well as hybrid perovskite solar cells [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the course of one of our KPFM studies on a cross section of a perovskite solar cell under operating conditions [7] we

• experimental setup are given in the figure caption and in [7]. The FM- and AM-KPFM data was collected in subsequent measurements with the same cantilever on the same solar cell cross section. However, the resolved potential distributions differed significantly. In dark, the potential drop from FTO to gold

A visible-light-controlled platform for prolonged drug release based on Ag-doped TiO₂ nanotubes with a hydrophobic layer

• Caihong Liang,
• Jiang Wen and
• Xiaoming Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1793–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.170

• Morphology, phase composition and wettability The cross-section and surface morphology of the two-layer nanotubes with and without AgNP loading and the corresponding energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) spectrum of the Ag-loaded sample are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1a presents the cross-section morphology

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

Toward the use of CVD-grown MoS₂ nanosheets as field-emission source

• Geetanjali Deokar,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Junjie Li,
• Francis Leonard Deepak,
• Wei Ou-Yang,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jean-Francois Colomer and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1686–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.160

• performed using an image-corrected Titan G2 FEITM system. For selected samples, cross-section TEM analyses were carried out using an aberration-corrected FEITM Titan ChemiSTEM system (equipped with a Cs probe corrector, a high-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF) detector and a four quadrant Super X

• technologies such as filtration membranes to remove fouling, heavy metals and chemicals from water by membrane separation as reported elsewhere for graphene nanosheets [26]. To investigate further the NSs growth, cross-section TEM measurements were performed. The general morphologies of the vertically standing

• environments relevant to the industry. Conclusion Uniform and continuous MoS2 NSs of 5–20 nm thickness were successfully grown by CVD on SiO2/Si substrates by a double sulfurization step. Micro-Raman and XPS measurements revealed high-quality growth of the vertically aligned NSs. Cross-section TEM measurements

Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO_x/Si/Au system

• Christiane Petzold,
• Marcus Koch and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1647–1658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.157

• after sliding on Au(111) The cross section of a Au/Si tip that had been sliding against Au(111) (Figure 6e) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Au coating and the Si bulk can be clearly distinguished in the images (Figure 7a,b). In some areas a crystalline lattice was resolved

• °. TEM images of a cross section through the apex of a Au/Si tip that had been sliding against Au(111). a) Overview showing the Pt protective coating that was added prior to FIB cutting, the Au cantilever coating and the Si bulk. The contact area is worn flat and the asterisk marks an amorphous layer in

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• on the enhancement of the absorption cross-section (ACS) require the fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticles characterized by relatively small dimensions (e.g. ≈40 nm). On the contrary, applications based on the strong enhancement of the scattering cross-section (SCS), are generally associated to the