Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• accumulation of p62, due to inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells, subsequently suppresses chromatin and histone ubiquitination and inhibits the DDR mechanism [22]. Cancer cells are known to employ autophagy in response to DNA damage as a survival mechanism, and inhibition of autophagy could be an excellent

• treatment modality in multidrug resistant tumors [23][24]. Recently, it has also been found that chloroquine- (Chl, autophagy inhibitor) conjugated GO induces necroptotic cell death in A549 cells through accumulation of p62 mediated by altered autophagic flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and

• -LC3 plasmid-transfected cells to investigate and quantify the accumulation of autophagosomes upon GO–Chl exposure. Mammalian LC3 is a specific marker to monitor autophagy through its incorporation into the autophagosomal membranes. During the course of autophagy, the fusion of the autophagosome with

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• substances, resulting in color fading and the emergence of graphene-based filaments. Du et al. showed that berberine affects Streptococcus pyogenes by regulating proteins in the KEGG pathway, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hindering the biosynthesis of DNA, proteins, and lipids

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) pictures were taken at a JEOL 2200FS (JEOL Ltd.) and further processed by ImageJ. Study of the preferential accumulation of different metal nanoparticles synthesized by LAL at 85 °C in the single-phase TMS consisting of propylene carbonate and 1-nonanol after phase separation through cooling at room

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to prolong the half-life of TMZ at physiological pH and to increase its accumulation in the tumor cells prior to degradation in the central circulation. Several strategies have been exploited to stabilize TMZ and overcome the disadvantages. Among them is the

• chemical modifications and/or coupling with hydrophilic polymers. TMZ was successfully incorporated in magnetic NPs [36], mesoporous silica NPs [37], and NPs made of silver [38], zinc oxide [39], and gold [40], all of them showing high accumulation in tumor cells and cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo

• accumulation in the brain tumor cells (through the active targeting of the formulations towards membrane folate receptors of GBM). Detailed physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterizations of the prepared TMZ-loaded dual-functionalized CNs was performed, and the cytotoxicity/radiosensitizing properties

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• [118]. Factors such as aging, myopia, or diabetes can lead to the liquefaction of this vitreous gel and the accumulation of collagen fibers, resulting in turbidity that casts shadows on the retina, manifesting as floaters in a patient’s field of vision (Figure 4a) [119][120]. Vitreous opacity can

• penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common ocular drug delivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164]. Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• transport across membranes, and extend circulation times. These advantages could reduce the negative effects of off-target drug accumulation and improve the release to the disease sites compared to current delivery systems [6]. Despite the expected applications in the biomedical field, the journey of NPs

• degenerative diseases [23][24]. 3 NC accumulation in macrophages: a challenge for drug delivery To exert their therapeutic effects, NCs must efficiently reach and accumulate in the target tissues. However, numerous biological barriers hinder this process, which vary depending on the administration route, as

• . Intranasal delivery has emerged as a promising strategy for targeting the central nervous system by bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This approach was demonstrated by the nose-to-brain administration of D6-cholestrol-loaded liposomes, which led to an accumulation of D6-cholesterol in the brain in

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• peak current, though a steady addition led to decreased currents, possibly due to surface accumulation. The Nyquist plots display a larger impedance for ZnO electrodes. To fit the data into an analogous circuit, an uninterrupted phase element (Q1) was introduced with the adjustable parameters angular

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• . TEM, negative staining with 0.5% uranyl acetate. The length of the scale bars corresponds to 50 nm. Representative images of bio-NPs isolated on sucrose gradient (30 % fraction) after photomodification of FBS (a–g) and NBS (h–l). (a–c) LPs. (d) Free accumulation of electron-transparent particles. (e

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• with cancer treatment offer numerous advantages, including immune evasion, targeting behavior, specific site accumulation, targeted delivery of drugs or genes, and reduced side effects. Studies involving inorganic nanocarriers with cell membrane coatings (CMC-NPs) have highlighted the importance of the

• enhance BBB penetration. Studies have shown that polymeric biomimetic nanoparticles carrying proteins can penetrate the brain parenchyma and release active agents, demonstrated by the increased accumulation of 3D6-Fab antibody fragments in the brains of mouse models, and reducing Aβ1-42 aggregation, which

• limiting factors [72][73]. Biomimetic nanocarriers coated with membranes from various cell types have also been applied in treating autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, to optimize and enhance drug accumulation and delivery to specific sites. Studies with platelet membrane-coated

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• conditions. The direct consequence of the temperature increase is the oxidation of phenolic molecules and the accumulation at the air–water interface of the mucilage envelope. This process also has an influence on the frictional properties of basil seed mucilage. As our experiments showed, the oxidised

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• (Fe3O4 NPs) are widely used in many biomedical applications (e.g., bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensors, diagnostics, and theranostics). However, the use of NPs does not preclude the possibility of selective toxicity and undesirable effects, including accumulation in tissues and direct interaction with

• –Elvehjem manual homogenizer. The tissue homogenate was then centrifuged for 15 min at 8000g and 4 °C. The resulting supernatant was used to determine liver GPx activity [63]. GPx activity was determined by detecting the accumulation of the pyrogallol oxidation product, purpurogallin, at 420 nm on a UV–vis

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• coefficients of determination of 0.9990, 0.9954, and 0.9992, respectively, depending on the accumulation duration. The sensor achieved a low detection limit of 3 nM and demonstrated good reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 3.83%. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated effective performance in

• . The slope of the curve of 0.052 (close to 0.059) indicates that the ratio of protons to electrons participating in the oxidation reaction is 1 to 1, which is in accordance with previous publications [44][45]. Adsorption time The accumulation time (tacc) of enrofloxacin on the electrode surface is a

• 600 s, the peak height increased linearly with the adsorption duration. This indicates that sufficient time is necessary for the ENR molecules to adsorb onto the electrode surface at this low concentration, and the signal improves with longer accumulation times within this range. For a concentration

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• developed redox-sensitive targeted PLHNPs represented a much higher accumulation of the drug in the tumor due to targetability and higher drug release at tumor pH. Consequently, the redox-sensitive targeted PLHNPs showed much better therapeutic efficacy compared to non-targeted and non-redox-sensitive

• endocytosis. IQN-iRGD-PLHNPs also exhibited much higher cytotoxicity than non-targeted IQN-PLHNPs and free IQN. Interestingly, after leveraging iRGD peptides for active tumor-tissue accumulation and employing a stealth nanostructure for prolonged in vivo circulation, ISL-iRGD NPs exhibited superior

• tumor accumulation in vivo in comparison with the free drug. Baicalin Baicalin is a flavone glycoside derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine [140]. Baicalin shows a range of therapeutic effects, including anti

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• data, under operating conditions, HDCMs are susceptible to risks such as radiation-induced vacancy saturation (the accumulation of vacancy-type defects), swelling (an increase in linear dimensions and volume upon irradiation), damage, amorphization (crystal-to-glass transition), and other phase

• thermodynamic stimulus for phase change, (ii) the contribution of surface energy due to a high percentage of surface atoms, (iii) interfaces acting as sinks for radiation-induced point defects, (iv) the accumulation of defects (saturation of vacancies) in the material as a driving force of phase changes, and (v

• about 2 [18]. Wei et al. investigated typical bcc metals and found that (i) vacancy accumulation is lower in metals with small vacancy migration energies, such as V, Cr, Fe, and Nb, and (ii) the relationship between vacancy concentration and grain size (ranging from 10−9 to 10−6 m) under an irradiation

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• the BBB through a direct connection [18][19]. When combined with nanotechnology, N2B delivery becomes even more attractive since nanotechnology-driven DDSs have enabled improved drug accumulation at the target site [20]. DDSs, such as polymeric or lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs), can provide an

• authors presented that PLGA NPs with larger particle sizes (520 nm) were accumulated in neural bundles. They showed that this accumulation could enable intracellular uptake in neuronal axons and further provide transcellular transport with the olfactory or trigeminal nerve pathways [81]. It should be

• visualization and to deliver anti-eGFP siRNA and double-stranded DNA. The formulation offered advantages over others as an effective tracker. It confirmed the accumulation of NPs in the olfactory bulbs and other regions of the brain via intranasal administration [159]. Additionally, Jeong et al. focused on

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• during flight, as many hymenopterans (e.g., chrysidids, scelionids, and mutillids) have dimples on the cuticle that might have the same aerodynamic effect as those on golf balls [13]. Setose cuticle in hymenopterans also exhibits an interesting function, namely, reducing the accumulation and deposition

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• , 5 μM particle size, New Objective). The source temperature was set to 275 °C and the nanoelectrospray voltage to 2.2 kV. The mass spectrometer operated in data-dependent acquisition mode, where full scan MS1 spectra (m/z 300–1,600) were acquired at resolution r = 60,000 after accumulation of 1 × 106

• proves to be a successful model that can be extended to other types of NPs, such as degradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which are highly porous and can degrade under specific biological conditions, thus preventing inconvenient accumulation in the body. a) Representation of the synthesis steps of

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• actively targeted usNPs, revealing increased tumor accumulation and retention compared to non-targeted counterparts. In this review, we explore actively targeted inorganic usNPs, highlighting their biological properties and behavior, along with applications in both preclinical and clinical settings

• driving passive NP delivery to tumors [4][5]. In this model, leaky blood vessels and a compromised lymphatic drainage system contribute to the preferential NP extravasation and accumulation within solid tumors. However, recent evidence challenges this paradigm, suggesting that NP extravasation into tumors

• primarily occurs via transendothelial transport pathways [6][7]. Regardless of the mode of NP extravasation, active targeting strategies have been widely explored to further enhance NP accumulation in tumors and NP internalization by cancer cells [8][9]. Active targeting involves the modification of NPs

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• and fast processing times. Suitable ion beam parameters for lower-energy ions (5 keV) are assessed, and the results are compared to the conventionally used 30 keV ions. The interactions of 5 keV gallium ions and the effect on heat accumulation due to ion impacts with the sample (skin) were

• accumulation within a single scan point when using nanoampere beam currents and nanometer spot sizes. For 5 keV ions, the cooling time constant was determined from the COMSOL simulations to be around 170 ps, which is similar to the time between ion impacts for nanoampere ion beam currents and significantly

• modelling approach. To simulate the heat accumulation of multiple ion impacts occurring within a time frame of several nanoseconds, Python was used to implement a forward time–centered space method as a finite-difference method for three dimensions, similar to [29][30]. According to a von Neumann stability

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• phase of a two-phase octanol–water mixture [39]. Similarly, LogS, related to the water solubility of a substance, was considered. Besides, PSA, as molecular surface associated with charge accumulation due to heteroatoms and polar groups, as well as polarizability (α) associated with the tendency of a

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• treatment. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, first described by Maeda and co-workers in 1986, allows for high accumulation of the drug nanocarriers via the leaky vasculature and the deficient lymphatic system around solid tumors, as illustrated in the right panel of Figure 1 [3][4][5

• accumulation selectively through specific binding to receptors overexpressed by cancer cells (left panel of Figure 1), resulting in enhanced therapeutic activity and reduced systemic toxicity. Globally, there are around 15 approved cancer drug nanoformulations for clinical use, and 80 candidates for novel

• their derivatives, and inorganic NPs. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms of some nanocarriers to yield selective liver accumulation and enhance therapeutic action. In the final section, we mention the future perspective of the development of nanomedicine-based drug delivery for liver fibrosis

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• decades. These techniques aim to improve disease treatment by increasing targeted accumulation of drugs into diseased tissues while minimizing side effects and toxicity. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery strategies have evolved since the 1970s, when researchers first investigated the use of nanoparticles

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• accumulation of collagen leading to the foreign-body reaction. This phenomenon involves the formation of a fibrous capsule around the implant, which compromises its functionality (such as the flexibility of cardiovascular stents) and, thus, limits the integration of soft tissue implants. The effect of

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of dynamin, such as dynasore and Dyngo, is inhibited by the presence of serum [38][41], and also that these inhibitors are not specific (see Table 1) [39][40]. Intracellular Effects of Accumulation and Degradation of Nanoparticles It has been known for years that even small particles such as QDs

• with receptor/membrane transport in various organelles will have secondary effects on membrane transport in general. Also, if not degradable but ending up in endosomes or lysosomes, one would expect that an accumulation of NPs may disturb membrane trafficking and lysosomal degradation in these cells