Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• the fact that, in the V-shaped specimens, there is no cross section in which only the strength-dominating PPGF is present. In contrast, such cross sections are present in the rectilinear specimens, resulting in strength values that correspond well to those of pure PPGF. For the production of the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• technique exhibit broader peaks compared to those deposited by laser ablation, where the peaks are narrower and sharper. SEM images of the surface and cross section of the films deposited by the doctor blade method, with varying ZnO layer thicknesses, reveal a noticeable difference in morphology. The films

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , highlighting the detailed arrangement of PDA and Ag nanoparticles on the membrane surface. Morphological changes in (g) surface (g) and (h) cross section of Ag@PCTA after desalination, with an enlarged view of the cross-sectional layer in the upper right corner. Water flux and salt rejection rate (NaCl) for

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• our comprehension of laser–material interactions and hold potential implications for surface engineering and material science applications. Keywords: cross section of LIPSS; high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL); laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS); low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL

• -resolution images of cross section and surface morphologies of the sample were obtained using a FESEM (Zeiss, Ultra 55). EDS was used to determine the elemental distribution on the bare and laser-treated surfaces. The periodicity in various locations on the FESEM images was determined using ImageJ software

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• obtain the spectrum of the cantilever. A Lorentzian fit was then performed to the obtained peak and finally the cantilever constant was calculated. To take into account any potential change in the dimensions of PA at different osmolarities, the cross section tool from the NanoScope software was used to

• estimation of the size of PA by AFM was made using the cross-section tool along both axes to obtain its length, width, and height, as shown in Figure 2A and 2B. With a resolution of 48 points or pixels per line, FV can also provide accurate morphological measurements for bacteria, as shown in the 3D

• location of single nanoindentations can be easily discerned. B) Cross-section profiles taken from both main axes of the bacteria shown in A) with dashed lines for length (blue) and width (red). C) 3D reconstruction of the image shown in A) shows how FV can also accurately represent the topography of the

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• are in good agreement with the near-equimolar composition of the bulk target (Cr21Mn18Fe21Co18Ni22), determined by both XRF and SEM-EDX measurements, quantifying not only the surface compositions of the corresponding targets but also bulk compositions determined from a target cross-section (Supporting

• analytical techniques, we can prove that carbon incorporation into HEA NPs via ns-LAL is observable as seen in Figure 6. We prepared a cross-section sample of an amorphous HEA NP from ns-LAL synthesis via focused ion beam (FIB) preparation and compared EELS signals originating from both the core and shell

• structure of the particle. Figure 6a highlights the elemental distribution of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, O, and C throughout the cross section of the HEA NP. Here, evenly distributed metal atoms can be observed, surrounded by a carbon shell. However, note that carbon signals additionally originate from the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• coatings, there are no significant differences between the surface morphology for films deposited without and with ion gun. SEM images showed smooth surfaces composed of very small grains with columnar-like character. Post-process annealing caused a significant change of the surface and cross-section

• morphology. After thermal modification, the surface morphology of the prepared coatings without additional ion bombardment showed very large grains with an average size of approximately 100 nm, which formed agglomerates with visible voids between them (Figure 3 A). Additionally, the cross-section image

• the cross-section morphology of the titanium dioxide coating deposited with Iibg = 3 A (Figure 3b), changing its fibrous structure to a coarse-grained one. The width of these elongated grains ranged from 60 to 120 nm. Contrary to this, the cross-section image (Figure 3c) of the TiO2 coating deposited

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• formation via direct and near-field forces [24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, the application of TTM is hampered by the relatively high uncertainty of material parameters such as the temperature- or field-dependent interaction cross section or the non-linear heat capacities [28][29][30][31]. Heat flow and phase

• to liquid) should lead to restructuring. In a simple model, the laser energy is converted into heat that will be localized in the absorbing part within the laser penetration depth. Absorption is linear as expressed by the (known) absorption cross section. In the model by Takami et al. [46], which is

• heat capacity is temperature-dependent in simple metals [28] (and the scattering cross section decreases with temperature), the cooling of the electron gas tends to slow down with increasing excitation density [107]. A well-known case is gold with exceptionally weak electron–phonon coupling, such that

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• drops sharply due to reduction of ion cross section. This decrease triggers the feedback system to stop the approach at a predefined setpoint current, effectively determining the z-position of the sample at that location. By scanning the sample pixel-by-pixel in hopping mode, a three-dimensional

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• of the ion beam is specified as ranging from 10 to 159 nm, changing with acceleration voltage (5, 8, 16, and 30 kV) and ion beam current. The actual thickness of each layer was measured with a standard cross section using the Ga+ FIB. All scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken with the

• . All deposition parameters are shown in Table 1. To calculate the resistivity of the deposits, the NanoLab 650 dual beam system was used to determine the length and the cross section of each deposited layer. The TEM lamellas were prepared with a JEOL JIB 4601F FIB-SEM MultiBeam system. The sample

• using the two upper contacts, while the resulting voltage was measured between the two lower contacts to evaluate the resistivity R in the same way as in [11]. After these measurements were done, the area A of the cross section was determined with a FIB cut and SEM image (see Figure 8b). The length l

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• on the surface of the MoS2 film annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere (Figure 1c). An attempt to measure the cross section of this film did not yield a contrast image because of the charging effect. Therefore, to estimate the thickness of the studied film, we used a thicker MoS2 film synthesized with a

• molybdenum layer sputtered for 90 s. Part of the film surface was covered with a protective Pt layer and a lamella was cut using a focused ion beam (FIB) system (see the Experimental section for details). Figure 1d shows the SEM image of the cross section of the lamella. The bright round spots on the film

• then dried under ambient conditions. Morphology of sample surfaces was examined by SEM with a CIQTEK SEM5000 (CIQTEK Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, PRC) microscope at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The cross section of MoS2 film was prepared using a gallium-ion column FIB system and a two-stage protective cap

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• -evaluated from both the surface and cross-section, confirming that the composition remains consistent throughout the surface and bulk of the CCA within the limits of experimental error (Figure S1 and Table S1, Supporting Information File 1). Figure 2b provides an overview of the alloy’s crystallographic

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• mTorr as a function of the deposition temperature: (a) 650 °C, (b) 700 °C, (c) 750 °C, and (d) 850 °C. (a) SEM image of the cross section of a TaN thin film prepared with FIB. (b) TEM analysis of the lateral region of the TaN film deposited at T = 750 °C and pN2 = 90 mTorr. (c) TEM image at the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• (pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), we enhanced the hole extracting material/perovskite junction quality in spiro-OMeTAD and in PTAA based devices. Measurements under illumination show that the improvement is caused by a reduced recombination rate at the perovskite/hole transporter interface. Keywords: cross-section

• smooth cross-section. This is useful for getting stable KPFM images, without electrostatic cross-talk. At every step of this procedure, the current–voltage characteristics were being monitored, as shown in Figure 2. By carefully selecting the parameters of the ion milling, we can ensure that the exposed

• evaporated as a back contact under vacuum (Edwards FL 400 Au evaporator). The devices were characterized in terms of efficiency with a solar simulator (Abet Technologies, SunLite) under AM1.5 illumination. Cross-section preparation To create solar cells with exposed cross-sections, we mechanically cleaved

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• complicated. In our case, considering the literature values for the electron interaction cross section, we tend to favor the DD regime conditions (please see details in Supporting Information File 1, section S2). However, in both regimes, molecular fragments will have enough time to desorb before being

• conducted with a field-emission gun and an electron energy of 1 keV. This lower electron energy increases the dissociation cross section and leads to greater heating of the deposit due to more energy deposited per unit trajectory length and, consequently, the small excitation volume where all the beam

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• entire phenomenon can be summarized through the equation λ = (σ·n)−1, where λ is the mean free path of the ions, σ is the recombination cross section, and n is the density of the ions inside the plasma [32][33][34]. The mean free path of the ions, determined by the recombination cross section and density

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• larger. The QTF’s resonance frequency depends on pressure according to the following equation: where μ is the added mass due to the interaction with surrounding gas molecules, ρ is the density of the quartz tuning fork, and A is the area of the cross section [19]. Basically, the pressure dependence is

• heating filament. The qPlus sensor is mounted to a three-contact slider and controlled by a piezotube. The piezotube is outside of the reactor volume. Figure 2b shows a schematic cross section of the AFM/STM reactor together with the sample holder. For high-pressure experiments, the reactor volume needs

• schematic of the ReactorAFM/STM cross section. The qPlus sensor is contained within a small high-pressure volume in the reactor body. The sample forms one side of the reactor while the remaining reactor walls are chemically inert (Zerodur). High-temperature-resistant and inert Kalrez O-rings seal off the

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• efficient process with photothermal conversion nearing 100% efficiency (see below in Figure 2a) [45][46][47]. The specific absorption wavelength of these metals is closely linked to their extinction cross section and particle size and shape, which are greatly influenced by the chemical capping agents and

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• provide information on the chemical composition of the outermost 1–3 µm of a material [144][145]. A visual and spectral representation of the chemical composition of a MOF-based MMM cross section may help identify the presence and type of defects within the membrane and simply verify the successful

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• Fowlkes and Rack [6] where a value of 0.025 was reported for W(CO)6. In this work, a stationary pulsed beam was used to study the adsorption/desorption dynamics. A fit of the results to the continuum model was performed with an estimated value for the energy-integrated dissociation cross section in order

• density, τ is the average precursor residence time, σ is the energy-averaged dissociation cross section, and D is the surface diffusion coefficient. This rate equation makes up the balance between all processes that contribute to replenishment and depletion of precursor molecules. The electron beam is

• described by a Gaussian shape function: where f0 is the maximum electron flux at r = 0 and a is the standard deviation. The width of the Gaussian is defined as . The growth rate under electron irradiation is proportional to the local electron flux, the dissociation cross section, and the volume V of the

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• a first-order kinetic process, we can extract a reaction cross section σ1 for each ion/precursor combination studied. This is illustrated in Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1) by following the change in the relative intensity of the C 1s photoelectron peak as a function of ion dose. Results

• ions, increasing the likelihood of their collisions with the adsorbed precursor molecules [37][41]. These two factors are primarily responsible for the larger reaction cross section observed for Ar+ irradiation compared to He+ or H2+ (Table 1). Table 1 also shows that the σ1 value for CO desorption

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• , which are surrounded by air boundaries. Specifically, Figure 4a illustrates the electric field distribution over the 2D cross-section of LN/TiO2 PhC structures, while Figure 4c shows the distribution for LN/SiO2 PhC structures. On the light incident side, the partial standing wave pattern is formed due

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• morphology (triangular cross section with two corrugated surfaces) associated with a strong optical reflection in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) range, while maximizing heat emissivity in the mid-infrared (MIR). This allows the insects to maintain a lower thermal steady state and to cope with high

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• along its medially oriented side (Figure 1c–e). In the cross section, the asymmetrical and concave shape of the grooming structures was clearly visible, with a thin lamina originating from a robust seta (Figure 1f). Dirt particles tended to accumulate inside the flag-shaped structures in correspondence

• indicate the dirt particles accumulated inside the flag-shaped structures in correspondence of the concave cuticular lamina. S, socket. (e) Detail of the border of the cuticular lamina with indentations (arrows). (f) Cross section of a grooming device in its central portion. Note the hair (H) and the

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• and a cross section through the middle of the ion beam spot for a simulated sample volume of 600 nm × 600 nm × 400 nm after an irradiation time of 990.0 ns is shown in Figure 3. The simulations for 5 keV in the nanoampere beam current range (Figure 3A) and picoampere beam current range (Figure 3B

• simulations and experimental data Cross sections were cut into collagen using 5 keV energy Ga ions to evaluate the results from the simulations and the proposed model. One cross section was cut with an acceleration voltage of 30 kV, beam current of 1 nA, 200 nm blur, and 20% overlap to assess the heat damage

• × 10 µm × 200 nm) were cut into the non-resin embedded collagen sample using the FEI Quanta 200 3D at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. All cross-sections were processed using 5 keV ions. One cross-section was cut with 1.4 nA, 50% overlap to assess if reducing the ion energy