Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• custom-made Teflon tub, in 2.0 mL of commercially available aqueous colloid of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (100 nm, nanoComposix), followed by drying under a heat lamp at 60 °C for 20 min. Physical characterization Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained at UR-Nano. A Zeiss Auriga

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• accelerator and related characterization facilities at Kurukshetra University. The authors are also thankful to the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), New Delhi for RUSA 2.0 grants to the Center for Advanced Material Research (CAMR), Kurukshetra University.

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• quantitative estimation of the unbound drug. Physical characterization techniques The functional group and structural analysis of GO and GO–Chl nanoconjugate were studied using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Cary 630 FTIR, Agilent, CA, USA) in ATR mode and a Raman spectrophotometer (Ranishaw win

• ) through chemiluminescence. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The values represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. A value of p < 0.05 (*) was considered statistically significant. Results and Discussion Physical characterization analysis The synthesis of graphene

• formation of GO–Chl nanoconjugates was confirmed by investigating the optical, functional, structural, and morphological properties employing standard analytical characterization techniques. The optical properties of GO and GO–Chl were assessed using UV–vis spectroscopy (Supporting Information File 1

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . Powder BerNPs were obtained by the freeze-drying for 48 h at −55 °C under vacuum. Physicochemical characterization of BerNPs The specific adsorption peak of BerNPs was determined by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy in a wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm after dilution in methanol. The berberine

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• . Key strategies for improvement are analyzed, including material modifications through blending and structural modifications like fiber orientation and multilayer constructions, and surface modifications such as coating and functionalization. The review also covers advanced characterization methods to

• [9]. In this review, we focus on the background of the electrospinning process, the properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers, and fabrication techniques, including the effects of various parameters and post-treatment methods. We also review the characterization of chitosan/PVA electrospun

• needleless technique based on a rotating cylinder spinneret to increase production rate. Table 4 summarizes the different electrospinning methods used in fabricating chitosan/PVA nanofibers. Characterization of mechanical properties Electrospun nanofibers possess unique mechanical properties, which depend on

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• physicochemical characterization, including the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same conditions. For physicochemical characterization of the formulations, different techniques were used by which successful functionalization of the CNs and TMZ loading were confirmed and visualized; no significant

• conditions were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Results and Discussion Biopharmaceutical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures Loading efficacy, drug content, surface charge, and particle size distribution In the study, relatively high

• covalent functionalization, based on the assumption that the polymer with the higher molecular weight would provide longer circulation time and, thus, higher uptake ratio in the brain tumor cells. Physicochemical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures For physicochemical

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• gradually through a solvothermal reaction, driven by the chemical transformation represented by the following equation: Nanohydroxyapatite characterization The structural analysis of nHA was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffraction pattern of nHA standard is given in Figure 1, while that of

• Novella and coworkers [26]. Nanohydroxyapatite characterization Structural assessment of the synthesized nHA was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the PANalytical AERIS system and OriginLab 8.5.1 software. Further examination of the sample’s morphology was carried out using a scanning electron

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• machine learning to accelerate material development, exploring more types of photothermal nanomaterials, exploring more diverse composite photothermal material formulations, utilizing advanced characterization techniques, and collaborating with multidisciplinary researchers, more advanced and effective

• , synthesis methods, and activity [220]. Developing machine learning models for ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterials will expedite the development of high-performance target materials and alleviate the burden of extensive experimental work. Advanced characterization tools, theoretical simulations, and high

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• of the mechanical parameters and their error bars (standard error of the mean) [21]. After this characterization, the chosen rare earth is introduced in the sample chamber at the desired concentration, and the procedure described above is repeated using the same DNA molecule, thus obtaining the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• [Dmim][Cl]) in the preparation of MOF-based MMMs has been demonstrated in numerous other studies on CO2 separation [97][133][134][135][136][137][138]. Note that all the previous considerations are generally true for MOF-based MMMs for CO2 capture purposes. 3.6 Structural characterization of MOF-based

• MMMs Material characterization techniques are pivotal for the assessment of novel MOF-based MMMs structures. Electron microscopy enables direct imaging of a sample with up to sub-nanometer resolution [139]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a popular and straightforward method to obtain images of

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• photoelectron spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy assessed the modifications induced by the incorporation of niobium compounds into the clay, confirming the presence of niobium in the bentonite clay. Following characterization, the BEOx and BEPh samples were used as adsorbents or

• dye with the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (present in the mitochondria), leading to the formation of a salt called Formazan with a pink-reddish color. Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the powder were conducted using a Rigaku BEartLab SE 3 kW diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• complementary characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA, N2 sorption, NMR, XPS and UV–vis spectrometry. It was observed that treatment in 70% ethanol solution preserves the ordered layered structure of 2D mordenite because TEOT hydrolysis is slowed down. This, in turn, leads to higher

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), utilizing lactic acid bacteria isolated from curd as the key biological agent. Bacteria function as agents for both reduction and capping processes, which aids the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Various characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, TEM, SEM-EDX, and zeta potential

• characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic studies, electrochemical analysis, and determination of antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

• using the indigenous LAB strain and understand its health-promoting characteristics and to extrapolate the beneficial characters to industrial scale [14][15]. Results Physiological and biochemical characterization of LAB The bacterial isolates from indigenous curd samples were cultured on MRS agar

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

• characterization of defects in a single layer of graphene on iridium that were induced by rare-gas ion bombardment by using combined scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements and NC-AFM [12]. The authors reveal that presumed monoatomic vacancies, as deduced from STM measurements alone, have rather

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• standard. Scale bars: (a) 1 mm and (b) 10 μm. Structural characterization of the scales. (a) SEM image of an intact scale with the upper lamina facing upwards. (b, c) Cross-sectional images of an intact scale show a thin cortex wrapping around a chitin–air network with a 3D periodic nanostructure; the

• Information File 66: Material characterization, polarization properties, lattice estimation, additional microscopy and spectroscopy. Acknowledgements We thank Viola Bauernfeind and Ullrich Steiner (Adolphe Merkle Institute) for technical support with the FIB-SEM, Gregor Zickler (PLUS) for technical support

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• systems. By presenting SO as a promising alternative endosomal escape agent, we aim to contribute to the advancement of targeted drug delivery strategies with improved therapeutic outcomes. Results and Discussion Characterization of liposomal formulations In our study, we meticulously formulated three

• vesicles. To standardize the size distribution, the sonicated dispersion underwent five cycles of extrusion through a 100 nm polycarbonate membrane using an Avanti Mini-Extruder. The finalized liposomal formations underwent a comprehensive characterization, assessing size, PDI, and zeta potential through

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• picosecond laser [Nd:YAG, M/s EKSPLA] with a pulse duration of ≈30 ps, a repetition rate of ≈10 Hz, a wavelength of ≈1064 nm, and a pulse energy of ≈16.3 mJ (determined from previous experiments [33] and optimised using multiple ablation trials followed by detailed characterization studies) was used for the

• turned from transparent to turbid white, while toluene and anisole turned from transparent to black (Figure 2). The obtained NPs and NSs were labelled as described in Table 1, according to the liquid in which they were ablated, and subsequently characterised through different methods. Characterization

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• precursors employed. Results and Discussion Experimental results The SiOx films obtained using the HFCVD reactor have already been characterized using different optical, electrical, and structural characterization techniques [29][30][31]. Also, the process of the growth of the films was optimized through a

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• . Experimental Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles The synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles was carried out using a modified coprecipitation method with oleic acid as a stabilizer. 10 mL of 1 M FeSO4·7H2O and 10 mL of 2 M FeCl3·6H2O were added to 10 mL 4 M NaOH and 1 mL oleic acid

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• ʟ-carnosine in synthesizing tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticles (ʟ-car-AgNPs). The formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs was confirmed via UV–vis optical absorption spectroscopy, showing single and double plasmonic peaks, depending on the synthesis conditions. Physicochemical characterization using TEM, FTIR

• was air-dried. Characterization of ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles The spectral absorbance of ʟ-car-AgNPs was recorded using an Epoch2 spectrophotometer (BioTek, USA) in the 300–900 nm range. Zeta potentials and average hydrodynamic diameters of ʟ-car-AgNPs were determined using a Zetasizer

• temperature and the ratio of NaBH4 to NaOH led to the formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs with different colors. The color of the obtained nanoparticles suggested that they were in a controlled aggregated state. Further characterization was performed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthesized ʟ

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• engineered NMs was explored in silico in order to predict their ZP based on physicochemical and molecular descriptors. The physicochemical characterization of the NMs was performed under the EU-FP7 NanoMILE project (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/310451) [36]. From the available descriptors/properties

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• mixture of CuBTC and FeBTC to modify carbon paste electrodes for the determination of enrofloxacin. The characterization and properties of the fabricated electrode, including molecular structure, morphology, and electrochemical characteristics, were thoroughly investigated using various analytical

• techniques. The synergistic effects of CuBTC and FeBTC are considered promising for enhancing the performance of enrofloxacin sensors in aqueous solutions. Results and Discussion Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC In the XRD pattern in Figure 1a, the FeBTC sample shows peaks at 2θ values of 6.26°, 10.34°, 10.85

•  2e), the binding energy peak of Cu 2p3/2 (934.9 eV) can be attributed to Cu2+. Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE Morphology The TEM image of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample shows unevenly distributed particles with different particle sizes fluctuating in the range of 40 to 100 nm (Figure 3). After mixing

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• unprecedented advancements in the design, characterization, and optimization of materials. By leveraging computational modelling and simulation, researchers can simulate and predict properties and behavior of materials with remarkable accuracy, explore a vast design space, and predict the properties and

• candidates for specific applications [10]. In addition to materials design, digital technologies can enhance the characterization and understanding of materials. Advanced imaging techniques, coupled with computational analysis, enable researchers to examine the microstructure and behavior of materials at

• in materials development. Beside the implementation of automation and robotics in the development, synthesis, and characterization of materials, automation in modelling has emerged as a powerful approach to streamline and enhance the efficiency of computational studies. By leveraging digital