Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• , Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.58 Abstract The modifications in the electronic properties induced by the thickness and size of an individual flake of transition-metal halides on different substrates (silicon oxide or In-doped tin oxide) are of

• optical microscope. Therefore, we opted for an alternative substrate, indium tin oxide (ITO), to conduct the SPEM measurements on thinner layers. Figure 1 gives a direct comparison of AFM images and O.C. on the 1 nm SiO2/Si substrate. Optical contrast, AFM image, and a complete series of profiles showing

• silicon oxide substrate would help the determination of flakes thickness, we used also a more conductive substrate to measure photoemission under X-ray irradiation, that is, 1 nm thick native oxide Si substrates. Another convenient substrate for SPEM was 190 nm thick indium-doped tin oxide on glass

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• electronic devices operating in the gigahertz range. Transition-metal compounds, such as nitrides and carbides (e.g., NbN, TiN, TiC, and TaN), have demonstrated Tc values ranging from 2 to 10.4 K [3][4][5][6]. These compounds constitute a significant class of materials because of their exceptional physical

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates on thin (1.1 mm) glass from Ossila (11–13 Ω/cm2) with Zn powder and a 2 M HCl solution. Then, we brushed it thoroughly using a liquid alkaline concentrate (Hellmanex), followed by a 30 min argon plasma cleaning (200-G TePla Plasma System, Technics Plasma GmbH, at

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• , polymers, or formulated SLNs in aluminum crucibles were heated from 10 to 500 °C at 10 K/min with nitrogen purging at 20 mL/min flow rate. The TGA cell was calibrated using tin (232 °C) and indium (156 °C) as a melting points standard. In vitro drug release and kinetic modeling In vitro release of APT from

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , even for monoatomic layers [34]. The patterns may serve as templates for the later evolution of film textures. Relevant examples of such systems are Al or Cu layers deposited on Si substrates, or SiO2 and TiN layers deposited on Ti or Al substrates [31]. In this article, we perform a computational

• neglected (e.g., during deposition of Al atoms on TiN surfaces, the lattice mismatch is about 4%) [40]. From Equation 3, it follows that these interactions do not affect the lateral flux J ∝ ∇U. At the same time, for systems with strong lattice mismatch, strong adatom–substrate bonding makes desorption

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• nanoparticles that can interact with both aqueous and non-aqueous environments. The synthesis begins with the interaction of the metal oxide initiator, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(oct)2), with the monomers ethylene oxide and ε-caprolactone. Sn(oct)2 acts as a catalyst, activating the monomers by generating

• information about the elemental composition, chemical states, and electronic states of the elements present in the nanoparticles. The XPS spectra of the PEG–PCL nanoparticles (Figure 2e) showed prominent peaks at binding energies of 284.8, 532.7, and 486.7 eV, corresponding to carbon, oxygen, and tin

• , respectively. The presence of carbon and oxygen peaks confirms the composition of the PEG–PCL polymer matrix, while the tin peak is attributable to the stannous octoate catalyst used during the synthesis of the nanoparticles. The absence of unexpected peaks in the XPS spectra indicates that no significant

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• , rGO-ZnO, ferrocene-rGO-ZnO, α-Fe2O3/ZnO/rGO, CdS-Bi2MoO6/rGO, and rGO-modified tin selenide (see below in Table 5). Tungsten oxide-based materials or composites Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is considered environmentally benign, making it a preferable option for eco-friendly water treatment applications. In

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• exhibit excellent agreement with experimental data [59]. In detail, TB-mBJ combines the modified Becke–Johnson exchange potential with the local density approximation (LDA) for the correlation potential. The parameters used for the calculations were the following: The muffin-tin radii rmt are 1.70, 1.38

• , 1.60, 1.90, and 1.70 for aluminum, oxygen, silicon, sodium, and sulfur, respectively; the convergence number, that is, the smallest muffin-tin radii times the plane wave cutoff parameter, is set at RmtKmax = 6.0; the maximum l value for partial waves used inside atomic spheres is lmax = 10; and the

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• weighed on a Sartorius CP2P microbalance (Germany) in tin capsules. Quantitative measurements and data analysis were performed with Callidus 4.1 software. Hydrodynamic size and molecular weight were analyzed with a ZetaSizer Nano dynamic light scattering photon correlation spectrometer from Malvern, UK

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• -induced vacancies, assuming that the concentration of radiation-induced point defects at characteristic temperatures (far from melting) exceeds the concentration of thermal-equilibrium defects. The behavior of HDCMs under irradiation highly depends on their size. For example, when TiN nanograins are

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• work [47], outlining the fabrication of structured CuO films on fluorine-doped tin oxide from a solution devoid of additional substances. Post-processing plays a significant role in the field of nanomaterials fabrication. Metal oxide thin films often undergo annealing. This practice aims to improve the

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• , Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.15.53 Abstract In this study, we present a novel approach for the exfoliation of titanium nitride (TiN) powders utilizing a rapid, facile, and environmentally friendly non-thermal plasma method. This method involves the use of an electric arc and nitrogen as the ambient gas at room

• temperature to generate ionized particles. These ionized species interact with the ceramic crystal of TiN, resulting in a pronounced structural expansion. The exfoliated TiN products were comprehensively characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy

• . Remarkably, the cubic crystal structure of TiN was effectively retained, while the (200) crystal plane d-spacing increased from 2.08 to 3.09 Å, accompanied by a reduction in crystallite size and alterations in Raman vibrational modes. Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence for the

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• indium tin oxide (ITO), which currently serves as the industry standard for transparent conductive films, the Ag NW network is significantly more mechanically flexible and offers a broader optical transmittance range that extends well beyond the visible region [13][14]. Another related application of Ag

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• diagram of a potential solar cell with aluminum and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is presented in Figure 10. The HOMO was determined using the UPS spectrum of the valence bands for all samples. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was determined by subtracting the energy gap from the HOMO

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• apparently the same, it is surprising that no Sn impurities were reported in the deposits made under HV. As the information on the synthesis route is limited in the HV study reported, we can only speculate that a different methylation agent may have been used (i.e., one that did not contain tin). An

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• implied the formation of single-phase oxide in the films grown at temperatures above 300 °C. Appropriateness of the mentioned precursor system to the preparation of SnO2 films was established. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; tin oxide; tin tetraiodide; Introduction Atomic layer-deposited SnO2 films

• authors aim to provide a comprehensive description of said process and the resulting films. Experimental The films studied in this work were grown in a low-pressure flow-type ALD reactor [16]. Tin(IV) iodide, SnI4 (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), used as the tin precursor was evaporated at 83 °C from a half-open

• , stabilized at an appreciably low level of 0.7–0.8 atom % (Figure 7). Since the relatively high oxygen content below a deposition temperature of 200 °C did not arise from increased oxygen amounts in the film, but from decreased tin amounts, one can propose that, at the lowest deposition temperatures, I2O5

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• catalyst for CO2RR. The author postulated that Co(II) is converted into Co(I), which acts as a redox center for the reduction of CO2 into CO (Figure 3c,d). Because of their poor conductivity, Co-MOFs are typically grown on conductive templates, such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), carbon cloth, and

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• 17.6 × 10−3 Ω−1 of the the annealed structure. The results indicate that the laser annealing could improve the efficiency of the transparent conductive layer, which can be potentially applied in optoelectronic devices. Keywords: indium tin oxide (ITO); laser annealing; molybdenum (Mo); Nd:YAG

• to improve the performance of optoelectronic devices. One of these materials is indium tin oxide (ITO), which combines high transparency with high conductivity [7][8]. However, a single layer of as-deposited ITO shows a high resistivity. Consequently, inserting a very thin metal film layer can

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• mixed phase with a phthalocyanine molecule that exhibits different electrical properties, such as has been reported for a mixed phase of tin phthalocyanine (SnPc) with PTCDA [28]. SnPc acts very similarly to CuPc, except the aforementioned F-LUMO is not completely depleted but remains partially filled

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• widely used in ALD for the deposition of TiO2 and TiN films by thermal and plasma-enhanced processes [35][36]. As described above, TiCl4 and Ti(DMA)4 were successfully employed in MLD of titanicone films [30][33]. While TiCl4 is a small halide molecule that has Ti–Cl bonds, Ti(DMA)4 is a bulkier molecule

• the deposition of TiO2 [35] and TiN [36] ALD films and titanicone MLD films [33]. Ti(DMA)4 is a metalorganic precursor containing Ti–N bonds to the organic ligands, dimethylamino (DMA, N(CH3)2), and with a much larger molecular size when compared to TiCl4. It offers some advantages as a precursor

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• –substrate interfaces, which promotes the wetting of the gallium melt [14][15]. Similarly, room-temperature-liquid eutectic Ga–In and eutectic Ga–In–Sn alloys have been reported to reactively wet thin indium and tin foils [16]. Also in [16], the authors demonstrated that the wetting of the same liquid alloys

• and calculate the corresponding work of adhesion Wad as suggested in [19] for solid interfaces. The authors measured the adhesion between atomically smooth quasicrystalline surfaces of TiN-coated AFM tips in ultrahigh vacuum by analyzing the pull-off force during atomic force spectroscopy measurements

• that these contributions arose from contamination by the ambient, we excluded them from our calculations of the surface chemical composition. Figure 6 shows that the surface oxide on the melt mainly consists of gallium and tin oxides, with a minor contribution from indium oxide. After heating at 100 °C

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• ultrasonically dispersed in ethanol (1.0 mL) with the addition of a PVDF solution (100.0 μL, 10.0 mg·mL−1, using N-methylpyrrolidone as the solvent), which was then spin-coated on a conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, followed by the calcination process at 100 °C for 24 h, giving the relevant working

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• substrates with dimensions of ca. 2 cm × 1 cm (Figure 2a). Although a great number of different types of substrate materials have been used, such as silica [37], chromium [38], tin [39], silver [40], or platinum [41], glass substrates were used in this paper. Glass is generally a popular choice, not just

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• photoresist was drop cast onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate prior to starting the printing process. A dip-in laser lithography (DiLL) objective (25× magnification, NA = 0.8) was used for printing, after which the MN array was washed in propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) for 10 minutes