Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• the effect of GO–Chl on plasma membrane integrity and cell viability, we performed flow-cytometry-based PI uptake analyses. Figure 5 reveals the dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with compromised membranes, which indicates significant growth in the number of dead A549 cells after exposure

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• concentration-dependent toxicity was observed for blank dual-functionalized CNs, being higher for MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA compared to MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA at the same formulation concentrations. With incorporation of TMZ into the functionalized CNs, the cell viability additionally decreased, maintaining the trend for

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• circularly polarized laser pulses, drastically reducing cell viability to about 10%. This targeted approach ensures that the laser energy remains below the threshold that could damage healthy cells, and the thermal field is efficiently confined to a 10 nm range around the cancer cells, thereby sparing

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• the given bacteria. Regarding antiproliferative effects, our study exhibited an average IC50 value of 98.53 µg/mL against HT-29 cell lines. In contrast, Mohd Yusof et al. [9][23] evaluated cell viability using the MTT assay on Vero cells, revealing viability at concentrations from 100 µg/mL at 24 h

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in 0.04% DMF in D2O. The analysis of the unreleased Atr amount was conducted similarly to the method described in the prior paragraphs. Cytotoxicity Based on fluorescence intensity, the cytotoxic effect was determined using the Cell Viability BioApp on the

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• ]. Cytotoxicity evaluation The cytotoxicity of Unmodified-Lipo, SO-Lipo, and AUR-Lipo was evaluated using a resazurin-based cell viability assay in a concentration range from 15.625 to 2000 µM, as illustrated in Figure 1. This assay is an established method for determining cell viability and based on the

• of 500 µM, the cell viability slightly decreased, approaching significance (p = 0.051), indicating a potential threshold where lipid concentration may begin to impact cell viability. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at higher concentrations (1000 and 2000 µM) with p-values of 0.003 and <0.001

• cell viability was observed at 500 µM (p = 0.017), indicating significant cytotoxicity. This trend was consistent at higher concentrations, with p-values of 0.002 at both 1000 and 2000 µM, showing that SO-Lipo remains relatively safe at lower concentrations but exhibits significant cytotoxicity at

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• activity, membrane leakage, and morphological changes. Toxic NPs can adversely affect cell viability, proliferation rate, and metabolic activity; also, they can reduce the therapeutic efficiency of the treatment [55]. The toxicity of NPs on biological entities fundamentally depends on the characteristics

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• maximum of two missed cleavages allowed. A tolerance of 10 ppm for precursor ions and 1 Da for fragment ions was defined. A maximum of 1% FDR calculated using reverse sequences was set for both protein and peptide identification. Cell viability assays HaCat and KB cells were cultured in a DMEM culture

• of folate ensured the stability of NPs in this medium. Moreover, in both evaluated media, there was a decrease in protein adsorption after the addition of ZW, primarily in the adsorption of opsonin. Hemolysis and cell viability assays Considering the reduction in proteins adsorbed on SiO2NPs

• cell viability assays, both non-functionalized and functionalized SiO2NPs did not affect the viability, regardless of the evaluated concentration (Figure 3d,e). Thus, the results support the use of SiO2NPs for tests that gradually mimic the real conditions of the human body. Folate receptor expression

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• ). Cytotoxicity test Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The method is based on the ability of NADPH-dependent cellular oxidoreductase in living, metabolically active cells to reduce MTT to water-insoluble crystals of formazan. Cells were seeded

• different conditions. Cell viability of the HeLa cell line treated with DOX-SNPs and pure SNPs incubated for 24, 72 and 96 h in DMEM at 37 °C (* – p < 0.05 to control; NT – non treated cells see section “Cytotoxicity test” for details). Cell viability of HeLa cells treated with DOX for 72 and 96 h in DMEM

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• permeability in primary human HSECs during liver fibrosis and occlusion [66]. The exposure of TiO2 NPs in vitro resulted in the formation of large gaps between the cells without significant effects on cell viability and no significant release of oxidative stress. This strategy may be exploited for co

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• incubated with the cells for 24, 48, and 72 h (Figure 4), with CHL serving as the positive control (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). For the first 24 h, the cell viability in every sample was greater than 90%. However, the cell viability decreased proportionately with the incubated concentration

• @PLGA/CHL/IR780 were 1.014 mg/mL and 1.1069 mg/mL, respectively, while the IC50 value for the positive control CHL was 13.57 μM. When F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 was added to the HepG2 cells, the cell viability was much lower after 48 h than after incubation with F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 at concentrations

• above 1 mg/mL. After 72 h, the cell viability after incubation with F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 was statistically lower than that of cells treated with F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 (p < 0.05). In MCF7 cells, there was no difference in cell viability after incubation with F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 and F127@PLGA

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• precursors. Similarly, Gul et al. compiled a dataset of nanoforms in cell viability tests to perform an association rule mining analysis in which the synthesis method was included among the identifiers of the nanoparticles [86]. In another example, in the read-across models developed by Varsou et al. [77

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• , extracts from the scaffolds, or media with the same salt concentrations. After 24 and 72 h treatments, phase-contrast microscopy images were taken. The relative cell viability was determined using the WST-1 reagent (diluted in medium without phenol red (colorless) at 1:20). A volume of 200 µL of old medium

• the samples were measured in a microplate reader (model 3550, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Japan) at 450 nm. A reference wavelength of 655 nm was also used. The statistical analysis of the relative cell viability values was done using one-way ANOVA in the GraphPad Prism 8.0.1 software (GraphPad Inc., USA

• moderately cytotoxic; and if the viability is close to 0% then the substance is severely cytotoxic. For the determination of the extract, we used a new sample nomenclature (Table 2). After 24 and 72 h treatments, the relative cell viability was compared to that of the 24 h negative control (Figure 5). After

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• the optimal concentration of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs was 50 µg/ mL, and the optimal RF heating time to reach 41 ± 1 °C was 20 min (Figure 6a). The cytotoxicity of NFs was measured in normal liver cells (THLE-2 cells), and the cell viability rate was 105%, indicating that NFs had no significant toxic effects

• on normal liver cells. At the optimal concentration of NFs, the antitumor effects of the RF, CUR, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs on Huh-7 cells were similar, which indicated that their toxicity to Huh-7 cells was limited. There was no significant difference in cell viability between RF, CUR, CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs

• , and the control group (Figure 6b). Both CUR and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs exhibited high cytotoxicity after RF hyperthermia. Compared with that in the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs group, Huh-7 cell viability was 14.62% in the CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs + RF group. These findings suggested that the antitumor effect of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• incubation, the MTT solution was removed, the insoluble formazan crystals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and absorbance was measured at 570 nm in a Cytation™ 5 cell imaging multi-mode reader (Biotek Instruments, VT, USA). The cell viability was expressed as a percentage of the cells grown in

• ATP content The effect of nanovesicle uptake by THP-1 macrophages and HUVECs on the intracellular ATP content was determined with CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability assay (Promega, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Briefly, THP-1 macrophages and HUVECs were seeded and

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• cells/well one day prior to the tests. Then, the cells were treated with various particle concentrations (0.5 mg/ mL, 1 mg/mL, and 1.5 mg/mL). Cells treated with CHL and untreated cells were used as controls. Cells were incubated with NPs for 48 and 72 h. The cell viability was evaluated by the MTT

• the nanoparticles This experiment was conducted to assess the toxicity of CHL nanoparticles to four distinct cell types (Figure 4). After 72 h of incubation, the IC50 of CHL for HepG2 was 0.45 µg/mL. After 72 h of NP exposure to HepG2, the cell viability at the highest dose (1.50 μg/mL) was reduced to

• between F127@NP and F127-folate@NP. The IC50 of CHL for MCF-7 was 0.4 μg/mL. After 72 h of incubation, the NPs had some impact on the MCF-7 cells. At a dosage of 1.5 mg/mL, the cell viability of both F127@NP and F127-folate@NP decreased to approximately 50%. These results were below PVA@NP (75%). Similar

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• to 250 mg/mL to the cells for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cell viability was assessed using a colorimetric MTT assay. Cells were exposed to a 10 μL MTT stock solution (5 mg/mL in PBS) and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. After incubation, the culture medium was replaced with 100 μL of DMSO. The optical

• density at 570 nm was measured using a microplate reader. Cell viability was determined by comparing the absorbance of each product concentration to untreated cells, with the negative control (DMEM) representing 100% cellular metabolism. The analysis utilized average values. In vivo toxicity evaluation

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• , respectively. Additionally, this nanosystem proved to be biocompatible with skin fibroblasts (in vitro). However, neither the cell viability of this system in healthy macrophages nor models of parasite infection in this cell type were evaluated. Considering that the nanoscale platform approved by the FDA and

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• cytotoxicity. However, the cytotoxicity and the interaction of cells with CUR-HSA-MPs depends also on cell uptake of particles and interactions between particles and cells [42]. Our results were in line with those previously reported by Zhang and co-workers [43]. The authors reported that cell viability of

• A549 cells, HepG2 cells, and RAW264.7 treated with CUR encapsulated in albumin nanoparticles at 100 µg/mL decreased by only 50%, 30%, and 30%, respectively. However, the cell viability after treatment with CUR at the same concentration decreased to less than 7% in all kinds of cells in a 24 h period

• . Moreover, after 48 h, both free CUR and CUR-HSA-MPs exhibit stronger toxic effects against Huh-7 than against MCF-7 cells. In line with earlier studies on CUR-loaded gold/chitosan nanogels, a higher concentration-dependent cell viability reduction is induced in Huh-7 cells than in MCF-7 cancerous cells [44

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• AdaBoost) with periodic table descriptors for predicting the cytotoxicity, in terms of cell viability, of eight heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO2. Also, the best algorithm showing the most contributing features responsible for the toxicity to HK-2 (human kidney 2) cell has been determined. To the best

• of heavy metal concentrations are given in Table 1. HK-2 cells were utilized to determine the toxicity in this study using cell viability as the endpoint. HK-2 cells are a sensitive model for examining renal cytotoxicity. They grow in monolayers and are suitable for studying the proximal tubular

• toxicity of a variety of compounds [21]. The main advantage of HK-2 cells is that they retain the basic morphological and functional properties of proximal tubular epithelial cells [22]. Cell viability was measured by using Equation 1: Here, S stands for cell survival rate, Aexp is the absorbance value of

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• . cruzi compared to free BNZ. No formulation-related cytotoxic effects were observed on either Vero or CHO cells. Moreover, BNZ showed a 50% reduction in CHO cell viability at 125 µg/mL, whereas NLC-BNZ and non-loaded NLC did not exert a significant effect on cell viability at the same concentration

• -dependent manner (Figure 10). Interestingly, the cell viability for NLC-VEHICLE or NLC-BNZ at the same tested concentrations of free BNZ resulted in values above 80% in all cases, suggesting a decreased cytotoxic effect. That decrease in toxicity generated by NLC-BNZ, in comparison with free BNZ, could be

• spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 550 nm. The assays were performed in triplicate. Cell toxicity assay on Vero cells Cell viability was analyzed by flow cytometry as described in the “In vitro anti-amastigote effect” section after adding PI to obtain the percentage of dead cells following the

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• metabolism (CO2 and O2, respectively). Hence, their metabolic activity can be tracked in terms of the gas release, observable as bubbles at the material’s surface. Thus, the gas release is a good indicator of the overall cell viability within the encapsulation system. In addition, the undesired leakage of

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• high dose (500 µM) for 24 h. It decreased cell viability by 75% in glioblastoma cells and by 25% in non-cancerous cells (data not shown). From this, it can be concluded that the selected cancer drug is highly specific to the cancer cells [56]. Therefore, human glioblastoma (U-118 MG) cell lines were

• /v) penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco; Thermo Scientific, USA) containing high-glucose DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Scientific, USA) in an incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2 pressure. Cell viability assay (XTT) The cells were planted at approximately 10,000/100 µL per well in 96-well plates. To reveal the dose–time

• was used as control group. After 24 h of incubation, the medium containing the Ag NPs was removed and the cells were washed at least twice with 100 μL of DMEM without phenol red. The cell viability was evaluated with XTT (3'-[1-phenylaminocarbonyl-3,4-tetrazolium]bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzenesulfonic

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• were obtained upon solvent removal. High colloidal stability (longer than three months without sedimentation), high encapsulation efficiency (>99%), slow drug release (only 15% of the drug after five days), and low cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (cell viability > 80%) were observed. In vivo tests

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23