Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• process occurring at the interface between diamond and Ni nanoparticles was revealed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) [19][24]. During annealing, Ni nanoparticles etch the diamond surface, resulting in the formation of a narrow interdiffusion zone. The carbon atoms released

• requires a detailed study. HRTEM has proven very useful for investigating the graphite–diamond interface [19][24]. However, it provides information about local morphology and ordering of diamond surface and graphite layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• composition. This can be attributed to Mn’s lower ionization potential (7.34 eV) compared to Ge (7.90 eV). Furthermore, HRTEM imaging (Figure S3a, Supporting Information File 1) reveals the formation of a ≈2.5 nm thick oxide shell surrounding the NPs. A line scan analysis (Figure S3b, Supporting Information

• of differences in particle formation dynamics or the protective role of other alloying elements. Structural characterization of the CCA NPs Figure 5a and Figure 5b show HRTEM bright-field images of the Ge-based CCA NPs and Al-based CCA NPs. The insets reveal the crystallographic structure of the NPs

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• temperatures and amounts of sulfur. Characterization The morphological analyses of pyrite NPs were recorded using the FEI Titan G2 80–300 for TEM, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The

• , Thermo Scientific K-Alpha) was employed to characterize the elemental composition and chemical states of the elements in the NPs. Apart from using HRTEM and SAED for phase analysis, a Panalytical Empyrean Diffractometer (X-ray source of Cu Kα1 radiation = 1.54056 Å) was also used for X-ray diffraction

• morphological differences of the pyrite NPs generated in different solvents such as IPA, DMF, ethanol, methanol and acetone, and their respective TEM, HRTEM, and STEM images, particle size distribution, and SAED patterns are provided in Figures 2–6. The lattice fringes from HRTEM images and the diffraction

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• nm, cores, while the thickness of the shell seems constant ≈10 nm. The sucrose shell is homogenous; thus the individual cores appear to be well separated from each other. In Figure 3c, the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image presents a single crystalline nanoparticle. The

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• nanoconjugates. The observed data with relative % are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. The morphological analysis of GO was carried out using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In Supporting Information File 1, Figure

• S1d, the FESEM image reveals a well-defined interlocked 3D network of GO nanosheets, with the transparency observed attributed to the formation of single or few layered GO nanosheets [25][50]. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1e, the HRTEM micrograph reveals highly transparent GO nanosheets

• GO and GO–Chl nanoconjugate via UV–vis, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, FESEM, and HRTEM. Figure S2 shows the atomic force microscopy-based topographical analysis of GO nanosheets. Figure S3 represents the XPS survey spectra of GO, GO–Chl, and Chl. Table S1 shows the summary of fitting parameters for the

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• detectible. Extinction values for the Cu and Fe colloids can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 and Table S2, and the fractions of colloidal NPs in the propylene carbonate phase are found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S3. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Utilizing smaller MOF filler sizes is a straightforward approach to improve filler dispersion. The contact area with the polymer matrix increases when the size of MOF particles is decreased, promoting adhesion, and reducing interfacial defects

• MOF-based MMMs [113][118][122][124][125][128][131][132]. Often, the membrane is broken apart to enable a cross-sectional view of the MOF-based MMM, which may effortlessly reveal interfacial defects as in Figure 8 [132]. In addition to SEM, TEM and HRTEM are often used to obtain information about MOF

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• further advancements in materials science and engineering. Conclusion Neat and intermixed MoS2 and WS2 phases were evaluated for the PD of MB dye under solar irradiation excitation. The considered samples were systematically characterized by XPS, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and HRTEM. WS2 exhibited the

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• copper grids in an argon flow at 52 sscm for 5 min at room temperature. The size of the BNPs can be modified by varying three parameters, namely, aggregation area, magnetron power, and partial pressure. The chosen parameters for both magnetrons are presented in Table 1. HRTEM micrographs were obtained

• connected by a Ag3Pd interface (Ag/AgPd/Pd model). Size distribution profiles determined using a quadrupole mass filter. HRTEM micrographs of AgPd nanoparticles. (a) Janus-type structure. (b) Janus-type structure. Calculation of interplanar distances in silver–palladium nanoparticles. (a) HRTEM micrograph

• . Simulated electron micrographs of a Janus AgPd nanoparticle. (a) HRTEM micrograph of a real nanoparticle. (b) Atomistic model; gray spheres represent Ag atoms, blue spheres represent Pd atoms. The Ag lattice is rotated by 5° with respect to the Pd lattice. (c) Simulated TEM micrograph of the model in (b

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• GQDs were observed by using a JEM 2100 high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Joel, Japan. Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on a WiTec, Alpha 300R with a 532 nm laser. Surface analyses of the obtained materials were carried out using a S-4800 scanning electron

• Figure 3d were identified by HRTEM with an interplanar distance of (101) planes of 0.251 nm, which has also been revealed by XRD of TiO2 in anatase form. To further determine the composition of the prepared TiO2/GQDs composites, EDX mapping was used (Figure 4). The obtained results reveal that TiO2/GQDs

• contain C (30.6%), O (55.3%), and Ti (14.1%), evenly distributed across the sample. This is in agreement with the XRD, Raman, and HRTEM observations. Simultaneous voltammetric determination of uric acid (URI) and hypoxanthine (HYP) Cyclic voltammetric behavior of different electrodes The cyclic

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• the same exfoliation method. These combined findings highlight the structural changes during the non-thermal plasma exfoliation process, further supporting the successful transformation of bulk TiN into nanosheets. Figure 3 shows high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of TiN

• yield significant advancements in materials science and technology. Flowchart of TiN nanosheet synthesis by the non-thermal plasma method. XRD patterns of the bulk and non-thermally processed powders. HRTEM images and crystal structure representation of TiN before exfoliation (A, B), representation of

• TiN planes (C), and HRTEM images and crystal structure after (D–F) exfoliation. Crystallographic planes and d-spacings are shown. Raman spectra of the bulk and the non-thermally processed powders. Raman frequency and linewidth values of bulk and non-thermally processed powders. Funding This research

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• target–substrate distance of around 8 cm. The sputtered film was investigated under HRTEM. It was revealed that the film is polycrystalline with a lattice spacing of 0.36 nm (Figure 4), which correlates to the lattice constant of Py. The lift-off technique allows for the fabrication of arrays of 220 nm

• taken by SEM in snapshot mode. HRTEM image of a Py nanodisk. The grain sizes are around 6 nm. (a) SEM image of a Py disk (1 µm diameter, 50 nm thickness) at a tilt angle. (b) TEM image of a Py disk with 1 µm diameter. (c) SEM image of a 200 nm disk array with 50 nm spacing. (d) SEM image of Py nanodisks

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• spherical shape. Figure 3b shows the size distribution and the log-normal fit, from which a mean of 12.75 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 15.41 nm were obtained. The GQDs vary in size from 5 to 40 nm, with the highest number of dots having a size in the 10–20 nm range. The HRTEM image of the

• distribution along with log-normal fit, (c) HRTEM image, and (d) AFM image of GQDs. (a) XRD pattern and (b) EDX spectra (inset showing weight and atomic percent of carbon and oxygen) of GQDs. (a) FTIR spectrum and (b) Raman spectrum of GQDs. EIS measurement of 0.1 M KCl containing 0.05 M [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− at the

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• (Figure 2c). The highest number of spheres compared to the total number of particles are in sample TO-850-b (7.6%) and the fewest in sample TO-250-b (1.9%). The HRTEM images (Figure 3) show the crystal structure of the TO-850-a powder with point defects and some residual impurities at the particle surface

• of the complex PL band at 400 nm, the resolution of which into the components requires another investigation. Oxygen and titanium vacancies have been found. These points defects are created most probably at the surface of the powder particles because in the HRTEM figures we do not see any dislocation

• diffraction (XRD) patterns, measured by an X-ray diffractometer Panalytical X’Pert MPD theta–theta, and the morphological properties were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• of Si atoms from SiCnw in the carbonization atmosphere containing a low concentration of chlorine gas [24]. Figure 2 shows TEM and HRTEM images of the final SiC@C-ZnO samples. The SCZ samples are composed of SiC, carbon, and ZnO particles. Obviously, the hybrids are characterized by SiC cores and

• synergy of dielectric losses (including conductive loss and polarization relaxations) and multiple reflection or scattering losses, enabling a promising EM absorbing nanomaterial. XRD diffractograms of all samples. TEM images of all samples. (a) SCZ4; (b–f) SCZ3; (c–f) HRTEM images with corresponding FFT

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• laser pulses. The differences in the dimensions of the PtNPs can be seen better in the images taken in the HRTEM mode. Additional information is also provided by the statistical analysis of the PtNP area distribution based on the HRTEM images (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). This analysis was

• spatial resolution of 160 pm using the HAADF (high-angle annular dark-field) detector. Statistical analysis was performed on the HRTEM images using the Digimizer software. About 200 particles were measured to assess their mean area and area distribution. For the measurement of the chemical composition of

• the three columns, the results of HAADF, EDX, and HRTEM measurements are shown. Statistical analysis of Pt nanoparticle area distribution is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. High-resolution XPS spectra of the Pt 4f band for (a) reference catalyst 20% Pt XC-72R and (b) sample A

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• crystallographic characterization. The morphology of the obtained nanostructures was captured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, Talos F200X G2, Thermo Scientific). The optical properties were characterized with a Shimadzu UV 2600 UV–vis spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere

• samples have been depicted in Figure 1b–f. Furthermore, the atomic microstructure of MBN-80 demonstrates a sheet-like porous structure with a homogeneous distribution of mesopores and can be visualized through the HRTEM images in Figure 1g–m. The formation of mesopores could be attributed to the bubbling

• -light-driven photocatalytic activity of MBN-80 over the nonresponsive photoinactive HBN. (a) HR-XRD plots for HBN and MBN-80, (b–d) SEM images for HBN, MBN-25, MBN-50, and (e, f) MBN-80. HRTEM images for (g, h) MBN-80 nanosheets, (i) HAADF STEM image, and (j–m) elemental mapping of B, N, C, and O in MBN

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• JSM-7600F. The electronic states of the elements and their atomic ratio in the prepared samples was analyzed by using XPS (Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD) and EDX (Bruker Nano XFlash detector attached to the HRTEM). Optical properties were examined by using a UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer L-650 UV

• ), (002), (101), (102), (110), (112), (203), (210), and (211) planes of the hexagonal crystals (JCPDS: 00-025-0383). The crystallite size of these QDs was found to be 5.03 nm using the Scherrer equation [22]. Figure 2a shows a HRTEM image of AZGSSe QDs. The average mean diameter was found to be 5.11 nm

• ]. Studies of Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se QD-sensitized TiO2 NFs The surface morphology of AZGSSe/TiO2 was examined through HRTEM and EDX analysis. The HRTEM image (Figure 5a) shows the presence of AZGSSe QDs on the TiO2 NFs. The EDX spectrum (Figure 5b) shows the peaks of Ti, O, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se. These analyses

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• (SEM, FEI Quanta 3D FEG) at an acceleration voltage of 15.0 kV. An EDS system attached to the SEM was employed to analyze the chemical composition. TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images, and SAED measurements were carried out in an FEI Tecnai G2-20 S-TWIN operated at 200 kV in a bright-field (BF) TEM

• the anisotropy of the Te crystal structure [20][21]. However, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of different areas of the HRTEM images (see Figure 3a) shows that the nanostructures are polycrystalline, with well-oriented large grains and rotated small grains at the edges. Small amorphous areas

• -dimensional nanostructure. (a) HRTEM image of the roll-like t-Te one-dimensional nanostructure with FFT patterns from different regions of the sample. (b) EDS spectrum of the corresponding nanostructure. The transfer characteristic (Ids–Vg) of a single roll-like t-Te NW-1 one-dimensional nanostructure back

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• maximum (FWHM). The morphology and size of ZnO NPs were illustrated using FESEM and HRTEM. The FESEM image shown in Figure 4 indicates that ZnO NPs have a relatively homogeneous size. The HR-TEM results and particle size distributions obtained from the HR-TEM images are shown in Figure 5. The HR-TEM

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• , FEI-quanta 200, Japan Electronics, Japan), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI-Tecnai F20, USA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEOL 2100F, Japan). The element valence and chemical composition was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Axis ultra

• morphology and microstructure of Bi2O3, MIL101(Fe), and BOM-20 were observed by SEM, TEM, and HRTEM. Figure 2 shows SEM images of Bi2O3, MIL101(Fe), and BOM-20. Figure 2a reveals that MIL101(Fe) appears as an octahedron with a smooth surface and size of approx. 1–2 μm, which is consistent with a previous

• slowing the nucleation rate of MIL101(Fe). To verify the formation of a heterojunction between MIL101(Fe) and Bi2O3, TEM and HRTEM images were obtained. As seen in Figure 3b and Figure 3c, TEM images of BOM-20 confirm that tiny Bi2O3 nanoparticles closely and uniformly adhere to the surface of MIL101(Fe

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• TEM investigation. Specifically, upon closer examination, lattice fringes of 0.23 nm, corresponding to contracted Ag(111) planes, were observed from HRTEM analysis (Figure 5b). The trimetallic NPs are tightly bound to rGO sheets, which helps to increase the oxygen reduction activity. We enumerate the

• polarization curves of various catalysts in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte at 1600 rpm and a sweep rate of 10 mV·s−1. (b) Corresponding Tafel plots. (c) Mass activity obtained at 0.7 V for all active catalysts and (d) Nyquist plots (the inset shows high-frequency EIS curves). (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM images

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• core-level spectrum of (A) C 1s, (B) O 1s for GO, (C) C 1s, and (D) O 1s for ERGO samples, respectively. (A) TEM images of as-synthesized GO, ERGO synthesized in different electrolytes: (B) PBS pH 4.5, (C) pH 7, and (D) pH 9.6. (E) HRTEM image of ERGO in PBS pH 4.5. (F) SEM micrographs of as

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• atmosphere, the ZnxCoy–C/CNT composite was obtained and further chemically etched with 1 M of H2SO4 solution before use. Material characterization Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (JEOL, JSM-7000F) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM, JEOL, JEM-2100F) with EDS were used to examine the morphologies and