Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• different components, fiber material composites, nanoscale fibers, and immersion in NPs solutions with a binder. Nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, TiO2, ZnO, Se, SiO2, CuO, and Pt are widely used for textile functionalization [25]. Common methods for incorporating Ag and Cu NPs into cotton textiles involve

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• –dielectric Au/TiO2 structures. The samples were fabricated using Joule effect evaporation for gold and electron beam evaporation for titanium dioxide. Their structure was designed to have an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) point at different wavelengths around 800 nm, in order to study their nonlinear response as a

• ], Ag/MgF2 [11], and Ag/Ti3O5 [12]. Gold-based systems have also been prominent, such as Au/Al2O3 [13][14][15], Au/SiO2 [16], Au/TiO2 [17], and optical filters based on Au/TiO2 multilayers [18]. Beyond classic metal–dielectric structures, research has explored ZnO/Al:ZnO [19] and doped semiconductors

• only of the input irradiance, will remain constant. We fabricated the ENZ materials at the nano’mat platform, University of Technology at Troyes, France. Using a Plassys MEB400 evaporator, we deposited TiO2 and Au layers on glass substrates without breaking vacuum. TiO2 layers were evaporated via

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• carbon (AC), and carbon black (CB), to investigate the influence of the carbon support on the catalyst performance. As stabilizing agents for the AuNPs, citrate (Cit) and the polyoxometallate [SiW9O34]10− (SiW9) were used. Among the tested catalysts, the rGO-supported ones, Au-Cit/rGO, Au-SiW9/rGO, and

• Au@SiW9/rGO exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the selective oxidation reaction despite containing the lowest gold loading. These findings highlight the exceptional performance of rGO as a support for AuNP catalysts and provide valuable insights for designing efficient Au-based systems for

• POMs, the latter trivacant species exhibits the highest Au-POM reactivity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of piperidone derivatives to the corresponding enaminones [13]. Through the oxygen atoms at its three vacant sites, SiW9 coordinates to gold metal atoms, forming strong interactions. Despite being

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• to experimentally outline the importance of excitation wavelength in determining the resultant structural chirality and optical activity of chiral Au bipyramid (AuBP)/PbO2 nanostructures [56]. Pure metallic cPNSs constructed by CPL have also been reported [57][58][59]. This review’s primary focus are

• ) (Figure 3a). In a typical experimental setup, AuNRs were immobilized on tens of nanometer thick TiO2 films deposited on glass. (A similar setup is shown in Figure 3d left panel for Au bipyramids (AuBPs)) Under CPL illumination, hot carriers were generated in Au. The hot electrons are diverted to the TiO2

• the PbO2 photodeposits adopts the chirality of the EM field distribution. The Tatstuma group also produced chiral Au nanocube/PbO2 and chiral Au nanotriangle (AuNT)/PbO2 heterostructures using the same strategy [90][91] (Figure 3b,c). The chiral AuNR/PbO2, Au nanocube/PbO2, and AuNT/PbO2

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• , the background VSFG signal is diminished. The frequency only slightly shifts from that of CH2 groups in alkyl and PEG chains. The dip-like features should be due to the interference effect between the resonant and the non-resonant signal. The different features of PEG-Au and dimanno-Au may be due

• silicon probes with a 1 nm carbon spike (k = 5 N/m, f = 160 kHz, Hi’Res C14/Cr Au, MikroMasch). These conditions are referred to as “hydrophobic conditions”. The samples were incubated on the hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces, and AFM topography images were taken under humidity-controlled atmospheres at

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• the c-direction was selected to be 150 k-points per angstrom. Benchmark tests were performed using the NEGF method with Au electrodes instead of Pt, and the Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof 2006 screened hybrid functional (HSE06) instead of PBE. The results obtained from those benchmark simulations showed

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• enlarged aggregates were observed. The changes in the structure were observed even at slightly elevated temperatures (35 °C), which indicates high sensitivity of the growth mechanisms to temperature increase. A similar effect has been shown by Haram et al. in [47], who observed formation of Ag and Au

• to be quite versatile and applied to the nanosecond laser synthesis of nanowires of various metals including noble (Au [48][49], Cu [49]), alkali, and alkali-earth metals (Rb [49], Cs [49], Ba [49]) as well as refractory metals (Nb [50], W [50], Re [50] and Mo [50]). Upon interaction with a high

• wavelength. Therefore, the variation of the incident laser beam wavelength can be used to direct the process of modification either to the pathway of size modification or re-shaping route. In [76] the formation of Au nanowires was only observed at laser wavelengths of 355 and 532 nm, while a 1064 nm laser

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• . Figure 5d–f shows the effect of the measurement bandwidth on a single scan line. Finally, we tested the lateral resolution of our microscope by imaging a less trivial structure. We fabricated a second test sample by etching a pattern from the top Ti layer of a Ti(10 nm)/Au(5 nm)/Ti(5 nm) film deposited

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• 20000× magnification are shown. The scale bar represents 600 nm. ThT assay analysis of rPolcp19k-his protein samples incubated for 0 and 21 days in the indicated buffers. Assay results are presented in arbitrary units (AU) of fluorescence and as mean ± standard deviation; n = 3. Analysis of adhesion of

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• medium characteristics (e.g., chemical composition and viscosity) influence the size, morphology, and surface properties of the Au NPs, which, in turn, determine their performance. The effect of solvents on morphology of generated NPs in laser ablation is shown in Figure 2. While PLAL offers a rich

• photoelectron ejection induced by laser shots, which leaves positive charges on the surface [35][36]. These surface charges cause electrostatic repulsion between different parts of the material, leading to fragmentation and the formation of smaller particles. The study on Au NP fragmentation [37] highlights the

• significance of photon-assisted transitions in fragmentation processes, particularly when interacting with the second and third harmonics of a picosecond Nd:YAG laser. Although the temperature of the Au NPs exceeded the evaporation threshold, the results suggest that heating alone was not the primary cause of

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• inappropriate for some applications [13][14][15]. Among various manufacturing techniques, directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) stands out as a one-step method that enables rapid and tunable fabrication of crystalline metal nanowires [16][17]. In the DENA method, AC power and a metal salt (e.g., Au

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• deterministic methods (DM) using a prototypical tin phthalocyanine on Au(111) system at 4.7 K. We find that both ML and DM are able to classify images and spectra with high accuracy, with only a small amount of prior surface knowledge. We highlight the practical advantage of DM not requiring large training

• characteristic feature corresponding to the surface state, which appears as a step function around a specific bias value, which for the Au(111) surface appears at around −0.48 V [13][14]. One notable attempt to automate this classification using machine learning (ML) was carried out by Wang et al. [15]. This

• work aimed to classify the state of a STM tip based on STS measurements of the Au(111) surface. Using a total of 1789 archived spectra, a ML model was trained which aimed to classify new spectra into one of five categories, based on the similarity of each the spectrum to an idealised surface state

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• S. aureus, E. faecium, E. faecalis, and M. tuberculosis. In order to achieve a sustained release of auranofin to the infection site and improve the treatment efficacy, Díez-Martínez et al. investigated the encapsulation of this Au(I) complex in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and

• the antibacterial efficacy of the resulting formulation against the Gram-positive pathogens S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes [111]. Auranofin-PLGA NPs exhibited a strong bactericidal effect, effectively sterilizing multiresistant pneumococcal strains at a Au(I) concentration of just 0.25 μM. This potent

• , bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness [112]. The resulting Au-loaded BCMs exhibited a high loading efficiency and uniform size and displayed improved activity against S. aureus and C. glabrata compared to the free gold metallodrug. Also, our group described a novel lipoformulation encapsulating the gold

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• surface acts as scaffold for synthesis of nanoparticles [76]. The thiol groups are protonated at neutral pH and can entrap Au(III) ions. When the pH is changed to basic (≈12), Au(III) is reduced to Au and gold nanoparticles are formed [77]. Synthesis of albumin-templated nanomaterials depends upon many

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• for ps-LAL HEA NPs and PDI = 0.12 for ns-LAL HEA NPs) is evident. Due to fundamental differences in the particle formation mechanisms during ps- and ns-LAL as proposed by Shih et al., ps-LAL has been reported to yield bimodal size distributions (at least of Ag and Au at high fluences) [82], which may

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• crystalline order extended over the full particle. Fourier transform of a sub-region of this image yielded a lattice spacing for Au(111) of 0.236 nm, close to the nominal value of 0.235 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13, Figure S12b). Finally, an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• colleagues have reported the rapid and reversible microactuation of liquid crystals based on the surface catalysis of H₂ and O₂ at room temperature on a late transition metal alloy film (Figure 7) [242]. The reaction of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, catalyzed by a Pd/Au surface, is employed to rapidly and

• alignment, from vertical to planar. Subsequently, exposure to oxygen oxidizes the adsorbed hydrogen, reforming the adsorbed oxygen on the Pd/Au surface and restoring the liquid crystal to its initial alignment. The motion of the liquid crystal can be controlled by exposure to gas mixtures of H2 and O2 with

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• Bragg peaks (in wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) geometry) to specifically reconstruct the distribution of crystallinity and lattice strain [74]. In pump–probe configuration, photoinduced strain field oscillations in single Au nanocrystals [75] have been resolved. These studies revealed large-scale NP

• caused by fluctuations in individual single-particle images. Single Au nanospheres were irradiated with femtosecond infrared laser pulses, rapidly increasing the electron temperature to several tens of thousands of kelvins within a few hundred femtoseconds. Photoexcited hot electrons in metallic Au

• transferred their excess kinetic energy by colliding with other conduction electrons and Au ions, which subsequently increased the lattice temperature, reaching equilibrium within a few tens of picoseconds. Interestingly, ultrafast single-particle imaging revealed unexpected phenomena that deviate from the

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• and a wider size distribution. Results and Discussions Figure 1 shows plan-view scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nanopores fabricated in thermal (Figure 1a) and PECVD (Figure 1b) SiO2 by etching ion tracks produced with 1.6 GeV Au ion irradiation (see Experimental and Theory section for

• typically differ in morphology, density, and stoichiometry compared to thermally grown SiO2. The electronic energy loss (Se) in the thermal and PECVD SiO2 layers was calculated using the SRIM2008 code [49]. The average Se values for thermal SiO2 for 1.6 GeV, 185 MeV, and 89 MeV Au irradiation are 21.1, 16.6

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• XPS spectra was performed by referring to the Au 4f7/2 line at 84.0 eV measured from a clean Au foil. XPS data processing was carried out using CASA XPS software version 2.3.15. Fitting of the core-level spectra was performed using the sum of Gauss–Lorenz and Doniach–Sunjic functions after the

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• associated to the formation of a Ce–Pt alloyed interfacial phase exhibiting a (2 × 2) periodicity [47]. The influence of the substrate on the stability and reactivity of supported ceria nanoislands has also been investigated by Ce M5 XANES in the case of Au(111) [48]. A loss of redox activity accompanied by

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• chambers was carried out without breaking the vacuum. The energy scale was calibrated using the binding energy of the Au 4f7/2 component at 84.0 eV measured from a clean gold foil. The surface concentration of the elements was determined from the XPS survey spectra taking into account the photoelectron

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• performed at the ESCA Microscopy beamline 2.2L of Elettra Synchrotron Trieste facility, Italy. The incident photon energy of ≈740 eV was calibrated by means of Au f7/2 at 84.0 eV from a clean gold foil sample. To reduce the beam-induced effects on the samples, we recorded the high-energy-resolution spectra

• the flake thicknesses determined by AFM. Green: 285 nm SiO2 on Si substrate measured with Pt-coated tip (Kelvin potential 5.5 eV), red: ITO substrate (190 nm) on glass measured with a Pt-coated tip, and blue: ITO substrate (190 nm) on glass measured with a Au-coated tip (Kelvin potential 5.1 V