Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• currents. Deposition rate, material composition, and electrical resistivity were examined and compared with layers deposited at comparable settings with a standard gallium (Ga) FIB. The deposition rate is found to depend linearly on the current density. The rate is comparable for Cs+ and Ga+ under similar

• density of 6 pA·μm−2 . Before deposition, a small part of the Si substrate was gently milled with the Cs+ FIB at 16 kV, such that any native oxide and other contaminations were completely removed at this location. With that, the influence of oxygen molecules on the deposited layer can be excluded. The

• in the size or density of the bubbles when comparing depositions on Si (upper part) and Si with the native oxide layer (lower part). Similar to Rb+ FIBID-Pt discussed in [11], these bubbles appear after exposure of the samples to air (during the short transfer from the Cs+ FIB to the Ga+ FIB) and are

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• the undamaged material, which can be exploited for the fabrication of nanopores with narrow size distribution [13][29][40]. The geometry of the resulting nanopores is determined by several factors, including the substrate material, the type and concentration of the etchant, the density of the material

• can only be grown on a Si substrate. PECVD, in contrast, allows for the deposition at much lower temperatures on many different substrates with control over the film properties, such as stoichiometry, density, refractive index, and residual stress. As these fabrication methods involve fundamentally

• typically differ in morphology, density, and stoichiometry compared to thermally grown SiO2. The electronic energy loss (Se) in the thermal and PECVD SiO2 layers was calculated using the SRIM2008 code [49]. The average Se values for thermal SiO2 for 1.6 GeV, 185 MeV, and 89 MeV Au irradiation are 21.1, 16.6

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• readily transforms to sp2-hybridized carbon. For excitation at 830 eV, the sp2 peak is quite broad (1.1 eV) compared to that in the spectrum of a highly ordered graphite crystal (0.6 eV) [42]. The reason for this is the high density of defects in the carbon layer formed on the Ni-PCD surface during

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• were implanted with 30 keV Ar+ at fluences varying from 1 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2. Surface variables (roughness and particle size), structural variables (crystallite size and dislocation density), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance, Urbach energy, and optical bandgap) were studied in

• (002) peak at 34.41° with increase in ion fluence is given in Figure 3 and Table 1. For more detailed information regarding the structural evolution of implanted ZnO films, the crystallite size (D), microstrain (ε), and dislocation density (δ) values are calculated from the (002) peaks using the

• lattice, they create defects and dislocations. This creates lattice strain, which increases with ion fluence. The size and type of the implanted ions, as well as the dose, can affect the amount of strain introduced [24]. It is observed that dislocation density values increase with the rise in implantation

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• . It is important to emphasize that the significantly higher brilliance of synchrotron radiation beams, compared with laboratory sources, provides much higher sensitivity towards diluted elements, such as low-concentration dopants and low-density metal NPs. A significant step forward in the

• density of empty states of the investigated sample. In contrast, the extended energy range X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), up to a few hundred electronvolts above the absorption edge, is sensitive to the local atomic structure around the absorbers. A polarization-dependent Ce L3-edge EXAFS study

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• intensity in the regions before and after the π* resonance at 284–285 eV and 286–289 eV can be associated with the interaction between PyC and MoS2 components [43]. The shift of the C K-edge spectrum of the PyC-MoS2 film toward lower photon energies corresponds to the electron density transfer from the

• carbon component to MoS2, as shown by density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the MoS2/graphene heterostructure [44][45]. According to the DFT calculations, the changes observed in the PyC-MoS2 spectrum between the π* and σ* resonances may result from the interaction of the π electrons of carbon

• density from alkali metals to MoS2, which led to the 2H‒1T′ transition [19][32][53][54]. Such structural transformations are accompanied by the formation of Mo‒Mo and Na‒S bonds and the weakening of S–Mo bonds [3]. In the spectra of sodiated films, the Mo 3d and S 2p doublets related to sodium-free 2H

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• efficiency. The evaluation of catalytic activities revealed that the optimal sample of Ni/NiO/SS-10 displayed a higher HER performance than bare SS. To produce H2 at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2, this electrode required a low overpotential of 184 mV and demonstrated remarkable durability over 12 h of

• provides better HER efficacy than other as-synthesized catalysts. To reach a cathodic current density of 10 mA·cm−2, SS, Ni/NiO/SS-5, Ni/NiO/SS-10 Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes needed overpotentials of 431, 247, 184, 326, and 382 mV vs RHE, respectively. A smaller overpotential implies a

• density of 10 mA·cm−2 (Figure 7c). Also, the LSV curve of Ni/NiO/SS-10 exhibits minimal changes after 2000 cycles (inset of Figure 7c). Additionally, the current density was maintained during the 12 h testing of chronoamperometry, as depicted in Figure 7d. This indicates the high stability of the Ni/NiO

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• supramolecular hydration structures that preserve graphene nanosheets from the restacking through hydrophobic force, van der Waals force, and π–π interaction. In this manuscript, density functional theory and high-performance computing (HPC) are used for modeling and calculating van der Waals force between

• advance nanoscale properties and nanotechnology applications. Keywords: antibacterial coating; bioinspired hydration; density functional theory; graphene-based hydrogel; supramolecular structure; Introduction Biological cells are assemblies of biomolecules that are hydrated with water molecules. The

• ]. Therefore, supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels with hydration intercalation and hydration force are quite useful for preserving and generating graphene-based nanosheets for many applications. In this manuscript, we calculated van der Waals forces in bilayer graphene structures using density functional

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• experimental variables that cause the kinetics of the nanoparticles formation to change, resulting in nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies [40]. Thermodynamic properties such as density, dielectric constant, viscosity, vapor pressure, and optical properties of the solvents are some of the

• nanoparticle synthesis by PLAL. For instance, it has been reported that the density and viscosity of the surrounding liquid influence the expansion of the plasma plume. The expansion dynamics of the plume differ due to the larger opposing force induced by the increased viscosity of the solvent, which in turn

• retained their original morphology as observed in the colloidal state, with aggregates of spherical particles. Further control over film uniformity, packing density, or morphology can be achieved by modifying the deposition parameters in EPD, including voltage and deposition time [56]. The surface

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• contrast, in Figure 5c the Cr 2p3/2 spectrum shows also a second component at 576 eV in addition to the main component at 577.5 eV. Both maps display an increased intensity of Cl emission from the parts on the right side of the flake. On the left side, the density of Cl vacancies is supposedly higher (see

• the surface potential represents the most evident variation on the CrCl3 surface, where a higher surface potential is related to a higher level of oxidation of the thicker flakes, probably related to an increased density of Cl vacancies acting as dissociation centers and the formation of a Cl

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• . Additionally, the detection of sulfur in PGC indicates the potential presence of residual ZnSO4 precursor. Figure 3c–l present significant changes in the elemental distribution of O, S, Zn, and Ca in PGC compared to pristine CMC. These elements display a higher density on the surface of PGC. Brunauer–Emmett

• employed to identify key influencing factors and optimize the synthesis process using RSM. The independent variables included CMC mass (X1) [31], PVA mass (X2), and GA volume (X3) [32], along with the molar ratio of Ca2+ and Zn2+ (X4) [25]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), characterized by a high density of

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• colloids, for example, to increase their defect density in favor of electrocatalytic or optical properties without changing their size [6][7][8]. In addition, the acronym PUDEL has recently been used for pulsed laser diffusion enhancement in liquids, which refers to an increase in diffusion without

• , the number-weighted particle density distribution was used. The corresponding results are shown in Figure 3 for curcumin and in Figure 4 for CBD. The exemplary SEM images of curcumin in Figure 3A of the starting material and Figure 3B of the laser-treated product qualitatively indicate a recognizable

• order of magnitude larger compared to the curcumin particles, which is also reflected in the number-weighted particle density distribution in Figure 4C, and the density of both materials is similar, the method of analytical centrifugation is useful to compare the hydrodynamic particle size distribution

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• the samples. Those may be spent to increase energy resolutions at values lower than 80–100 meV and also at higher energies. Similar improvements may also be reached in the spatial resolution; however, any increase in photon density goes with an enhancement of undesired beam-induced effects, such as

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• and chemical properties, including ultrahardness (comparable to that of diamond) and high melting points around 3000 °C. These properties can be qualitatively understood by observing that the Fermi energy falls within a pronounced minimum of the density of states [7]. Some reports have shown that TaN

• frequency of 7.5 Hz, the substrate-to-target distance was 5 cm, and the incident energy density was 4.88 J·cm−2. We studied the stoichiometry and properties of the thin films as a function of gas pressure by introducing N2 to realize RPLD. At this time, the ion pumps were closed and isolated from the PLD

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• of each batch. A slow scan rate of 60 mV/s was used for the current density–voltage (J–V) curves so as the ion distribution within the cell is under quasi-equilibrium [39]. We notice that BCF had a beneficial effect on both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA in terms of photovoltaic parameters. Whilst the

• the solar cells. By plotting charge density profiles we can more clearly point out the sum of photo-charge that has been extracted at the perovskite interfaces and accumulated under open-circuit conditions. Unlike the measurements under bias, here we excited a large number of charges within the

• absorber, which diffuse, get extracted, and aggregate at the interfaces, giving rise to a large charge density magnitude we can plot. In order to generate the photo-carrier density profiles, we applied the Poisson’s equation: Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, ε is the relative permittivity of

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• test compounds [46]. Briefly, cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well (passages 3 to 7) in a 96-well plate with α-MEM essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 µg·mL−1 penicillin, and 100 µg·mL−1 streptomycin (Dutscher). The cells were treated with FLG and TA in fresh medium at

• ). Oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated using CellROXgreen (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR). PDL cells at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL were cultured on glass coverslips (CML, France). PDL cells were then treated with various concentrations of FLG–TA or left untreated for 24

• density and identify condensed chromatin regions. Cell nuclei were segmented using ImageJ's “crop and split” approach before CV calculation. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software version 8.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). For continuous responses

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• . Additionally, the ME was able to provide additional benefits, such as reduced liver damage, improved renal function, reduced systemic inflammation, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. Overall, the results show that EOCF was efficiently incorporated into the microemulsion, improving its antioxidant

• Figure 7 shows that exposure of rats to STZ induced significant metabolic lipid disturbances. In the control group of diabetic rats, there was a considerable increase in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC = 128.33 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG = 119.22 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL

• ) cholesterol (155.67 mg/dL), along with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (34.67 mg/dL) and an increase in Castelli-2 index (2.60 mg/dL). The positive control group (MET) only showed a difference in TC levels (102.11 mg/dL), with no significant change in the other metabolic

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• electrospun polymer fibers is affected by electric field intensity, solution viscosity, charge density of the solution, and solution supply rate [56]. The size of the fibers also affects the performance of electrospun nanofiber composites [57]. Numerous polymers and precursors including polylactic acid, PU

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• at 1607 cm−1 and a few broad peaks, indicating less graphitization [14]. In another work, a high-density inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition method yielded vertically aligned CNFs using acetylene and hydrogen on a p-type Si wafer with a 10 nm Ni catalyst layer at 20 mTorr and 550 °C

• . CNF length increases with deposition time, but density decreases because of the detachment of smaller CNFs [15]. A study by Ibrahim et al. showed that CNT growth extends from near the flame sheet toward the centerline within the fuel stream, where carbon sources are abundant. Growth regions cease

• . A higher presence of defects was found before in CNFs via Raman spectroscopy [12]. A slightly elevated defect density was also observed in CNTs derived from LPG [16][31]. The D band and G band intensities show an ID/IG ratio of more than 1.13, which is a clear indicator for high disorder and

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• @CA-AuNP), which demonstrated strong inhibition of hen egg-white lysozyme oligomers (HEWLO) in comparison to fibrils (HEWLF) (Figure 4). The high density of carbohydrate moieties on the NP surface facilitated strong hydrogen bonding with protein oligomers, preventing their aggregation. Additionally

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• ρ is the specific mass of the lattice. In Equation 2, B(r,t) indicates the energy density provided to the electron subsystem by the SHI [22][23]. The numerical solutions of the coupled differential equation, obtained through simulation codes, yield a graph depicting the temperature of the ion core

• minimal variation in lattice temperature (≈300 K) and Debye temperature (≈255 K) for CdO, the electron–phonon coupling constant can be expressed using the following equations: where v is the velocity of sound in CdO, ne is the electron number density, Ke and Te are the specific heat and temperature of the

• electronic system, and where TD is the Debye temperature and na is the atomic number density. All the calculated values used in the simulation code are mentioned in Table 2. Discussion for retrieval of the B1 phase with O ion irradiation The thermal annealing at temperatures exceeding 800 °C induces atomic

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• these k-ratios, Stratagem then recalculates the composition for a thin film (multi)layered structure. The native-oxide Si(100) substrate was accounted for by including a 1 nm thick SiO2 layer of density 2.65 g·cm−3 between the Si substrate and the deposit for the thin film correction. This way, the

• carbon and oxygen). Stratagem thin film correction is applied for removing Si and SiOx as described in the Experimental section. From the measured composition, for the Pd FEBID deposit, the density is evaluated as the weighted average of Pd and C, and for all residual gas deposits having the composition

• CxO1−x, the density is assumed as 1.5 g·cm−3 [48]. AFM thickness measurements were used to determine the volume of the deposits and from there, the mass of the deposits was calculated. The individual numbers of O and C atoms in the residual gas FEB deposits and Pd precursor gas FEB deposits were

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• on the density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in the SIESTA [28] code. For the calculations we have used the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), proposed by Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) [29] as exchange–correlation functional. For the studies of water adsorption, we also use the

• BH van der Waals functional [30]. We make use of norm-conserving Troullier–Martins [31] pseudopotentials in the Kleinman–Bylander [32] factorized form. Also, we have used as basis set the standard double-ζ plus polarizations orbitals (DZP). The basis functions and the electron density were projected

• strong affinity between the rhombic pore and the water molecule. Notably, this affinity is much higher than that observed in triangular pores, as we will discuss. Figure 5 illustrates the density of states (DOS) for an isolated water molecule and the DOS of a system comprising a water molecule

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. Surface morphology and structural, optical, and electrical properties of the as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films have been systematically investigated. The crystallinity of Mo thin films is enhanced with increasing

• . Some films with different thicknesses were implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. This study illustrates the effects of nitrogen ion implantation and film thickness on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of thin molybdenum films. Experimental In

• thicknesses were implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. The structural properties of the deposited Mo thin films were investigated using a GXRD Bruker AXS GmbH D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer in grazing incidence geometry, employing Cu Kα radiation with a wavelength