Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• sample due to absorption, the high repetition rate intrinsic to the Ti:sapphire oscillators leads to the possible accumulation of pulse-to-pulse thermal load. This thermal effect needs to be quantified. In order to do so, we modified the z-scan technique, adding a variable frequency chopper to limit the

• accumulation, we used a modified version of the z-scan technique, previously reported in [30]. This modification consists in the addition of a chopper with a duty cycle of 1:8, which will limit the incident pulses to the sample as a function of its frequency. The addition of this chopper will allow us to

• repetition rate intrinsic to the Ti:sapphire oscillators (around 100 MHz) may produce pulse-to-pulse temperature accumulation. This new effect will produce a contribution to the nonlinear refractive index of thermal origin. Given its thermal origin, this contribution will have a relatively long

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• growth of the graphene; in particular, the accumulation of contaminations present in the copper foil, which has implications for the potential electrical properties of the graphene. We also observe variations in the permeation of oxygen underneath the graphene layers, resulting in oxidation of the copper

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• pH, the surface was negatively charged, but in acidic tumour tissues or endosomes, protonation caused a charge reversal to positive, facilitating cell binding and internalisation, which improved drug accumulation within tumour cells [21]. These scientific findings exemplify the use of pH-sensitive

• efficiency [63]. Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which react to external magnetic fields and enable selective accumulation in tumour areas, are commonly used to create these nanocarriers [64]. These systems follow thermo-sensitive binding strategies that permit targeted drug release (e.g

• controlled within a small pH range [87]. Chen et al. developed pH-activatable charge-reversal supramolecular nanocarriers, named MI7-β-CD/SA NPs, which show targeted delivery and controlled release of celastrol in tumour cells, enhancing drug accumulation and therapeutic effects while minimising toxicity to

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• internalization efficacy. The study also aimed to explore how these characteristics influence brain accumulation by examining interactions with different cell cultures under varying experimental conditions. In this context, time- and concentration-dependent uptake experiments were conducted on hCMEC/D3 and SH

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• drug accumulation in tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby reducing cytotoxic exposure to healthy tissues and minimizing side effects [6]. Liposomes have promising characteristics due to their biocompatibility and their ability to carry both hydrophilic and

• intratumor accumulation with higher cellular internalization. In addition, the use of immunoliposomes contributes to reducing systemic toxicity, since their delivery is concentrated in the tumor microenvironment, avoiding exposure of healthy tissues [8]. In colorectal cancer, the epidermal growth factor

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• and particle retention [57]. Figure 5b–d shows the fluorescence emission throughout the intestinal structure post-ingestion, indicating UCNP accumulation within the lumen. This localization is strongly influenced by surface chemistry. The anionic character of our DOPS-rich lipid coating likely leads

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• water systems [12]. According to Kumar et al., the distribution and accumulation of MP are considerably influenced by anthropogenic activities within catchment areas, which is further worsened by inadequate waste management systems. This is evident in studies conducted on lakes such as Nainital and

• been compared with rivers in temperate zones, where improved waste management systems cause a reduction in MP accumulation. According to Bhaduri et al., this disparity reflects how essential cooperating waste management policies and plans are in the Himalayas to prevent MP pollution [25]. Matta et al

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• nanoparticles [44][45]. Cell inhibition in cell lines can be attributed to intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles leading to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and necrosis [46]. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that NCs exhibit a substantially lower inhibitory effect on healthy cell lines

• potential pathways behind the observed cytotoxicity. Several studies have reported that AgNPs cause intracellular accumulation, which triggers the overproduction of ROS. This oxidative stress can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and the activation of apoptotic

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• . This is followed by in vivo testing, which offers a more complete understanding of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy, and systemic toxicity. Animal studies help identify accumulation patterns, potential off-target effects, and immune responses that are not evident in simpler

• . Persistent materials raise concerns regarding long-term accumulation and potential toxicity, whereas those susceptible to enzymatic or oxidative degradation offer safer clearance pathways. Recent studies have shown that CNOs can undergo biodegradation upon exposure to human myeloperoxidase, horseradish

• DDS should follow the same criteria applied to small bioactive agents, specifically assessing CNM toxicity in the selected model, accumulation rates within cancer tissue, and therapeutic efficacy. To achieve this, techniques such as immunohistochemical analysis of model organs or the use of

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• minimizing gallium accumulation and decomposing efficiently at low ion fluence Fh. Detailed analyses of the chemical composition of the formed structures are presented in Figure 4. It is evident that the precursor 4 gave the highest metal content among the tested compounds, as observed in the atomic

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• injection at 10 ng DNA per dose [42]. Although early tumor accumulation of the dual-targeted LNPs was modest in MCF7 xenografts, confocal microscopy at 45 h post-injection showed enhanced EGFP transgene expression compared to single-ligand LNPs. These findings demonstrated how integrating multiple targeting

• reduced both LNP binding and cellular uptake, confirming that the interaction was mediated specifically through the PD-L1 receptor. Intravenous administration of Pep-LNPs in vivo showed a 4.2-fold increase in tumor accumulation and 2.6-fold higher transgene expression over peptide-free LNPs [47]. Using

• enhanced accumulation in placental immune cells [49]. These findings further demonstrated that conjugating ligands to functionalized PEG lipids can enhance cellular uptake in targeted LNP delivery [47][49][50]. Interestingly, a recent study showed that, even in the absence of a ligand, functionalized PEG

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• activity against Candida albicans, which is crucial for denture stomatitis management [18][59]. In orthodontics, nanoparticles have been applied as antimicrobial coatings on brackets and archwires to mitigate plaque accumulation and white spot lesions during treatment. Additionally, mouth rinses and gels

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• projected to rise to 33,000 million tonnes by 2050 [1]. However, despite this significant increase in production, the global recycling rate remaines low at approximately 9% since 1950, resulting in the accumulation of plastic waste in ecological and environmental systems [2][3]. The issues of microplastics

• nanomaterials. Numerous adverse health effects, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, cellular toxicity, and genetic damage, are linked to nanomaterial accumulation, as shown in many studies [115]. Furthermore, the application of biosolids containing nanomaterials to agricultural soils can lead to

• their accumulation in the soil environment, potentially disrupting plant health and soil microbial communities, thereby affecting ecosystem sustainability [116]. Therefore, it is essential to develop safe nanomaterials and implement effective recovery strategies to minimize the release of unexpected

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• cancer cells, thereby significantly enhancing tumor-specific drug accumulation. Concurrently, siRNA-mediated silencing of MDR1 effectively suppresses P-gp-mediated drug efflux, overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells. By integrating active targeting, gene silencing, and chemosensitization

• to improve the penetration and accumulation of drugs in the lesion, providing more possibilities for the treatment strategy of EC. In addition, aptamer-based biosensors offer flexibility in design, combined with nanotechnology to achieve outstanding sensitivity [41]. Detection of EC-related

• spontaneously intercalate into GC-rich regions of aptamers through non-covalent interactions. This characteristic not only enhances tumor-specific accumulation but also significantly reduces cardiotoxicity. This way of inserting the drug directly between the bases of the aptamer and forming physical conjugation

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• /AgCl [65][66]. The oxide, natively rich in Cr3+, undergoes a dynamic change and becomes enriched in Mo6+, with a chemical environment similar to that of pure MoO3. The accumulation of Mo in the passivated oxide film is believed to result from the depletion of Cr and the concurrent enrichment of Mo just

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• low density are present initially in the suspended form. However, as time passes, they interact with suspended clay particles, and an accumulation of biofilm occurs, resulting in an increase in density. This will result in gradual settlement of the MPs in the sediment [19]. The concentration of MPs in

• . In aquatic environments, MPs transform due to the mixing with aggregates, biofouling, and leaching of additives. These alterations affect their buoyancy, leading to their accumulation in benthic ecosystems [24]. Impact of MPs on health and ecosystems In smaller organisms like plankton, MPs have

• plankton development, lifespan and reproduction, and growth [45]. MPs function as carriers for heavy metals, resulting in their accumulation in the digestive systems of fish. This accumulation can negatively affect fish by impairing their activity, stunting growth, disrupting reproduction, and potentially

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• conditions for the metamaterial structures at the gripping points and free sides. To better illustrate the effect of the opposing structural and material gradients, we performed idealized FE simulations using the PP and PPGF material properties provided by the manufacturer. These show strain accumulation

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ; encapsulation; fabrication strategy; transient electronics; Introduction In recent years, a growing global concern has emerged regarding the unintended consequences of material longevity on sustainability initiatives, particularly in light of the escalating crisis of plastic waste accumulation in landfills and

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• metalloantibiotics to reach clinical application [21]. One of the main characteristics of metallodrugs is their low aqueous solubility; this, combined with their typically short in vivo half-lives, results in inadequate bioavailability and low accumulation at the therapeutic site [22]. Another limiting factor is the

• having a diluted concentration of antibiotics at the site of infection, necessitating higher dosages that increase the risk of side effects [36][37]. To address the abovementioned barriers, delivery systems often incorporate targeting strategies to improve accumulation at infection sites. Targeted

• the drug accumulation. Optimization of these parameters helps to maximize efficacy and mitigate toxicity of the payload [39]. Infection sites often present unique microenvironmental features, a factor that nanoparticles exploit to achieve precise therapeutic delivery. For example, polymeric