Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• levels. In addition to chemical functionality, studies have demonstrated the importance of the architectural structure of the PLL employed [73][74]. In a study on the delivery of the ASO 5′-TGGCGTCTTCCATTT-3′ (PS-ODN) to two cell lines, D407 (clone 6-2) and CV-1 (clone CV-11), both expressing luciferase

• PMO conjugate containing linolenic acid with three double bonds (LenA) exhibited enhanced cellular internalisation while maintaining high cell viability on various cell lines, leading to the highest splice switching activity (Figure 8). Poly(propylene imine). Since pioneering research by Vögtle and

• apoptosis rates in human cancer cell lines [134]. Klajnert and coworkers further explored the ability of Mal and Mal-III-modified PPI G4 dendrimers to protect anti-HIV ASOs from nucleolytic degradation under physiological conditions (Figure 9) [135]. Similarly, Maly et al. investigated the self-assembly

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• h [68][69]. In other studies performed with other cell lines with various nanoparticles, the progression in internalization was generally followed for 3 or 4 h or directly checked 4 h after treatment [70][71][72]. Therefore, for this study, the progressive internalization of EudAlg NPs was studied

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• exposure to the lowest concentration of 0.5 µg/mL) to around 70% and 51%, respectively, (after exposure to the highest tested concentration of 100 µg/mL). These data are in accordance with the findings in several studies in which cell uptake and cytotoxicity of different CNs in different cell lines were

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• the given bacteria. Regarding antiproliferative effects, our study exhibited an average IC50 value of 98.53 µg/mL against HT-29 cell lines. In contrast, Mohd Yusof et al. [9][23] evaluated cell viability using the MTT assay on Vero cells, revealing viability at concentrations from 100 µg/mL at 24 h

• , TPG96 were procured from Himedia, India and were of analytical grade. The National Centre for Cell Sciences in Pune supplied the human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29 ATCC). The Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC, India) provided the test organisms. Phenotypic diagnosis Curd

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• immunotoxicity assessment using cell lines and primary cellular models, to (v) the use of the instance map approach for the coordination of materials and data flows in complex multipartner collaborative projects and for the demonstration of case studies. Finally, areas for future development of the instance map

• allow for benchmarking and interoperability of data from different labs, similar to the CHADA and MODA concepts. Example 4: Showcasing complex workflows in human immunotoxicity assessment using cell lines and primary cellular models In the context of studying bio-nano interactions of silica-based

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• CA-RA were 0.57 mM and 0.48 mM for WI38 and Chang liver, respectively. For these cell lines, p(Hist-CA) had an IC50 higher than 1.4 mg/mL (Table 2). The agglutination activity results are shown in Figure 3. Control plate wells with erythrocytes in saline exhibited a dense layer at the bottom

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• at lower concentrations compared to Unmodified-Lipo and SO-Lipo. This aligns with previous studies that revealed the cytotoxic effect of AUR peptide on cancer cell lines [14][15]. Our results underscore the superior safety profile of SO-Lipo in comparison to AUR-Lipo, particularly at lower

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• (tears, urine, ascitic fluid, and nutrient media collected after culturing various cell lines) [17][18][19][20][21]. We consider the term “biological nanoparticles” (bio-NPs) proposed by Jens B. Simonsen and Rasmus Münter [22] to be adequate in defining the totality of all types of EVs and LPs present in

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• (targeting agent) to provide selective interaction with tumor cell lines in biological media. The stability of these dually functionalized SiO2NPs is preserved in unprocessed human plasma while yielding a decrease in the number of adsorbed proteins. Experiments in murine blood further proved that these

• play a key role in obtaining NPs with the desired stability and functionality in bodily fluids [12]. Here, we proposed developing SiO2NPs colloidally stable in biological media and targetable to tumor cells through selective binding with folate receptors, highly expressed in tumor cell lines

• and internalization of SiO2NPs in healthy and tumor cells To confirm that SiO2NPs-ZW-FO are more recognized by cells with high folate receptor expression than non-functionalized SiO2NPs, both were added to 2D cell cultures to evaluate their targeting ability (Figure 4a). The cell lines HaCat (healthy

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• increases the treatment efficacy [12][13]. In our study, two folate receptor-positive cell lines (human breast carcinoma MCF7 and human hepatoma HepG2) and a folate receptor-negative cell line (HEK 293) were used. To test how well the particles could target the cell lines, they were incubated with free

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• procedures [19][20][21]. Understanding the structural features related to the surface modifiers of ENMOs that influence their uptake in human cell lines is crucial for designing nanomaterials with enhanced bioavailability. The surface modifiers are, in general, chemical groups or molecules that are attached

• uptake in the PaCa2 cell line [22][23][24][25][26][27]. In the current study, we have performed a distinctive approach by developing nano-QSAR machine learning-based classification models that encompass not only the cellular uptake data of the PaCa2 cell line but also the two additional cell lines HUVEC

• responsible for classifying higher-uptake and lower-uptake surface modifiers in the case of three cell lines [46]. The descriptors that had greater values of absolute difference were taken as significant features for a particular cell line. For the study of the PaCa2 cell line, we selected ten descriptors

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• endpoints are modelled using the same framework. For example, it is possible to have different target cell lines (identified by one or more descriptors) [24][31][36][60][66] or to combine different toxicity assay methods [24][36][63][66] in the same model. In some models, binary descriptors are used to

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• list NDD or NP labels. Consequently, the resulting model cannot predict multioutput properties and/or labels such as different organisms or cell lines [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Sizochenko et al. reported a new methodology for NP safety estimation in different organisms [38

• proteins, n(cd2) = 7 cell lines (SH-SY5Y, CHO-K1, HEK293, PC-12, CHO, HEK-293T, and HuT78), and n(cd3) = 7 model organisms (Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Cavia porcellus, Canis lupus familiaris, Macacafas cicularis, and Caenorhabditis elegans). The information downloaded from ChEMBL also

• , the cell line, cn2, the NP shape, cn3, the measurement conditions, and cn4, the coating agent. Each of these assays involved at last one out of n(cn0) = 5 possible biological activity parameters (CC50, EC50, IC50, LC50, and TC50). They also include n(cn1) = 53 cell lines (e.g., A549 (H), RAW 264.7

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• the medium. The viability of THP-1 monocytes upon 30 and 180 min of co-incubation with void and ALN-loaded nanovesicles and LPS was measured by the MTT assay modified for suspension cell lines [82]. Briefly, 4 × 104 THP-1 cells in 50 μL of RPMI medium were seeded into 96-well plates and grown for 4 h

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• structural diversity of metal oxide nanoparticles (MeOx NPs) poses significant challenges in determining their toxic effect on living cells [14][15]. Works related to nanoscale toxicity modeling have been published [16][17][18][19][20] to predict the toxicity profile of MeOx NPs on various cell lines and

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• additional 10 min. Cell culture The cell lines HepG2, MCF-7, 3T3, and Hek were cultured in DMEM, 10% FBS, and 1% antibiotic at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Cell uptake estimation The cells were seeded onto 6-well plates at 100,000 cells/well and were cultured overnight. On the next day, the cells were incubated with

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs showed promising anticancer potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines, although this effect was less pronounced in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMN) cell lines. Confocal microscopy was used

• network, which decreases and prolongs drug release [30]. In vitro interaction of HSA-MPs and CUR-HSA-MPs with cells Cytotoxicity toward tumor cells Cytotoxicity of CUR-HSA-MPs in Huh-7 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines was measured using MTT assay. Notably, HSA-MPs revealed no significant cell death among Huh-7

• hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines using the colorimetric MTT assay. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFB) and human cholangiocyte (MMNK-1) cell lines were evaluated as controls for cytotoxicity. Briefly, the cell lines were cultured in cell culture medium containing

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• glioblastoma) and ARPE-19 (human retinal pigment epithelium) cells. Both NPs showed anticancer activity, but Ch/Q-Ag NPs seemed to be more effective on cancer cell lines (U-118 MG) in comparison to healthy ones (ARPE-19). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs against Gram-negative

• high dose (500 µM) for 24 h. It decreased cell viability by 75% in glioblastoma cells and by 25% in non-cancerous cells (data not shown). From this, it can be concluded that the selected cancer drug is highly specific to the cancer cells [56]. Therefore, human glioblastoma (U-118 MG) cell lines were

• cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG2) [57][58]. Materials and Methods Chemicals Chitosan (medium molecular weight: 190,000–310,000 Da based on viscosity; 75–85% deacetylated; viscosity: 200–800 cP, that is 1 wt % in 1% acetic acid at 25 °C), sodium borohydride (NaBH4, ≥98.0%), caffeic acid (≥98.0%), and

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• activity, including the downstream TKI resistance mutations (Figure 1) [70]. Lu et al. tested the efficacy of combined siRNA treatment with gefitinib in several NSCLC cell lines (A549, H1975, and H1993). The A549 cell line carried wild-type EGFR and KRAS mutations, H1975 cells expressed L858R/T790M EGFR

• for silencing the expression of resistance-related genes was evidenced by a significant reduction in cell growth and increased rate of apoptosis compared to the cells treated with siRNA only. Furthermore, considering that these cell lines are EGFR-positive TKI-resistant NSCLC cells, a synergistic

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• region (Figure 6b). The obtained results indicate that these dots can be used for visualization of different cell lines because of the low cytotoxicity and poor antibacterial activity. Conclusion In this study we discussed for the first time the effect of the precursor o-phenylenediamine on structural

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• synthesized by green methods and, in some cases, are combined with other metals [2]. AgNPs have potential uses in biomedicine. Several authors have reported the ability of AgNPs to act as antibacterial [3][4] or as cytotoxic agents in certain cancer cell lines [5][6]. This type of application has attracted a

• . This result is consistent with Park et al. [45], who reported that the size of AgNPs is an important factor in cytotoxicity, inflammation, and genotoxicity. In this sense, AgNPs have been shown to induce cytotoxicity through apoptosis and necrosis in different cell lines [46]. Microscopic analysis

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• –usher polymerization pathway in Gram-negative microorganisms involved in pili protein synthesis [79]. For instance, the inhibitor targets pilus chaperone PapD, thereby reducing the adhesion to cell lines by 90% [80]. These pilicides inhibit curli formation in uropathogenic E. coli by preventing the

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• migration capacity, and cells on soft substrates (3 kPa) had the lowest migration capacity (Figure 2c). Cell proliferation assays also revealed that both cell lines had a significantly greater ability to proliferate on stiff substrates, and that the proliferation of prostate cancer cells significantly

• protrusion on the surface of the cell pseudopod. In contrast, the surface of PC-3 cells on soft substrates was smoother. In addition, both cell lines on the stiff substrate were observed to be taller than those on the other two substrates, with cell height values ranging from 1–4 μm. The height of the HPV-PZ

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• dose determined based on cell viability results of 50% or more is appropriate [22][28]. In previous studies, the cytotoxic effect of EGCG, whose antioxidant effect has been proven many times, has been investigated, especially on cancer cell lines. Although there is no cytotoxicity study on the L929

• human cancer cells without causing toxicity problems in normal cells. In general, it has been confirmed that they are relatively nontoxic in healthy L929 cells but toxic in cancer cell lines [29]. Preparation and characterization of formulations Like many phenolic compounds, EGCG is not sufficiently