Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• atom % are evaluated regarding their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), as well as regarding their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the uniform distribution and successful

• functionalization. This method demonstrates a simple and industry-compatible approach for producing durable antimicrobial cotton fabrics. Keywords: antimicrobial activity; Escherichia coli; fabrics functionalization; ion exchange; nanomaterial; Staphylococcus aureus; zeolite; Introduction The development of

• inactivate a wide range of microorganisms. Today, both silver and copper are widely used in various medical and healthcare applications due to their effective antimicrobial activity. For example, copper was found to be 99.9% efficient in inactivating microorganisms within the first two hours of contact [13

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• Au@SiW9/rGO exhibited the highest catalytic activity for the selective oxidation reaction despite containing the lowest gold loading. These findings highlight the exceptional performance of rGO as a support for AuNP catalysts and provide valuable insights for designing efficient Au-based systems for

• size, stabilized by SiW9, and supported on the three-carbon materials AC, rGO, and CB by the RD and DP methods were synthesized as depicted in Figure 1. To assess the influence of the preparation methods and the type of the carbon supports, the catalytic activity was evaluated using the model reaction

• facilitate charge transfer between the metal and the support, enhancing the activation of molecular oxygen and promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathway. This synergistic interaction should not only improve the intrinsic catalytic activity but also allow the catalyst to achieve high efficiency

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• complementary benefits within SSbD. First, predictive modelling tools, such as quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models, can forecast toxicological and physicochemical properties of emerging substances, reducing the reliance on time-consuming and costly experimental assays [24][25]. The

• structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models can identify potentially hazardous properties of new ENMs before they are synthesized, reducing the need for extensive animal testing and accelerating the design cycle [36][37]. Similarly, AI can support the development of sustainable ENMs through integration of

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , which enhances drug targeting while reducing off-target effects. These carriers leverage triggers such as changes in pH, enzymatic activity, redox conditions, temperature, light, ultrasound, X-rays, and magnetic fields to enable intelligent and controlled release of therapeutics. This review examines

• ) [15]. These systems can switch their surface charge in response to tumour microenvironment (TME) triggers such as pH changes, redox states, or enzymatic activity, enhancing drug stability, facilitating cellular uptake, and enabling targeted drug release. This responsive functionality gives CR-NDDSs a

• multiple drugs in response to the biochemical cues of the tumour microenvironment, enhancing anticancer activity with reduced off-target effects [53]. 2.4 Light-responsive nanocarriers Light-sensitive nanocarriers represent an innovative approach to regulated drug delivery, utilizing photosensitive

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• third most prevalent type of cancer in the world. R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a phycobiliprotein isolated from red algae such as Solieria filiformis, with fluorescent properties, photodynamic activity and potential for cancer treatment. However, 5-FU toxicity promotes several side effects and R-PE low

• tumor cells, enhancing the internalization of the system and promoting greater cytotoxic activity compared to conventional therapies [10]. By combining selective cytotoxicity with the potential to label cancer tissue using an imaging probe, EGFR-targeted immunoliposomes represent an integrated approach

• therapy. Another characteristic of this molecule is its fluorescence activity, which is important for use as a diagnosis tool [14]. Recently, our research group has demonstrated the potential of using the fluorescent properties of R-PE in 4T1 (triple-negative breast murine cancer) and PC3 (human prostate

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• ), to the initial mixture in order to reduce the wettability of the final coating. The formulation containing 2% of MCC enhanced with oregano essential oil (OEO) showed the lowest solubility, swelling, and wettability, along with strong antimicrobial activity against stone-deteriorating microorganisms

• . The tested microorganisms were three bacterial strains, that is, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one fungus strain (Penicillium chrysogenum) and one yeast strain (Rhodotorula spp.). Specifically, the microbial activity was reduced by 100% for Staphylococcus aureus

• activity under both UV-A and visible light. The TiO2/C-dot composites were synthesized via a green, hydrothermal method using citric acid and hydroxylamine, resulting in anatase-phase particles. Various C-dot loadings were tested; composites with moderate content (i.e., TC25 and TC50) demonstrated superior

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

• velocities, which also include a rapid and strong temperature increase upon impact. Thus, the validity range of the Weir and McGavin model, which does not include temperature effects, is exceeded. Such effects could include massive dislocation activity at the interface and formation of the Cu3Si

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• lumen, which may be influenced by ingested material and microbial activity, rather than the metabolic heat production of the intestinal cells themselves. To probe intracellular temperatures, a surface coating engineered for active cellular uptake would be required. Conclusion We successfully

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• to experimentally outline the importance of excitation wavelength in determining the resultant structural chirality and optical activity of chiral Au bipyramid (AuBP)/PbO2 nanostructures [56]. Pure metallic cPNSs constructed by CPL have also been reported [57][58][59]. This review’s primary focus are

• how the magnitude and even the sign of the hot spots’ EM profile dissymmetry factor depend on the excitation wavelength. Hence, broadband CPL produces cPNSs under a combined effect of different excitation wavelengths that can sometimes compromise structural chirality and optical activity. When

• structural chirality and optical activity of Au/PbO2 heterostructures. Similar wavelength-dependent chiroptic properties were obtained with chiral Au triangle prism/PbO2 nanostructures [92] (Figure 3e). The CD of the chiral Au/PbO2 nanostructures arises from PbO2 modifying the dielectric constant in the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• out below the corrin ring’s plane. This particular arrangement allows the DMB base to act as a secondary ligand for the central cobalt ion (Co2+), playing a crucial role in the molecule’s structural integrity and biological activity. Within the structure of VB12, Co2+ is capable of binding to an upper

• ][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. Qin et al. designed a CL sensor to detect VB12, incorporating flow injection analysis, where the catalytic activity of Co2+ released from the VB12 structure acted as the recognition element, luminol served as the indicator luminophore, and the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• deposition is outlined in Section 3. The harsh environmental conditions of the region, freeze–thaw weather, low microbial activity, and short hydrological retention times, make the degradation of MPs more difficult and these lakes to long-term sinks for plastic particles. Himalayan lakes are very susceptible

• emphasizes late-monsoon periods (August–September) due to the heightened runoff and peak tourism activity during these months. Sample collection both before and after the monsoons could potentially provide useful insight into variations in contamination levels generated due to runoff and anthropogenic

• they frequently demand substantial energy input and can produce secondary pollutants [47]. Biological processes can utilize the natural ability of microorganisms to degrade synthetic polymers. Microorganisms such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, which have enzymatic activity, can degrade plastics into

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• . De Santana et al. (2015) [3] reported that this enhanced activity, reflected in both radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorption capacities, is associated with the elevated levels of tocopherol isomers and total phenolic compounds in P. setacea samples. Overall, the composition of OPS has been

• , and linoleic acids) are physiologically relevant to skin health. Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids are the major components of the epidermal and dermal lipid matrix [15]. The balance among these fatty acids is associated with skin homeostasis, influencing the activity of enzymes that regulate

• keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation [15][16]. Furthermore, linoleic acid and oleic acid serve as precursors to various lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, which are essential for modulating inflammatory responses and coordinating immune cell activity during wound

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• effects by efficiently eliminating DPPH activity. This research highlights the potential of AgSbS2 NCs as versatile agents with applications in biomedical and environmental domains, including cancer therapy, antimicrobial strategies, and free radical neutralization. Keywords: AgSbS2 nanocrystals

• ; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; cytotoxic activity; Introduction Nanoscience serves as a unique platform to reveal new properties of substances through collaborative efforts with other fields (e.g., molecular chemistry, pharmaceutical science, applied health sciences, and engineering). In recent

• biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer) of nanomaterials has emerged as a crucial area of investigation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In many studies, chemically or biologically synthesized nanoparticles have a wide range of pharmacological activity ranging

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• result in carbon nanotubes with different structures, sizes, and surface chemistries, which can affect their biological activity, toxicity, and efficacy as drug delivery vehicles. Similarly, the characterisation of CNMs can be challenging due to their small size and complex structures. However, there is

• their surface chemistry and structure, emphasizing the need for systematic evaluation of their degradation pathways and by-products to ensure the safe design of nanomedicines. Moreover, CNMs can contain impurities that may impact their biological activity and safety. Therefore, it is important to assess

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• Kotov and coworkers [4]. Chiral optical materials have unique optical activity, displaying phenomena such as circular dichroism and optical rotation. These characteristics are harnessed in applications like sensors, optical devices, and polarized materials. Material chirality can also lead to unusual

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• innovative strategies to ensure their compatibility and sustained activity. This study addresses this critical challenge through the rational design and fabrication of hybrid core–shell nanofibers manufactured via coaxial electrospinning. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was used as an outer shell providing

• observable beads, and a heterogeneous diameter distribution. Structural characterization of nanofibers Core–shell nanofibers create a protective environment for bioactive agents within the core, preserving their activity while enabling controlled release. By tailoring the shell architecture, the release

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• activity of the LNP with 1.5% PEG but had no effect on the 5.0% PEG counterpart. More importantly, the reduced efficacy observed at higher PEG densities was recovered by incorporating an exogenous targeting ligand. The addition of 0.5 mol % DSG-PEG-GalNAc restored silencing activity in the 5.0% PEG LNP via

• that none of the PEOZ-LNPs exhibited detectable antibody binding. And after 38 weeks of storage at 4 °C, all nanoparticles were able to maintain their size, encapsulation efficiency, and transfection activity [83]. These data support that PEOZ has the potential to reduce immune activation while

• difference, PGE3-LNPs achieved comparable transgene expression, with luciferase activity levels in both liver and muscle tissues equivalent to those of PEG-LNPs after intravenous and intramuscular administration. After three weekly injections of hEPO mRNA at 0.05 mg·kg−1, PEG-LNPs showed a dramatic loss of

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• compared to that of free EOs, in both activities. However, the repellent activity has been less explored, present in only three of the studies evaluated, in the last 10 years. Correlatingh with this, other aspects such as botanical species of EOs, mechanisms of action, composition, and characteristics of

• , pharmaceutical nanotechnology strategies such as nanoemulsions have been used as tools for vector control [79]. Numerous studies have shown that nanoemulsions can increase the solubility and prolong the larvicidal and/or repellent activity of essential oils, making them a promising solution to improve the

• . Against the Ae. aegypti vector, Duarte et al. (2024) developed NEs loaded with two monoterpenes, cymene and myrcene, and evaluated their larvicidal potential against L3 larvae [36]. The NEs showed significant lethality to Ae. aegypti larvae, with insecticidal activity equal to or greater than that of free

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• activity and enhanced biocompatibility, achieved through phytochemically mediated synthesis. Conventional nanoparticle production often relies on toxic reagents and energy-intensive processes, posing environmental and clinical challenges. In contrast, green synthesis, using plant extracts, fungi, or

• demonstrated that these nanoparticles exhibit low toxicity, effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, and strong colloidal stability, ensuring long-term dispersion [26][27]. Additionally, they exhibit antioxidant activity and selective cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, including oral cancer

• morphology and size, which are crucial for optimizing biological activity [8][38]. The Myrtaceae family, particularly Syzygium aromaticum, is a well-established source of eugenol, a potent phenolic compound with known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, enhancing the bioactivity of synthesized

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• exhibited significant time-dependent leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, with lower IC50 values (up to five times lower at 48 hours) and up to 75% parasite death after 48 hours, showing greater antiparasitic activity compared to that of free phytol. Although the use of

• diterpenes exhibit promising antileishmanial activity while displaying low toxicity to host cells [13][14][15]. One such compound is a phytol, a highly lipophilic, acyclic monounsaturated diterpene alcohol derived from chlorophyll metabolism in plants [16], and has demonstrated promising antileishmanial

• potential. For example, da Silva and colleagues (2015) [17] showed that a phytol-rich fraction extracted from Lacistema pubescens exhibited potent activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. However, the high lipophilicity of the phytol significantly limits its

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• /Al-LDHs. The crystal structure of LDHs is fairly flexible, enabling adjustment of their cationic composition. One widely used method for preparing LDH-based catalysts is cation doping further increasing their catalytic activity. A cobalt-doped Zn/Al-LDH (ZnCo/Al-LDH) piezoelectric catalyst was used

• of the base material. The main feature that distinguishes LDHs is their dual activity as both generators of their own piezoelectric field and charge-storing supercapacitors. Charge-balancing anions between the LDHs layers can also contribute to the overall electroactive performance. Overall, the

• ) to rigorously disentangle their respective contributions. As a result, similar activity enhancements are sometimes explained in fundamentally different ways. (3) Stability and reproducibility: For practical applications (energy harvesting, catalytic cycling, and device integration), long-term

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• activity in polymeric and carbon-based materials is essential for advancing technologies in environmental sensing, flexible electronics, and photocatalytic systems. Conventional chemical modification methods often lack spatial precision, introduce impurities, and risk structural degradation. Ion

• atomic force microscopy. Electrical properties as a function of air humidity were evaluated using a two-point method, and photocatalytic activity was tested by monitoring the UV-induced decomposition of rhodamine B. The results demonstrate that ion implantation significantly reduces surface resistivity

• and enhances both the photocatalytic activity and humidity sensitivity of GO and PI. The most pronounced improvements occurred at higher fluences, where defect generation and partial deoxygenation contributed to optimal performance. Ion implantation thus represents an effective approach for tuning the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• response to internal signals (e.g., oxidation or reduction, enzymatic activity, or low acidity) or external stimuli such as light and temperature [26][27]. This delivery of active ingredients relies on differential biochemical changes, facilitating the development of more precise therapies with improved

• weight, as these exhibit a high elastic modulus, creating a deformable matrix that expands pores due to osmotic pressure [57]. This, in turn, influences the elimination, phagocytosis, and biological activity of PNs intended for oral administration. Another factor affecting the polymer’s physicochemical

• immunomodulatory activity, which plays a key role in antitumor therapy by inducing cell apoptosis [133]. Building on this, Imperiale et al. [114] evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of chitosan NPs loaded with IFNα and analyzed the cellular compatibility of the NPs in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) and the

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , which can specifically block CDP/SOX2 interaction, was screened by BiFc assay. The antitumor activity of p58 aptamer was further analyzed in vitro and in mouse xenograft and zebrafish models, suggesting that peptide 58 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of KYSE450

• the same antitumor activity as free Dox in vivo. In order to further enhance the antitumor effect, the use of nanotechnology to improve the stability of SYL-6 is key. It is worth noting that the SYL-6 aptamer also yields strong fluorescence signals on colon cancer and other tissues, indicating that

• drugs from clearance, improve their accumulation at tumor sites, and potentially lead to more positive clinical feedback. Paclitaxel (PTX) was approved by the FDA in 1992 for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. Poor water solubility is a major obstacle limiting its anticancer activity. PTX