Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• ), supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), chemically defined lipid concentrate, HEPES 1M, and penicillin−streptomycin (Life Technologies, California, USA), human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), ascorbic acid, and hydrocortisone (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and detached with trypsin-EDTA (GIBCO

• 37 °C with 5% CO2. Medium replacement occurred every 2–3 days until the cells reached confluence. Upon reaching confluence, the medium was aspirated, and the cells were detached from the flask walls by incubating them at 37 °C for 8 min in 0.1 mg/mL of trypsin–EDTA solution. The cell suspension was

• occurred every 2–3 days until cells reached confluence. During the splitting process, the medium was aspirated, and the cells were detached from the flask walls after incubating at 37 °C for 3 min in 0.1 mg/mL trypsin–EDTA solution. The cell suspension was then centrifuged at 800 rpm for 5 min, and the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• Traut's reagent, in a molar ratio of 40:1 (Traut/cetuximab), in PBS/EDTA buffer (5 mM, pH 8.0), under incubation at 37 °C for 1 h. The excess Traut's reagent was removed by chromatography on a disposable PD-10 desalting column, collecting 1 mL fractions eluted with PBS/EDTA (5 mM, pH 8.0). The cetuximab

• either anti-EGFR immunoliposomes HSPC IM 07 (25 μg/mL) or cetuximab (Erbitux, 25 μg/mL) for 5 min. Each treatment was followed by a 20 min incubation at 37 °C. After incubation, the cells were washed twice, detached with trypsin-EDTA, centrifuged, and resuspended in a live cell buffer containing DAPI (3

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• , such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or mechanical abrasion, offering a promising, green innovation for conserving indoor historical iron objects by a targeted removal of both corrosion and old coatings [16]. Although the identification of the impairment and its restoration play crucial roles

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• were incubated in a humidified atmosphere containing of 95% air and 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Cell lines were grown to 80–90% confluency and then cells subcultured trypsinized with 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA [1]. Cytotoxic activities of NCs were performed by Alamar Blue® assay (Sigma-Aldrich) on cell lines tested [27

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• cacodylate buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.8, adjusted to 1030 mOsm·L−1), and post-fixed for 1 h in 1% osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.8, adjusted to 1030 mOsm·L−1) in the dark. After a final rinse in cacodylate buffer, the cement spots were decalcified for 24 h in a 10% EDTA solution (pH ≈8). All the

• could explain why it is important to use an EDTA treatment for decalcification of the cement spots prior to sectioning, while the cement cells did not require decalcification despite the presence of divalent cations. SEM analyses conducted on P. californica revealed a distortion of the spheroids in

• cement spots treated with EDTA compared to untreated spots [39]. Moreover, EDTA treatment had a strong effect on the mechanical properties of the cement [39]. Proteins involved in the adhesive system In S. alveolata, the localization of the adhesive proteins Sa-1 and Sa-3 in cement cells with

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• reagents Linseed oil (code 430021), egg lecithin or egg ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine (surfactant, ~60% TLC, code 61755), Kolliphor® HS15 (co-surfactant, code 42966), benzalkonium chloride (cationic detergent, code B4136), disodium EDTA (C10H14N2Na2O8, code 114), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, code D9132

• 560 mg of monosodium phosphate, 284 mg of disodium phosphate, 500 mg of sodium chloride, 100 mg of disodium EDTA, and 0.1 mg of benzalkonium chloride in 100 mL of Milli-Q water (pH 7.3). To formulate 10 mL of ophthalmic nanoemulsion (OphtNE), 3.75 mL of the optimized pre-formulation (after 24 h at

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• ). Phosphate-buffered saline (Ca+2, Mg+2 free; PBS; Cat. No. 14200166), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (1:1) powder (DMEM F-12; Cat. No. 11320033), trypsin–EDTA (Cat. No. 25200056), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat. No. A5256701), antibiotic and antimycotic solution (100X; 10,000 U

• to 25 μg/mL of GO–Chl for 24 h and washed with 1× PBS to remove any GO–Chl nanoconjugates not uptaken by the cells. Cells were then harvested using trypsin–EDTA, washed with 1× PBS followed by fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 4 h. Then, fixed cells were washed using 0.1 M of sodium cacodylate

• 1× PBS to remove any GO–Chl nanoconjugate not uptaken by the cells. Cells were then harvested using trypsin–EDTA and resuspended in 100 μL of 1× PBS, followed by mixing with 1% low-melting-point agarose (LMPA, prepared in 1× PBS) to achieve a final concentration of 0.5%. Thereafter, 80 μL of the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• AuAgCu2O-NS, using it to combat local bacterial infections and severe inflammation in a rabbit model of endophthalmitis [153]. Moreover, a gel comprising AgCu2O and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been formulated, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy in treating fungal keratitis [154]. In in

• vitro antibacterial experiments, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of AuAgCu2O NS (808 nm, 0.75 W·cm−2, 10 min) and AgCu2O-EDTA (808 nm, 0.25 W·cm−2, 5 min) were similar. However, AgCu2O-EDTA required a lower laser energy density and shorter irradiation times, resulting in a milder photothermal

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• evaluated against human red blood cells (hRBCs) [38]. Following a 10 min, 800 rpm centrifugation of fresh hRBCs with EDTA, the cells were washed three times with PBS (35 mM PB/0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.3) before being resuspended in PBS. Then, 0.5 mL of a hRBC stock solution in PBS was mixed with samples dissolved

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• No. 15250061), and trypsin-EDTA solution (Catalog No. 25200056) were supplied by Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fluorescent dyes LysoSensor Green DND-189 (Catalog No. L7535) and Hoechst 33342 (Catalog No. H3570) were also procured from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The stearylated

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• , USA); trypsin/EDTA solution (Sigma-Aldrich, USA); cell proliferation reagent WST-1 (Roche, Switzerland); and ultra-purified water (Zineer Power I Water Purification System). All reagents were used without any further purification. Polysuccinimide synthesis The PSI was produced by thermal

• % CO2 in a humidified atmosphere, and subcultivated at a subconfluent state by using trypsin/EDTA (0.05%). The medium used for the MG-63 cell line was composed of MEM supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum, 1% of non-essential amino acids, 2 mM of ʟ-glutamine, 100 IU/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• sodium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma. Tris-EDTA and HCl (for TE buffer production) were purchased from Merck. The aptamer for identifying E. coli (5′-CCC CCC CCC CCG GAC GCT TAT GCC TTG CCA TCT ACA GAG CAG GTG TGA CGG-3′) was acquired from Pishgam (Tehran, Iran). Lyophilized bacterial strains and

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• Na2CO3 solutions in the presence of albumin [26][27]. This approach has been shown to have high effectiveness for entrapping various biopolymers (e.g., proteins and hemoglobin) into carbonate particles before dissolving with EDTA to obtain pure biopolymer submicron particles. The CCD technique is a

• -HSA-MPs and HSA was cross-linked. After dissolution of the MnCO3 template with EDTA, a colloidal particle suspension of CUR-HSA-MPs was obtained. Comparison of the different CUR samples demonstrated that the color of CUR in DMSO is light brown, indicating dissolved CUR; CUR in water is bright yellow

• albumin proteins [30]. CUR showed strong binding affinity towards HSA, likely at the tryptophan residue, which is present in the hydrophobic cavities of HSA [23][31]. The final CUR-HSA-MPs are obtained after dissolution of the MnCO3 template with EDTA. Characterization of CUR-HSA-MPs Dynamic light

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• % solution was purchased from PAN-Biotech GmbH, Aidenbach, Germany. Manganese chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium borohydride, sodium carbonate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), glutaraldehyde solution, grade II, 25% in H2O, as well as Triton™ X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany

• h at room temperature under stirring. After another washing in aqua dest. the MnCO3 matrix was dissolved using 0.25 M EDTA. After 30 min incubation time, 0.2 mg/mL NaBH4 in 0.1 M NaOH was added to prevent oxidation of Hb to met-Hb. Incubation for another 30 min followed. After triplicate washing in

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• 50 µM) or the free drug were added. After 72 h of treatment, the cells were harvested with a trypsin/EDTA solution and processed for flow cytometry analysis using a BD Biosciences FACSCANTO II Flow Cytometer (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Propidium iodide (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was added to the cell

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• solution made of trypsin-EDTA was added and incubated at 37 °C for 3 min in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 to produce a cell suspension. Trypsinized cells were reseeded in fresh medium at 105 cells/mL and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator. All reagents were purchased from Biowest

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• quantity of 0.25% trypsin/0.02% EDTA. The cells were transferred in a 75 cm2 flask and cultured in mesenchymal stem cell expansion medium under the same conditions, changing the cell culture medium every second day, until 70–90% cellular confluence. After detachment, the cells were split and cultured in

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• by the use of vacuum filtration to separate the hydrothermal product. The hydrochar was refluxed in nitric and sulfuric acid, and dialysis membranes of different sizes were used to get CDs emitting four different colors, that is, blue, green, yellow, and red (Figure 7A,B) [118]. EDTA was used in a

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• investigated by radical trapping test. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-2Na), isopropanol (IPA), and vitamin C (VC) were used as scavengers for holes (h+), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide radicals (•O2−), respectively. Figure 8a shows the degradation rate of CTC in the presence of three

• scavengers. As shown in Figure 8a, when VC was added to the photocatalytic reaction system, the degradation efficiency of CTC significantly decreased from 88.2% to 12.5%, which revealed that •O2− is main active species in the degradation of CTC. In addition, after the addition of IPA and EDTA-2Na, the

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• -fidelity PCR buffer. PCR thermocycling was performed as described above. Conventional and asymmetric PCR reactions were carried out in a Veriti thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). PCR amplification was verified by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels (in tris–borate–EDTA buffer) stained

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• , anhydrous ethanol, acetone, barium sulfate (BaSO4), rhodamine B, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na), silver nitrate (AgNO3), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), ethylene glycol (EG), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and

• Cr(VI), IPA (0.1 M), EDTA-2Na (10.0 mM), KIO3 (0.1 M), and AgNO3 (0.1 M) were added into the reaction solution to shield the hydroxyl radicals (•OH), reactive holes (h+), superoxide radicals (•O2−) and electrons (e−) species, respectively, generated during the photocatalysis. Similarly, IPA (0.1 M

• ), EDTA-2Na (0.1 M), and p-BQ (5.0 mM) were also put into the initial RhB pollutant solution to capture •OH, h+, and •O2− species, respectively, generated during the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. Results and Discussion Structural characterization As shown in Figure 1, the Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• performance of brookite mainly depends on the details of the preparation method and heat treatment used. For example, brookite TiO2 prepared from a Ti–EDTA complex exhibits a considerably higher activity for the degradation of NO than that synthesized from the titanate–glycolate complex [19]. The

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), SPC, trypsin-EDTA solution, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for cell culture, and penicillin/streptomycin solution were purchased from Sigma, USA. Carbopol 980 was purchased from the Abdi İbrahim Pharmaceutical, Industry and