Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• , mainly on the type of nanomaterial and method of fabrication [16]. As for all nanomaterials, the properties of magnetite change on the nanoscale. At the bulk level, the oxidation of magnetite to hematite at room temperature is inhibited, and only by heating to 600 °C can changes in the crystalline

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• CeO2 Release Rates in Newcastle UK by VMT and Diesel Fuel Consumption). The estimated CeO2 release rates for the above two cases are 21.48 and 44.82 kg yr−1, respectively. Applications and Merits In summary, an integrated release and environmental distribution of nanomaterial (RedNano) simulation tool

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• desorption of nitrogen dioxide from the surface of the active nanomaterial. Similar results were previously observed for the detection of this pollutant gas with different types of metal-decorated MWCNT sensors [34][35][36]. Figure 7 shows the calibration curves for the detection of NO2 using Pd- and Pt

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• slowly evolves to a “hard” corona with less dynamic exchange [112][162][163]. Previous studies investigating nanomaterial exposure to complex biological environments [3][8][41][112][162] have largely failed to allow for the highly dynamic situation of physiological systems. Corona-carrying NPs may need

Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device

• Shawn Sanctis,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann,
• Sabine Eiben and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81

• zinc oxide films. The fabricated FET shows a reasonable performance for the as-prepared device, without any post processing of the bio-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial. Such an approach towards generation of a bio-inorganic material encourages the use of nanoscale virus templates to obtain hybrid

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• intracellular depot of a drug or a nucleic acid construct with slow release kinetics. Thus, the intended nanoparticles should be tested for toxicity and the nanomaterial as a carrier ideally should not influence cellular functions itself, that is, only the payload should exert such an effect. Once introduced

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• that have been focussed on. Cytoxicity of nanomaterial has been assessed by common cytotoxicity assays targeting enzymatic activity such as LDH, MTT and ECIS. So far, however, less attention has been paid to the mechanical parameters of cells exposed to gold particles, which is an important reporter on

Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• solid amorphous carbon, while a CNT is a tubular crystalline nanomaterial, therefore we expect both common and distinctive features of CNF as a tool for LAO-AFM, as compared to CNT probes. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time the use of CNF for SPL. Our CNFs are batch grown by ion

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• directly with the nanomaterial surface and is therefore tightly bound (hard corona), and a secondary layer (soft corona) that interacts with a weak protein–protein binding and exhibits dynamic exchange, if competing protein is added [8][9][10][11]. It is also reported that in the presence of plasma

Size-dependent density of zirconia nanoparticles

• Agnieszka Opalinska,
• Iwona Malka,
• Wojciech Dzwolak,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Adam Presz and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 27–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.4

• into the cells and tissues [19]. The chemical composition of the nanomaterial surface has a strong influence on its chemical interaction with tissue [20]. Microcrystalline ZrO2 has three polymorphs: monoclinic (m), tetragonal (t), and cubic (c) phases. The monoclinic phase is thermodynamically stable

• films depends on the number of surface –OH groups. Moreover, the –OH groups on the nanomaterial surface can influence the surface reactivity and wetting [26]. Since hydroxy groups greatly affect the properties of zirconia nanoparticles, detecting their surface concentration and optimizing the synthesis

• observation is related to the presence of hydroxy groups on the nanomaterial surface. Similar behavior for bulk material was observed by Srdic et al. [34] who investigated the sintering process of nanocrystalline zirconia. The authors found that sintering at 950 °C under vacuum lead to an increase in particle

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• related to the cytotoxicological properties of the surface bound moieties. We assume that cellular contact with NH2–PEG particles results in a disturbed growth process. This interaction should be characterized and studied in more detail to understand the nanomaterial characteristics leading to an

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• , there are only a few studies using PCLS in the field of nanotoxicology, yet. It was demonstrated that solid lipid NPs induced a cytotoxic response in PCLS, but only at very high concentrations (1 mg/mL and higher) [15][16][17][18]. Wohlleben et al. reported that a cobalt ferrite nanomaterial elicited a

• value in detecting nanomaterial pulmonary toxicity [47]. Here we show that there was no cytotoxic response of PCLS to micron-sized quartz particles, only a slight cytotoxic response to PVP-coated Ag-NPs, but a strong cytotoxic response to uncoated ZnO-NPs. Moreover, none of the materials induced a

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• (sunscreens, antiseptics) or those meant to enter viable skin (dermatotherapy, cosmetics), respectively. With the increasing use of nanoscale architectures in all of these fields, the question as to whether a nanomaterial deposited on the skin surface is capable of penetrating horny layers and reaching viable

• dermatological perspective. Results and Discussion Skin barrier translocation of nanomaterials The first contact of nanomaterial occurs with the horny layers of terminally differentiated corneocytes. Pathways across the intact stratum corneum have been postulated for some, mostly deformable, particles, such as

• relevant immune response [12][13][14]. Furthermore, low penetration rates may become relevant, when large skin surface areas come in contact with the respective nanomaterial, or when repetitive exposure occurs over prolonged time periods. The susceptibility to artefacts also underlines the value of methods

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• revealed to be a promising nanomaterial that attracts a growing interest among researchers and opens new avenues for investigation. Preparation and structural properties of carbon nano-onions Carbon nano-onions were first discovered by Ugarte in 1992, who obtained them by intense electron irradiation of

• , grants the future investigation of the applications of CNOs in a variety of fields. The characteristic properties of CNOs render them of great interest for a large number of applications, as we will elucidate in the corresponding section of this review article. The diameter of the CNO nanomaterial

• ), when referring to CNOs. In this review article, we have usually included the diameter of the utilized CNO nanomaterial, together with their fabrication method. If there are any divergent structural properties from the common definition of CNOs observed, we have included this information as well. High

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• size of the nanomaterial itself [87][88][89], as well as on the presence of metal contaminants and the residues of the GO preparation method in graphene samples [90]. Biomedical applications of graphene and its derivatives range from photothermal tumour ablation therapy to biosensors, from gene therapy

Room temperature, ppb-level NO₂ gas sensing of multiple-networked ZnSe nanowire sensors under UV illumination

• Sunghoon Park,
• Soohyun Kim,
• Wan In Lee,
• Kyoung-Kook Kim and
• Chongmu Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1836–1841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.194

• increasing UV illumination intensity from 0 to 1.2 mW/cm2. The results show that ZnSe nanowires are also a promising nanomaterial for the fabrication of NO2 gas sensors when used at room temperature. In addition, the enhanced response of the ZnSe nanowires under UV illumination to NO2 gas might be due to (1

• NO2 gas in the dark and under 365 nm UV illumination at 1.2 mW/cm2. (a) Electrical response and (b) response and recovery times of ZnSe nanowire gas sensors under UV (365 nm) illumination for different UV illumination intensities. Responses of various nanomaterial gas sensors to NO2 gas

A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Manfred Kluwig and
• Thomas Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192

• 2011 on the definition of particulate nanomaterial, or for other forthcoming regulations in the future. Experimental The experimental procedures described below are in full agreement with the practical guide for particle size characterization published by NIST [22]. Sample preparation A well-prepared

Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells

• Claudia Strobel,
• Martin Förster and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190

• account that the concentration of 100 µg/mL is physiologically unrealistic and cannot be reached in vivo. It is conceivable that in addition to the direct nanoparticle impact on cells, that unspecific effects due to an overloading of the cells with nanomaterial could occur [36]. This would lead to

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• comprehensive and accurate characterization of the material under physiological conditions is crucial to correlate the observed biological impact with defined colloidal properties. As promising candidates for biomedical applications, two SiO2-based nanomaterial systems were chosen for extensive size

• the particles and therefore their effective size, especially under physiological conditions. Thus, the biological identity of a nanomaterial is clearly influenced by differentiating surface properties. Keywords: nanomaterial characterization; physiological conditions; surface properties; silica

• materials with identical chemical composition can differ significantly depending on whether the compound is applied as bulk material or as nanomaterial (NM). The presence of NMs in daily life products, the need for a health risk estimation that arises from this presence and potential applications in the

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• laboratory equipment, technical know-how and, additionally, for the generation of a nanomaterial aerosol in a reproducible manner. A recent review prepared by toxicologists and aerosol scientists states the urgent need for further developments of in vitro cell exposure studies including those at the air

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• ; protein; zeta potential; Introduction Blending nanotechnology with biomaterials has received keen attention due to a growing need to develop environmentally benign technologies by applying green chemistry principles towards greener nanomaterial syntheses. For metal or metal oxide nanoparticles targeted

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• unique properties such as the variety of surface modifications and their convenient synthesis [9][10][15]. Though, the biological influence of such type of NP and its correlation with the physico-chemical properties of the nanomaterial, such as size, density, and surface chemistry are still not

• a key strategy to systematically establish nanomaterial structure–activity relationships (nanoSAR) [30]. Such assays and respective platforms are required to investigate the sheer endless number of bio-physico-chemical interactions occurring at the nano–bio interface. Besides already applied

• enzymatic/biochemical assays [30], we, here, present an automated high-throughput microscopy based approach, generally applicable to reliably and reproducibly assessing the cell vitality following exposure to nanomaterial. By uUsing the ArrayScan® VTI fluorescence microscopy imaging platform [31], we

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• deadly B. anthracis spores and vegetative cells. However the limited work still underscores the potential of a nanomaterial-mediated decontamination of BW agents. Prasad et al. [13] have reported some degree of deactivation of B. anthracis cells by UV light assisted TiO2 nanoparticles at a dosage ranging

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• for a protective mechanism can possibly be drawn from a control experiment performed in the course of the current trial. Since the toxicity of silver nanoparticles is to a large extend attributable to silver ions dissolving from nanomaterial compounds [77], we controlled this effect by co-incubating