Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• carbon-supported TEM copper grid and dried under ambient conditions. The particle size distribution was determined by measuring the Feret diameter of individual particles from TEM images using ImageJ software [52]. The NP crystal structure was evaluated using CrysTBox software [53] using digital

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• plays an important role in the stability and functionality of nanoscale structures. Van der Waals forces are supramolecular intermolecular interactions that govern the agglomeration of nanomaterials. Carbon nanostructures with π-conjugated systems (fullerene, carbon nanotube, and graphene) have π–π

• Grimme [22][23][24]. The modeling of infinite graphene sheets was extrapolated from periodic supercells. The supercell of bilayer graphene structure includes 16 carbon atoms (two graphene sheets with eight carbon atoms per sheet). The modeling of water-intercalated bilayer graphene structure used the

• supercell of 16 carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and two hydrogen atoms (two graphene sheets and one water molecule). Preparation of graphene oxide from natural graphite The improved cascade-design synthesis of graphite oxide (GrO) was reported in our previous papers [15][16]. Briefly, 5 g of raw material of

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• SEM analysis of pyrite thin films was performed using a Hitachi Model SU 8020. The NPs were deposited on carbon-coated copper grids for TEM analysis and on silicon substrates for SEM analysis. Using monochromatic Al Kα radiation with an energy of 1486.68 eV, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

• all the samples, the peak position corresponding to the adventitious carbon value was fixed at 284.6 eV. A Shirley-type background baseline was used, and the Gaussian–Lorentzian sum function was applied for peak fitting. The high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p and S 2p after soft surface etching using

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• spectrum, the sample matrix, and the radiation intensity. Activated carbon is a conventional approach [10][11], however, a major drawback of activated carbon is its incomplete recovery after adsorption. Because adsorption primarily relies on physical interactions such as hydrogen bonding interactions

• , electrostatic forces, and van der Waals forces, adsorbed antibiotics may desorb and reenter aquatic environments [12]. Moreover, activated carbon exhibits low selectivity and adsorption capacity. Among novel adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks [13] and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) [14] are

• hydroxy groups interact with the functional groups of the cross-linking agent, reducing the polymer’s water solubility while increasing its stiffness and chemical stability [35][36]. Glutaraldehyde (GA), a linear five-carbon dialdehyde, is regarded as a more effective cross-linking agent compared to

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• atom %, and the carbon concentration fell to 0 atom %. These reductions in oxygen and carbon impurities are essential for improving the film’s quality, as both elements can introduce defects that degrade the superconducting performance. At a lower nitrogen pressure of 60 mTorr, the atomic

• concentrations of Ta and N were found to be nearly equal. However, the concentrations of oxygen and carbon were relatively high at this pressure, which compromises the quality of the TaN films. Consequently, 60 mTorr was discarded as a suitable pressure for synthesizing high-quality films because of the impurity

• levels. Although the results for samples grown at 70 mTorr pN2 show a near-stoichiometric TaN composition, the presence of significant oxygen (32%) and carbon (4%) impurities suggests a composition closer to TaNO. The optimal stoichiometry for TaN thin films was achieved at a pN2 = 90 mTorr, where the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• ]. Recent studies point to a potential synergistic effect between TA and GBMs [15][16][17]. TA not only stabilizes graphene sheets in aqueous solutions, preventing their aggregation by interacting with carbon layers at a molecular level [14], but also could impart additional bioactive properties

• , characterized by numerous hydroxy groups, is proposed to potentially form non-covalent interactions, such as π–π stacking, with the carbon network and oxygen atoms of graphite [16][20]. This interaction could exfoliate graphite, resulting in a stable colloidal dispersion of functionalized graphene sheets. The

• groups into the graphene structure. In our scenario, the integration of mixing and ultrasonication greatly aided the homogenization process and improved the interactions at the molecular level between the functional groups of tannic acid and the carbon layers of graphene, resulting in defects mainly

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• , Udayana University 80231 Badung, Bali, Indonesia 10.3762/bjnano.16.45 Abstract Flame synthesis using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the precursor gas to produce carbon nanofibers (CNFs) is an economical alternative to conventional chemical vapor deposition methods using single-component fuels such as

• methane and ethylene. Though LPG is a commercially viable source for carbon-based nanomaterials, the understanding of the effects of a LPG flame on CNF growth is very limited. Therefore, the present study is to analyze the feasibility of CNF growth in a premixed LPG flame using a one-dimensional flame at

• equivalence ratio was reduced to 1.6, the average diameter of CNF increased by 46% to 114 nm, with amorphous carbon observed. The said observation is due to the effects of the increased flame temperature as the equivalence ratio approaches stoichiometry conditions from the rich side. This increases the

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• biosensors for early diagnosis and improving the sensitivity of AβO detection. In imaging, nanoparticles (NPs) can help to visualize localized protein accumulation, complementing existing diagnostic methods. Materials such as carbon-based NMs (e.g., graphene oxide) and metal NPs (e.g., gold and silver

• organized the NPs into four primary categories, namely, carbon based nanomaterials (CNMs), metal based NMs, biomimetic NMs and antibody-functionalized NMs. Carbon-based nanomaterials for the detection and inhibition of AβO Recent advances in nanomedicine have spotlighted CNMs because of their remarkable

• therapeutic applications. CNMs can be categorized into three primary forms, namely, zero-dimensional fullerenes (e.g., C60), one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional graphene. Each of these NMs possesses distinct attributes that facilitate their engagement with proteins and peptides

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• .16.42 Abstract An electrochemical biosensor based on modified carbon screen-printed electrodes was developed for the detection of hemagglutinin of influenza A H1N1 virus (H1). Gold nanoflowers were electrodeposited on the electrode to increase conductivity and surface area. The electrochemical signal

• transducer system of our biosensor is based on low-cost carbon screen printed electrodes (CSPEs) modified with functionalized gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). The complex morphology and surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) significantly increased the surface area and the

• carbon screen-printed electrodes with gold nanoflowers via electrodeposition, functionalized the gold nanoflowers with 4-aminothiophenol, immobilized monoclonal antibodies that specifically target H1 protein, and used BSA to prevent non-specific binding. Differential pulse voltammetry was used in the

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• ligands and only about 5 atom % palladium in the pristine molecule, yet the obtained palladium content in the deposits amounts to around 30 atom %. This translates to an exceptional removal efficiency of about 90% for the ligand-constituting elements carbon and oxygen through electron-induced dissociation

• this study, we present a detailed analysis of the characteristics of deposits obtained using the new precursor bis(tert-butylacetoacetate)palladium(II), [Pd(tbaoac)2], a member of the β-ketoesterate complex group. Given the growing interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene for semiconductor

• accelerating voltage of 200 kV. For this purpose, the FEB deposits were prepared on an ultrathin carbon support layer of less than 3 nm thickness supported by a lacey carbon membrane (PELCO) on a TEM grid. The TEM grid was fixed to the heatable stage. The deposition process was carried out in a Philips XL30

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• improve the desalination process. In pursuit of greater efficiency in the desalination process, the scientific community has proposed membranes composed of various materials, including graphene [7][8][9][10], carbon nanotubes [11][12][13][14], molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) [15][16][17][18], and hexagonal

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• 2854 cm−1 relate to the stretching vibration of carbon and hydrogen bonds. The peaks at 1030 and 1380 cm−1 are related to vibrational or in-plane bending of residual ethanol which was used for washing the nanoparticles and KBr pellet die set (used for pellet making for FTIR) [18][19]. Optical study of

• peaks of the curve were attributed to the elements silver, zinc, oxygen, and carbon, whereas no peaks corresponding to other elements were observed. Figure 7b represents the coupled state of the 3d orbital of silver. The peaks at 371.2 and 365.3 eV correspond to Ag 3d3/2 and Ag 3d5/2, respectively, and

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• ) approach. For instance, Bartoli et al. [8] reviewed the potential applications of nanostructured carbon coatings – such as nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based materials – to improve interaction on the interface between medical implants and living cells. Several biological materials exhibit

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• the main setup, the sample is annealed at 800 K in 10−6 mbar of O2 to remove carbon impurities and replenish the oxygen in the oxide layer. The composition of the surface was verified by AES (not shown here). The cobalt nanoparticles were deposited by e-beam evaporation with a Co rod, an emission

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• widely used in household detergents, personal care products, emulsification, lubrication, catalysis, nanoparticles synthesis, plastic industry, and electroplating [1][2][3][4]. This organic compound exhibits an amphiphilic nature, consisting of a 12-carbon hydrocarbon tail covalently bonded to a polar

• delivery, targeting, sensing, and imaging [23]. Also, there are a wide variety of nanoparticles available for desired applications. In the case of detection of contaminants or sensing applications, carbon and metal nanoparticles are mostly preferable [24]. Despite their use, these nanoparticles possess

• performed using SEM (FEI Quanta 250, Netherlands). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also performed to measure nanoparticle mean size and their distribution. The sample was diluted 1000-fold from the stock solution, and 5 µL of the sample was placed onto a carbon-coated copper grid with 200 mesh

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• with gold (4 nm). STEM micrographs were obtained from one drop of nanoparticle suspension dripped on an ultrathin carbon-coated copper grid. Surface composition of nanoparticles For the analysis of various functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles before and after coating, attenuated total

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States 10.3762/bjnano.16.26 Abstract We developed a novel pulsed laser-assisted process for the fabrication of advanced composites of nonequilibrium gold nanoparticles on carbon fiber paper supports. Our one-step process integrates the generation of

• nanoparticles with their surface attachment and solves longstanding nanoparticle adhesion and electrical contact issues. Irradiation of hydrophilic carbon fiber paper submerged in aqueous HAuCl4 solution by nanosecond laser pulses produced composites with uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles on carbon

• fibers, taking advantage of the high internal surface area of carbon fiber paper. The pulsed laser-grafted composites exhibited zero measurable charge transfer resistance between gold nanoparticles and the carbon support, leading to superior cathode performance over conventionally prepared electrodes for

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• equivalent of KMnO4 (added in two steps of 3 equiv each) were used relative to the graphite powder used. Chloroquine binds to the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets through noncovalent π–π interactions between the quinoline ring of Chl and the sp2 hybrid π-bonded carbon framework of graphene oxide. The

• sp2 carbon domain and structural disorders raised due to various factors, respectively [45][46]. Further, the presence of a well-defined D band in the Raman spectra of GO could be attributed to the chemical conversion of graphitic sp2 carbon into oxygen-rich functional groups such as C=O, C–OH, and C

• /IG ratio (0.882) is observed for the GO–Chl sample compared to that of GO (0.929). This indicates a possible conversion of the sp3 carbon to sp2 carbon due to the reducing environment imparted by the amino functionalities present on the Chl, which was also corroborated by FTIR data [47]. Furthermore

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• entanglement and promoting fiber formation [58]. A summary of the applications of chitosan/PVA nanofibers is provided in Table 2. PVA is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in various industries because of its versatile properties. Its water solubility allows for a wide range of applications, while its carbon

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• , oxides of titanium, zinc, bismuth, and tungsten, as well as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and their substitute materials are commonly synthesized and used as photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotics from contaminated sources. These materials are synthesized through a variety of

• or other transition metals through doping can potentially improve Bi2WO6 light absorption capabilities and increase the antibiotic degradation efficiency [98]. Some metal-doped bismuth photocatalysts and their antibiotic degradation efficiency are summarized below in Table 3. Graphitic carbon nitride

• -based materials Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free semiconductor material with distinct optical, electrical, structural, and physicochemical characteristics [99]. These properties make it well-suited for applications in energy and environmental fields. Because of its narrow bandgap of 2.7

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• modify the nanomaterials in situ via chemical reactions of the nanoparticles with the molecules or solutes of the liquid. Particularly when organic solvents are used as liquids, photothermally induced C–C cleavage, addition or dehydrogenation reactions of the solvents, as well as (carbon

• system. The abundance of nanoparticles in PC or alcohol was found to correlate with the electrochemical reduction potential of the respective metal, where the noble metals were enriched within the more polar solvents. The polarity of the solvents (as function of the carbon chain length of the alcohol

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , temozolomide (TMZ), a drug used for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), was incorporated into multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a MWCNTs–graphene (MWCNTs-G) hybrid compound, covalently functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and folic acid (FA), with an

• -functionalized carbon nanostructures (CNs) were evaluated in vitro on a GBM cell line (U87MG), as well as their radiosensitizing properties after exposure of the pre-treated GBM cells to gamma radiation with a standard clinical dose for patients with GBM. All prepared formulations underwent biopharmaceutical and

• promotes more intense contact with the cells and rupture of cell membranes. Overall, the findings demonstrate the radiosensitizing properties of not only TMZ but also of CNs and point to a clinical benefit from combined treatment with carbon nanocarriers of TMZ and radiotherapy in GBM. Keywords: carbon

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• . Furthermore, they require only small quantities for utilization [8]. Several types of nanoparticles have been employed as carriers for rhizobacteria inoculants, including silica nanoparticles [9], clay nanoparticles [8], carbon nanoparticles [10], zinc oxide nanoparticles [11], and calcium carbonate

• the elemental composition of the rhizobacteria-nHA comprising Ca, P, O, and C. Ca, P, and O constitute the components of the nHA carrier material, while C originates from the rhizobacteria. The percentage of carbon in the Pd-nHA sample is notably higher, reaching 59.04%, compared to the 46.14% of the