Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• controlled release through disulfide bond cleavage [139]. Following dendrimer PEGylation (PEG5000 modified with a synthetic luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue) provided greater particle stability and active targeting to specific cancer cells, which led to increased intratumoral

• further be reduced through PEGylation, which offers significant advantages by addressing common limitations of dendrimer-based systems such as drug leakage, immunogenicity, and poor ASO solubility [144]. Patil et al. demonstrated that PAMAM-b-PEG3000-b-PLL–siRNA triblock copolymers exhibited reduced

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• 222 nm, respectively (Table 1). The most significant changes in the particle size was observed after covalent PEGylation (increase to 231 and 322 nm, respectively). The larger mean particle size observed for covalently modified CNs vs non-covalently modified ones supports the assumption of a higher

• graphene sheets, formed by interactions between the hydrophobic regions of graphene and the side walls of MWCNTs. Also, in the SEM and TEM images of TMZ-loaded non-modified CNs, entrapment of TMZ into the tubes and wrapping around the CNs was visible [43]. In the present study, the covalent PEGylation and

• of Wang et al. [25], formulations made of TMZ-loaded and FA-functionalized GO provided pH-dependent and controlled TMZ release, and the favorable release profile was further confirmed in vivo by successful inhibition of glioma growth. In our previous study [43], in which non-covalent PEGylation of

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• surface with hydrophilic polymers such as PEG. PEGylation is widely used for its “stealth” effect, hindering protein adsorption on the hydrophobic polymer surface by steric repulsion [36]. However, the long-term use of PEGylated NCs for treating chronic diseases can lead to side effects, such as

• activation of the complement system, due to the accumulation of PEG in the body as a non-biodegradable polymer. Therefore, PEGylation must be carefully considered when designing NC-based therapies [49][50]. A strategy to avoid possible immunoreactions is to mask NPs by marking them as “self” and biomimetic

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• PLHNPs. Another surface modification strategy involves the addition of stealth coatings, such as PEG, to the nanoparticle surface. A schematic representation for the development of PEGylated PLHNPs is depicted in Figure 4A. PEGylation involves attaching PEG chains to the surface of the nanoparticles

• . This modification provides several advantages. PEGylation increases the stability of the PLHNPs in biological fluids by preventing aggregation and reducing protein adsorption. It also extends the circulation time of nanoparticles in the bloodstream by reducing immune system recognition and clearance

• minimizes the interaction with blood components and immune cells. This reduces the risk of immune reactions and increases the half-life of the nanoparticles in the body. Additionally, PEGylation can improve the solubility of hydrophobic drugs, facilitating their delivery. The hybrid structure of these

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• decoration with polyethylene glycol (PEG) may minimalize the uptake of nanocarriers by Kupffer cells, and such PEGylated nanocarriers are likely taken up by hepatocytes [36][37][38][39]. Besides augmenting hydrophilicity through PEGylation, stealth properties could be endowed to the nanocarriers through a

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• laser-driven photothermal agent [25]. However, it is challenging to completely eradicate solid tumors using PTT alone because of light scattering and limited absorption in tumor tissues. For this purpose, various modifications have been employed for passive tumor targeting. PEGylation, which involves

• the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, is a widely used modification method to improve passive tumor targeting and retention [26][27][28]. In a study presented in the literature, PEGylation was used to impart passive tumor targeting properties to PDA nanoparticles. In in vivo experiments

• where the synthesized nanostructure was exposed to NIR light, SN38-loaded nanoparticles effectively suppressed tumor growth chemotherapeutically and photothermally [29]. This promising result highlights the potential of the PEGylation of PDA nanoparticles for advanced cancer treatment strategies

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• lipid carriers based on ionizable lipids with pKa values between 6 and 7. OnpattroTM is the first RNAi therapy used for liver-based gene silencing approved by the FDA and EC and is a SNALP transfection system based on transient PEGylation. The lipid components of these benchmark LNPs for siRNA and mRNA

• targeting. Transient PEGylation facilitates not only the localization and interaction with the target cell but also improves ion pair formation between the ionizable lipid (which will become cationic at pH 4) and the anionic endogenous endosomal phospholipids. This will enable the fast release of the

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• et al. illustrated the successful reduction of cytotoxicity of gold nanorods using organothiol compounds, namely 11-mercaptoundecaonic acid (MUDA) and 3-animo-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AMTAZ) [61]. PEGylation of gold nanorods is considered as a safe coating for alleviating the toxicity of CTAB

• and phagocytosis and ultimately leads to prolonged blood circulation with enhanced retention and permeability of the nanorods. Apart from PEGylation, phosphatidylcholine has also been used as a coating agent for reducing the toxicity of CTAB-capped gold nanorods [64]. In vivo toxicity of anisotropic

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• three times that of BSA-SO-MNPs (281 nm vs 98 nm, respectively) due to absorption of serum proteins on the particle surface [40]. Although PEGylation decreases the protein absorption on the particle surface, it does not completely prevent it [41]. BSA is a component of serum proteins and commonly

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

•  8B). This is attributed to the fact that PEGylation and amino functionalization could be significant in facilitating the dispersion of nanotubes and decreasing their aggregation, which protects the CNT carriers from interaction with plasma protein components. This enhanced stability will favor

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• to the disruption of the cell membranes [141][142][143]. Pegylation Pegylation of nanoparticles increases their circulation time by granting them “stealth” properties, thus increasing their residence time in brain microvessels and their brain delivery [144]. Pegylation alone does not allow

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• protein immunogenicity [46]. Although the PEGylation of CCMV capsids (CCMV-PEG) greatly reduced the immunogenic response, BMV seems to be a better nanocarrier candidate due to its low immunological response. On the other hand, and despite of the immunogenicity of CCMV, which can limit its use for certain

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• reactive amine bonds. Not all of the lysine units should be modified to guarantee water solubility and enzymatic activation [83]. PEGylation could also improve solubility, but it was also proved to be detrimental regarding quenching [84]. More recently, polysaccharides based on chitosan or heparin have

• group was shown to be cleaved by azoreductase under hypoxic conditions [149], the observed stronger cellular penetration [75] was explained by a de-PEGylation of the vector upon contact with the hypoxic tissues. PS positioning Since PDT relies on the local production of ROS to kill the diseased cells

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• polymer that does not promote immune responses. Pegylation reduces the nonspecific binding of nanoparticles to blood proteins and macrophages, making them non-immunogenic and non-antigenic [21]. PEG-PCL copolymers are amphihilic materials that can spontaneously assemble in aqueous media, forming colloidal

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• sulfoxide (DMSO). Although a useful solvent, its use in therapies is problematic due to DMSO causing potential adverse reactions in some individuals such as a sensation of burning, vesiculation, dryness of skin and local allergic reactions [34][35][36]. PEGylation of peptides has been successfully used to

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGylation of nGO was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV spectroscopy and TEM. The average size distribution of nGO and PEG-nGO was determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Subsequently, an in vivo study measuring a marker for oxidative stress

• increased OS even after 4 h. In conclusion increased OS induced by PEG-nGO could be detrimental to brain, heart and kidneys. Keywords: nano-graphene oxide; nanomedicine; oxidative stress; PEGylation; Introduction The recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology that has facilitated the synthesis of

• graphite powder, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid (85%), sulfuric acid (98%), and hydrogen peroxide (30%). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used for PEGylation. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA, 0.6%), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA, 20%) were used to estimate the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, sodium phosphate

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• surfactants, they were coated with either SH-PEG5000–OCH3 or SH-PEG5000–COOH before being incorporated in the PVA matrix, as PEGylation of gold nanostars leads to enhanced stability [9][10] and complete surfactant removal [6][8].The aqueous solutions of PEGylated GNSs were prepared with 0.6 mg/mL Au

• information about GNS synthesis and PEGylation, PVA film preparation and all measurements is provided in the Experimental section. Using the solvent casting method we obtained uniform films with a thickness of 90 ± 15 μm. The extinction spectra of PEGylated GNS solutions and the PVA-GNS film are shown in

• temperature. PEGylation of gold nanostars As described in [10], PEGylation of GNSs was carried out by simultaneously adding of 200 μL of a 10−3 M of aqueous solution of SH-PEG–OCH3 ( = 5000 g/mol) to 10 mL of a GNS solution prepared as described above. The obtained solution was allowed to equilibrate for

Atomic-level characterization and cilostazol affinity of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles conjugated with differentially charged hydrophilic molecules

• María Francisca Matus,
• Martín Ludueña,
• Cristian Vilos,
• Iván Palomo and
• Marcelo M. Mariscal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1328–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.126

• have shown that PEGylation of NPs allows improved blood circulation, clearance, biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity [15][16][17][18][19]. Hydrophilic polymer chains at the surface of NPs act as a steric barrier, reducing the opsonization and the subsequent phagocytosis [20][21][22]. This amphiphilic

• distributed at the nanoparticle surface. Ensuring a correct PEGylation process is crucial. The surface design of NPs requires that the charged groups must surround the surface region for an optimal functionalization/charge distribution, which is a key factor in determining physicochemical interactions with

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• and colleagues established that near-field light scattering using the nanophotonic force microscope can be used to measure the size of bare silica and PEG-coated silica nanoparticles very accurately [24]. PEGylation of the nanoparticle slightly altered the particle’s surface chemistry and increased

• the attraction between the nanoparticle and waveguide. Researchers attributed the increased diffusion of PEGylated particles towards the waveguide to the slight reduction in particle surface charge (zeta potential) after PEGylation [24]. This study provided evidence that the nanophotonic force

• nanoparticles Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image uncoated SPIOs and PEG-SPIOs; the results are shown in Figure 3. Although the particles were aggregated as a result of the drying process, uncoated SPIOs exhibited spherical morphology (Figure 3A). After PEGylation, PEG-SPIOs showed a gray

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• inkjet-printed with varying drop density and number of layers onto the substrates. Detailed information about the synthesis, characterization, and PEGylation of the GNS, the preparation of the paper substrates and the characterization of their porosity, and the inkjet printing process is provided in

Single pyrimidine discrimination during voltage-driven translocation of osmylated oligodeoxynucleotides via the α-hemolysin nanopore

• Yun Ding and
• Anastassia Kanavarioti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.11

• bases by amino acids or by PEGylation [33][34][35], assessing the specific current level sensed by the pore for each possible sequence in order to create a complete data set of current signatures [36], and the use of improved bioinformatic tools [37][38]. Incorporation of a processing enzyme, phi29 DNA

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• ), respectively. The following day, excess PEG in solution was removed by centrifugation of the suspension and PEGylation was confirmed by gel electrophoresis [10][13][25]. Concentration of particles is given as concentration of gold in μg/mL or particle number per mL. Fluorescence and dark field imaging

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• surface was modified by PEGylation with mono- or bifunctional poly(ethylene oxide)amines (PEG). Using 125I-labeled test proteins (transferrin, albumin), the binding and exchange of corona proteins was studied first in vitro. Incubation with 125I-transferrin showed that with increasing grade of PEGylation

• reported to play significant roles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. A small size, neutral or negative zeta potential, and extended PEGylation of the surface material are correlated with increased circulation time in blood after intravenous (i.v.) injection [4][6]. One important implication is that NP upon contact

• proteins was diminished with the grade of PEGylation with no observable differences between adsorbed and covalently bound transferrin. After addition of a 3 fold excess of unlabeled bovine albumin, the same procedure of ultrafiltration and SEC-FPLC was performed (Figure 2). Again, a leakage of the adsorbed