Imaging the intracellular degradation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles

• Anne-Kathrin Barthel,
• Martin Dass,
• Melanie Dröge,
• Jens-Michael Cramer,
• Daniela Baumann,
• Markus Urban,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.201

• the disk. The cells were then enclosed in the resin block. The block was divided in halves, then trimmed into a trapezoid area with an abundant number of cells, and then fixed in the ultra-microtome (Leica Ultracut UCT). With a diamond knife (Diatome Ultra, Switzerland), 60 nm thick sections were

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• Although LEEM and PEEM are widespread, only few instruments that combine both methods can be found in synchrotrons. Some prominent ones are situated at ALBA (Spain), BESSY (Germany), Diamond (UK), MAXLAB (Sweden), NSLS (USA), SOLEIL (France) and SPRING-8 (Japan). Among these, the end station of the

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• allotropes, the most widely known are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes, graphite and graphene (sp2), and diamond (sp3). From these distinct hybridisations, different properties are inherent to these allotropes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs): CNTs, first reported by Iijima in 1991 [1], are hollow cylinders

• stimulation and functional scaffolds for tissue engineering). Nanodiamonds (NDs): As a result of the complete sp3 hybridisation of its carbon atoms and its characteristic tetrahedral configuration, diamond shows interesting and peculiar properties such as an extreme hardness, low friction coefficient, high

• mobility of electrical charge carriers and high thermal conductivity [8][9]. Diamond exhibits these properties both in bulk as well as at the nanoscale and combines them with typical features of nanomaterials, such as a large surface area and small overall size. NDs, mainly obtained by detonation of TNT

Electronic and electrochemical doping of graphene by surface adsorbates

• Hugo Pinto and
• Alexander Markevich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1842–1848, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.195

• demonstrated to be an efficient acceptor for diamond [33] and carbon nanotubes [34]. As the workfunctions of diamond and graphene are similar, the F4-TCNQ molecule was considered to be a good candidate for p-type doping of graphene. The effect of the F4-TCNQ molecule on the electronic properties of epitaxial

• molecules, which consequently increases the concentration of holes in graphene, as it was observed experimentally [21]. Some of these redox reactions were first discussed for diamond and carbon nanotubes [17][45] and were investigated for graphene because of the similarity in all their work functions. For

• instance, the exposure of hydrogenated diamond to a humid atmosphere results in p-type doping [46][47], which can be suppressed by NH3 and enhanced by NO2 [48]. Similar effects were reported for carbon nanotubes [49][50]. It would be interesting to see whether they could apply to graphite or indeed if some

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• , Portugal 10.3762/bjnano.5.189 Abstract Group-IV nanocrystals have emerged as a promising group of materials that extends the realm of application of bulk diamond, silicon, germanium and related materials beyond their traditional boundaries. Over the last two decades of research, their potential for

• energy, as well as edge- and corner-energies (for less than 104 atoms) determine the shape of the NCs grown under near-equilibrium quasi-static conditions. It has been found that diamond NCs are most stable in a truncated octahedral structure, but Si and Ge NCs are stable in a nearly-spherical geometry

• [61]. In any case, free standing Si and Ge NCs are usually grown in conditions very far from equilibrium, justifying the use of spherical models [62]. Diamond nanocrystals, however, have been grown in different shapes and configurations, and their optical properties have been found to be in

Quasi-1D physics in metal-organic frameworks: MIL-47(V) from first principles

• Danny E. P. Vanpoucke,
• Jan W. Jaeken,
• Stijn De Baerdemacker,
• Kurt Lejaeghere and
• Veronique Van Speybroeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1738–1748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.184

• fractions of antiferromagnetic chains show increasingly higher transition pressures, until the systems contain only antiferromagnetic chains, which have the highest transition pressure of 124 MPa. Alternately, in XRPD experiments at room temperature while using a diamond anvil cell the transition pressure

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• done on a Thermo Nicolet FT-IR Nexus 470 with a diamond crystal. Spectra were recorded from 500 to 4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 2 cm−1. X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded with a Siemens D5005 (Cu Kα, 0.154 nm) between 3 and 70° 2θ with a step size of 0.02° per second. Samples were mounted on a

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• molecule detection, energy transfer [1]. A special form of carbon (smaller than 10 nm in size) exhibiting fascinating properties are carbon nanodots (CNDs), which are different in their properties from zero-band gap graphene, diamond, and fullerene. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) exhibit properties such as

Near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled silane monolayer

• Ulrich C. Fischer,
• Carsten Hentschel,
• Florian Fontein,
• Linda Stegemann,
• Christiane Hoeppener,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Stefanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1441–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.156

• coating of a 2% solution of polystyrene (MW 100000) in toluene at 1500 rpm. The sandwich layer of the gold film and the polystyrene film is cut with a diamond marker into squares of about 2–3 mm. By dipping the coated cover glass slowly at an oblique angle into a water trough, the films are separated from

Nano-rings with a handle – Synthesis of substituted cycloparaphenylenes

• Anne-Florence Tran-Van and
• Hermann A. Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1320–1333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.145

• beyond the parent unsubstituted oligo-phenylene structure. Keywords: aromatic compounds; carbon nanotubes; cycloparaphenylene; organic synthesis; Introduction Carbon is for organic chemists the essential building block. Besides graphite and diamond scientists have discovered new carbon allotropes such

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• various complimentary characterization techniques. Results and Discussion CISe is known to acquire a chalcopyrite lattice structure, which usually is a diamond-like structure similar to the sphalerite structure. The difference lies in the ordered substitution of the Cu and In element on the Zn sites of

Characterization and photocatalytic study of tantalum oxide nanoparticles prepared by the hydrolysis of tantalum oxo-ethoxide Ta₈(μ₃-O)₂(μ-O)₈(μ-OEt)₆(OEt)₁₄

• Subia Ambreen,
• N D Pandey,
• Peter Mayer and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.121

• , fused calcium chloride and aluminum isopropoxide, then it was passed into the distilled water through a tube with a diameter of 7 mm. 1H NMR spectra were recorded in C6D6 on a Bruker Biospin ARX spectrometer with TMS as internal reference. TGA/DTA/DSC was recorded by using a Diamond TG/DTAN instrument

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• friction reduction when one of the opposing surfaces is much harder than the other, as well as the role of wear particles. In order to reduce wear, hard coatings such as metal oxides and hard carbon or diamond coatings are often employed. The adhesion term arises from the growth of junctions forming

• . According to the ASTM standard G171 (03) – standard test method for scratch hardness of materials using a diamond stylus [33], scratch hardness changes inversely with the scratch width at a given load. In the work reported herein, a two-layer coating is used to alter the hardness and friction of a titania

• "Sader method" [49]. Nanoscratching was done using a diamond coated tip (DDESP) (force constant of 20–80 N/m, Digital Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA). Nanoscratching was done with the indenter at variable normal loads of 5–25 μN, a sliding speed of 0.3 μm/s and a scratch length of ≈1.5 μm. The same

Growth and characterization of CNT–TiO₂ heterostructures

• Yucheng Zhang,
• Ivo Utke,
• Johann Michler,
• Gabriele Ilari,
• Marta D. Rossell and
• Rolf Erni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 946–955, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.108

• * and σ* peaks at the C_K edge, the amount of sp2 and sp3 hybridizations can be quantified in amorphous carbon, which determines the physical properties [51][52]. Similarly, Muller et al. have used the ELNES signals to produce a map of sp2 and sp3 at the interface of diamond grown on Si/SiO2 with a sub

• -nanometer spatial resolution, which helps to understand the nucleation of diamond [53]. Suenaga et al. have performed in-situ bending of SW-CNTs in TEM and observed a change in the C_K edge ELNES at kinks of the CNT bundles, indicating the change of the electronic structure with the deformation [54

Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants

• Carolina Gil-Lozano,
• Elisabeth Losa-Adams,
• Alfonso F.-Dávila and
• Luis Gago-Duport

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 855–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.97

• . Preparation of pyrite microparticles Natural pyrite cubes (Logroño, Spain) were milled using a diamond disk and sieved (63 μm) to obtain pyrite powder. The resulting particles presented an average diameter of 1.4 μm (laser diffraction particle size analyzer, LS13320) and a specific surface area (BET) of 1.46

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

• 3100, Santa Barbara, CA) with a diamond tip. For nanoindentation experiments a three-sided diamond pyramidal Berkovich tip of approximately 100 nm in radius was used as shown in Figure 6a (left). Hardness and elastic modulus were obtained as a function of contact depth for the 100 nm thin film by

• the elastic modulus. By using this method the Young’s modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for diamond were taken as 1140 GPa and 0.07, respectively. Poisson’s ratio for Au was taken as 0.42. The data from these experiments is the average of five measurements on five different nanoparticles for

• experiments a spherical diamond tip of approximately 3.5 µm in radius was used as shown in Figure 6a (right). This can be considered to be a flat punch due to the large radius of the diamond tip compared to the nanoparticles. Figure 6b shows the topography map (top left) and corresponding 2-D profile (bottom

The optimal shape of elastomer mushroom-like fibers for high and robust adhesion

• Burak Aksak,
• Korhan Sahin and
• Metin Sitti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.74

• ) Illustration of three different wedge angles for the mushroom-tipped fibers with β = 1.2 and θ = 45°. (right) Simulation results for 45° wedge (diamond markers), 90° wedge (square markers), and rounded wedge (circular markers). Supporting Information Supporting Information File 46: Details of mathematical

Artificial sunlight and ultraviolet light induced photo-epoxidation of propylene over V-Ti/MCM-41 photocatalyst

• Van-Huy Nguyen,
• Shawn D. Lin,
• Jeffrey Chi-Sheng Wu and
• Hsunling Bai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 566–576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.67

• performed with a JEOL JEM-2100 instrument operating at 200 kV. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA, PYRIS Diamond TG-DTA, high temperature 115V) was carried out in the range of 300–773 K. About 30 mg samples were placed in an alumina sample holder and heated under air (20 mL·min−1) with a heating rate of 3

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• different nanoparticles were used: two types of diamond nanoparticles with average diameters of 10 nm and 40 nm, respectively, and polymer nanobeads with mean size of 200 nm. Nanopowder of NDs with mean size of 10 nm (Aldrich Sigma) was dispersed into isopropanol (0.2 mg/mL) to prepare a suspension. An

Nanoscale particles in technological processes of beneficiation

• Sergey I. Popel,
• Vitaly V. Adushkin and
• Anatoly P. Golub'

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 458–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.53

• microsize structures. For example, more than thirty years ago, Galimov [5] predicted the possibility of diamond synthesis through a cavitation process. In 2003, this possibility was confirmed in experiments [6]. The particles formed in the cavitation process were an aggregation of nanosize crystallites. The

• diamond crystals were 10–30 nm in size. The idea of the cavitation mechanism of diamond formation is the following [5]: A narrow canal cavity of varying cross section is formed as a result of the fast motion of fluid going up from the mantle to the surface of the Earth. When the canal cavity dilates or

Oriented attachment explains cobalt ferrite nanoparticle growth in bioinspired syntheses

• Annalena Wolff,
• Walid Hetaba,
• Marco Wißbrock,
• Stefan Löffler,
• Nadine Mill,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Axel Dreyer,
• Inga Ennen,
• Norbert Sewald,
• Peter Schattschneider and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 210–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.23

• stages of the growth process using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron diffraction measurements. Results In this bioinspired synthesis, stoichiometric Co2FeO4 discs of hexagonal, diamond

• oriented substructures within the disc exist. EELS measurements show that incomplete discs, such as the diamond-shaped particle in Figure 3d, are of various non-stoichiometric phases with a compositional gradient. Non-aggregated areas, such as region 1, where crystallites are still visible, are of an iron

• building blocks fuse at specific crystallographic faces and form a secondary nanoparticle, which is displayed in (d). (a)–(c) Change in the electron diffraction pattern (shown with inverted intensity for better visibility) of diamond shaped particles with time. The dominating reflexes and rings are marked

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• particles [22]. The sizes of nanoparticles can be estimated from the XPS elemental intensity ratios by using an adequate modeling of the signal. Different XPS models could be applied for the estimation of average particle size [10][23][24]. Based on the diamond-shaped support-particles model described by

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• ], nanohorns [29], ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) [30][31], carbon aerogels [32], carbon shells [33][34][35][36], colloid-imprinted carbon supports (CIC) [37] and even boron-doped diamond structures [38][39]. Alternatively, certain non-carbon materials (e.g., oxides, carbides and nitrides of metals such as

Exploring the retention properties of CaF₂ nanoparticles as possible additives for dental care application with tapping-mode atomic force microscope in liquid

• Matthias Wasem,
• Joachim Köser,
• Sylvia Hess,
• Enrico Gnecco and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 36–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.4

• 3 μm and 1 μm diamond paste grain size under constant water cooling. The cleaning procedure of the polished tooth enamel was done as described elsewhere [30]. All specimens were stored in a dust-free box and not further processed. A topography image of nanoparticles (A) adsorbed on enamel is

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• position stability of the NP, two HRSEM images taken from exact the same location before and after each experiment were compared. For this purpose the surface of the substrate was marked by a diamond tip to observe the changes within a defined lateral window. For accurate analysis, the shift and rotation