Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• preparation The pad–dry–cure method was used for fabric impregnation [30]. Prior to the experiment, the bramante fabrics containing 50% cotton and 50% polyester with a density of 150 threads (Parisina Company, Mexico) were washed with detergent (Alconox, Sigma Aldrich) and deionized water. Finally, the

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• catalytic properties of AuNPs stem from their nanoscale size, which increases the surface-to-volume ratio, exposes a higher density of active sites, and induces quantum size effects that modulate the electronic structure [5]. These characteristics collectively enhance their reactivity, selectivity, and

• gold nanoparticles to the π-conjugated sp2 carbon network. The π-conjugated domains of rGO, acting as an electron reservoir, raise the local Fermi level [47] and supply electron density directly into the interfacial Au 5d/6s orbitals via both the C–O–Au bridge and direct π–metal coupling [48]. This

• density due to its high porosity than the other carbon materials AC and CB, as illustrated in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. When comparing the two reduction methods, hot reduction with NaCit and cold reduction with POM (SiW9), important differences arise in nanoparticle formation. NaCit is a

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• precursor was introduced for 30 min. The graphene growth atmosphere consisted of 250 SCCM Ar, 26 SCCM H2 and 9 SCCM CH4 (0.1% diluted in Ar) for all samples except the BO sample where a flow rate of 30 SCCM CH4 (0.1% diluted in Ar) was used due to the very low nucleation density. After the growth step the

• . For 3D imaging, each depth profile was acquired by cyclically analysing a 150 µm × 150 µm area (with a pixel density of 128 × 128) from the centre of a 400 µm × 400 µm sputtered region during depth profiling, to mitigate crater edge effects on the generated spectra. 10 keV Cs+ ions with an ion current

• layers, or normalised to the maximum ion intensity to highlight location of species at low concentration. To probe the surface of the samples in more detail, larger 500 µm × 500 µm surface images (with a pixel density of 256 × 256) were also acquired with 25 keV Bi3+ ions for longer acquisition times to

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• thin layers subjected to thermal treatment at temperatures up to 300 °C. Particular attention is given to the changes in absorption features and spectral shifts that may arise from structural rearrangements within the material. To rationalize the experimental findings, density functional theory (DFT

• be discussed in more details in the Section “Density functional theory modeling”. Analysis of spectrofluorimetric, infrared, and S and P polarization spectra Two PAZO samples were used for the spectrofluorimetric analysis: the first sample was not thermally treated (red curves in Figure 3A) and the

• with enhanced efficiency or expanded surface coverage. Density functional theory modeling PAZO is a polymer with azobenzene units incorporated as pendant groups attached to the main polymer backbone (Figure 6A). The core of PAZO polymer side chains is the azobenzene fragment (Ar–N=N–Ar), which can

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• enabled targeted therapies for cancer, minimizing side effects while enhancing therapeutic efficacy [1][2]. In the energy sector, nanostructured materials have enhanced the performance and energy density of batteries and solar cells, providing more sustainable and efficient solutions [3]. Additionally

• powerful aspects of materials informatics lies in its ability to integrate machine learning with multiscale simulation tools – ranging from molecular dynamics to density functional theory – which helps researchers correlate nanoscale features such as particle size, shape, and surface functionalization with

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• onto 96-well plates at a density of 104 cells/well in their respective cell culture medium (200 μL/well) and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C in the presence of 5% CO2. As previously described, wells for hCMEC/D3 cells were pre-coated with collagen type 1 (0.05 mg/mL) for 1 h. After reaching confluence, the

• fluorescence microscopy In order to obtain a deeper insight of the internalization and co-localization of the prepared NLs samples in living cells, hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y cells were first seeded onto 35 mm glass dishes at a density of 2 × 105 cells per well (μ-Dish 35 mm, WillCo Glass Bottom Dishes, Netherlands

• performed in order to confirm the internalization of NLs and their co-localization in cellular structures of the BBB. For this purpose, cells were seeded onto 35 mm glass dishes (μ-Dish 35 mm, WillCo Glass Bottom Dishes, Netherlands) at a density of 2 × 105 cells per well and incubated for 24 h (37 °C and 5

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• deposited (see parameters in [28]). The Josephson junctions (JJs) had a circular shape with 4 μm diameter (see [28] for details) and represented Nb–Al–AlOx–Nb tunnel junctions at about 100 A/cm2 critical current density. JJs incorporated into SQUID loops were shunted with 1 Ω molybdenum resistors to

• is not an impassable barrier on the way to implementation of superconducting neurons. Increasing the neuron integration density in practical devices can be achieved by expanding the screen to cover the entire substrate area. In this case, the actual size of each neuron will be determined by the outer

• size in the vicinity of the boundary. This allows for more accurate modeling of regions of strong current density changes located just in the vicinity of strip line edges (see inset on Figure 8b). The choice of the upper grid scale value ah is defined mainly by the minimal strip line width according to

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• cytometry The experimental procedure was based on previous studies [30] with minor modifications detailed below. HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells were seeded at a density of 7 × 104 cells/mL in appropriate culture medium and incubated overnight at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The following day, the cells were

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• coating density and physical barrier performance (ZIF-8 helps prevent Ti3C2Tx aggregation and chemically cross-links with WPU, enhancing mechanical integrity). The final cross-linked coating had a water contact angle of about 154°, indicating high water repellency and self-cleaning capabilities. More

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• eigenstates, and f(E) is the Fermi–Dirac distribution function. The electron density is kept constant at ne = 0.25 throughout all calculations by adjusting the chemical potential μ. Notice that the system is well away from the resonance at ne = 1 and, at the chosen value, the electronic dispersion is well

• . The current density j, defined on the links between neighboring sites i and j, is given by where the Peierls phase in tij ensures coupling to the magnetic field. The coupled system of Equation 3–Equation 6 is solved self-consistently using an iterative algorithm developed in [28][30]. The calculations

• . However, this length exceeds the characteristic superconducting coherence length, which limits the influence of the finite-size effects. The electron density along z is absorbed into the parameters of the BdG and Biot–Savart equations. All energies are expressed in units of the hopping amplitude t, and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• traits, which were applicable to all of the species examined (apical diameter, basal diameter, density, stalk length, but not effective bending stiffness), showed significant and strong phylogenetic signal when measuring both Pagel’s lambda and Blomberg’s K. Overall, the ASRs of the morphometric traits

• apical diameter) for these measurements in the absence of a shift in microstructure type. Stalk density is more constant across the phylogeny, although there is a tentative decrease in density in the seta-group (Figure 3). A strong increase in density is reconstructed for C. cf. consobrinus, the trunk

• seta-bearing species in the brevipalmatus group, characterised by strongly expressed lamella-like scales, is the only sampled species to show a strong decrease in density. Overall, effective bending stiffness decreases in the seta-group (except for the secondarily spine-bearing C. zebraicus [generalist

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• and thickness were determined with scanning electron microscopy imaging. This paper also reveals electrical and electrochemical properties of the material. The conductivity of the material obtained at 800 °C reached ≈70 S/cm, and the discharge capacity reached ≈160 mAh/g at 100 mA/g current density

• specific surface area, and low bulk density [3][4]. The role of rGO in electrode materials can be considered in two ways. It can be applied as a conductive additive, improving transport properties and, as a result, enhancing capacity [5]. It can also be the active material itself [6][7]. To mention just a

• 1 M LiPF6 solution in EC/DMC (Sigma-Aldrich/Merck) served as the electrolyte. A Whatman GF/A filter was used as a separator. The current rates were calculated based on the targeted current density and active mass material, in this case, the mass of the positive electrode (the investigated graphene

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• through the hybrid structure as a function of q, from which the supercurrent and critical current of the system are determined. The supercurrent in the diffusive limit can be found from the expression Performing the unitary transformation U, the current density transforms as follows: The total

• supercurrent flowing through the system along the y-direction can be calculated by integrating the current density of the total width of the F/S/TI/S/F structure: where Is1, Is2, and IN are the total supercurrents integrated along the x-direction in S1, S2 and N regions, respectively. Results and Discussion We

• , the diode efficiency is quite low and, in this case, does not exceed several percent. In the absence of any exchange field, the supercurrent is I(q = 0) = 0, which means that the ground state is a conventional state with zero Cooper pair momentum. To get more insight, we plot the supercurrent density

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• . Since it is assumed that NPs are single-charged [5], the QMF can, on the one hand, be used for scanning the NP mass distribution and, under the common assumption of spherical shape and the theoretical density of Cu, the size distribution. On the other hand, the QMF can be also be employed for filtering

• density of Cu) were considered. Assuming an initial velocity of ≈100 m·s−1 [45] for 0 V acceleration bias, the total energy per atom increases linearly from 0.003 eV·atom−1 at 0 V to 0.068 eV·atom−1 at 1000 V, placing the single-charged NPs within the low-energy regime (soft landing) [46]. Note, the term

• bias V. The density ρ was assumed to be the room-temperature bulk density of Cu with 8935 kg·m−3 [52]. The parameters A and b, taken from the literature, are 188 m1.35·s−1 and 0.35, respectively [45], and d represents the NP diameter. NP charge states may vary as neutral, single, or multiple, while

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• influence of array geometry, the presence of a matched load at the nonradiating edge, and the magnitude of the tunneling current density of Josephson junctions on such oscillator characteristics as radiation power, linewidth, and operating range are discussed. Various options are suggested for further

• ]. Nontheless, the use of Nb alloys will only partially solve the problem of high-frequency generation due to high surface losses in NbN and NbTiN [18][25][26]. Note that the use of Nb–Al/AlN–NbN allows for the fabrication of tunnel junctions with a tunnel current density of up to 100 kA/cm2 with a quality

• ratio Rj/Rn over 20, where Rj and Rn are the resistance of the SIS junction below and above the gap voltage Vg, respectively [20]. A high tunnel current density is crucial for the RF and IF bandwidth of the mixer; however, to the best of our knowledge, the FFO based on Nb alloys has not been developed

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• curvature, density gradients, and local structural heterogeneity. Significantly, this morphology closely matched the features observed in cryo-SEM, where fibre curvature and network continuity were again evident (Figure 8). The strict correlation between CLSM and cryo-SEM for DPP-BC@Gel suggests that this

• fluorophore accurately reflects the native gel structure without significantly disrupting it. Domains consisting of lower fibre density can also be observed with both imaging techniques. With CLSM alone, it would not be provable whether these low-fibre-density areas were truly free of fibres or simply

• contained fibres that were not encapsulating fluorophore. Given that the same low-fibre-density areas are seen in cryo-SEM and are of the same approximate size, this structural heterogeneity can be confirmed not to be an artefact of CLSM but rather intrinsic to the microscale morphology of the self

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• to it. This phenomenon, known as the proximity effect, enables normal material to support supercurrents and to exhibit a reduced density of states near the Fermi level, where a gap opens in the single-particle spectrum as electrons form into Cooper pairs [1][2][3][4]. At the same time, unpaired

• scales, the proximity effect is determined by the shorter of these two length scales [37][38][39]. These results have been obtained for materials and samples with strictly defined dimensionality. In systems with quasi-low dimensionality or multiband materials, where the single-particle density of states

• ) suppresses it. Another critical factor is the interface transparency. A perfectly reflective interface (zero transparency) completely decouples SC and NM, suppressing proximity-induced correlations and producing an abrupt change in the Cooper pair density [7][27][41]. Conversely, a perfectly transparent

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• accelerate photochemical reactions by promoting the photoexcitation of a reactant through the high photonic local density of states (LDOS). As discussed previously, CPL induces a dissymmetric EM field distribution on PNSs (Figure 2 left). This results in faster chemical conversions (several orders of

• diluting the effect of CPL. The synthesis of chiral nanostructures using CPL can be scaled up by illuminating a larger area of substrates with achiral seeds. Other methods for scaling up the synthesis, such as increasing the density of achiral seeds on the substrates or conducting the synthesis in solution

• , are not feasible for CPL-induced chiral structures. Increasing the seed density on the substrates reduces interparticle distance, leading to the formation of achiral dimers, trimers, or even larger clusters. These clusters will have different hot carrier distribution profiles, resulting in varied

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• nanosphere lithography on a glass slide. It greatly improved the conversion of near-NIR light to UV light, achieving a notable increase in UV light intensity (i.e., six times higher at 344 nm) when stimulated with a NIR light at 980 nm using a low power density of about 13 W/cm2. The process optimization was

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• broadens the operational bandwidth, it also reduces the total absorbed power if the array’s physical size becomes smaller than the Airy spot of the coupling lens. We successfully resolved this issue by implementing a strategy of simultaneous miniaturization and increasing the array density. By halving the

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• glycosylated AuNP can provide a simplified model of a viral spike, whenever the virus is very densely coated, for example, influenza by hemagglutinin [18][19]. Hence, our idea is not to emulate complete virions; rather, one NP is emulating one single spike protein. Although the density of the NPs is not very

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• superconductors as its effect is mainly reduced to a chemical potential shift. Deviations from this behavior can only arise in situations of translational symmetry breaking, for example, caused by the presence of external fields that induce spatial variations of the order parameter and electron density. We

• demonstrate that this scenario changes fundamentally in quasicrystalline systems, where the intrinsic lack of translational symmetry leads to a fractal spatial distribution of the superconducting condensate and electron density. By investigating a Fibonacci chain as a prototype quasicrystal, we numerically

• units of tB). Our calculations are performed away from the half-filling as this regime was shown to produce a uniform electronic distribution in Fibonacci chains [22], where the HF potential does not alter superconducting properties. Here, we adopt an electron density of ne = 0.5. Our qualitative

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• due to surface runoff from tourist activities, plastic trash, and unregulated effluent. For instance, Jain et al. reported a MP density of 110–370 particles/m3 in the Nainital Lake, Uttarakhand, which was highest during the tourist season. The outcomes confirm that human accessibility and lake

• morphology (glacier-fed and rain-fed) influence MP density, though this interaction is poorly studied and requires further work [2]. Similar to what has been happening in Ladakh’s Pangong Lake, MPs carried in the air and over long distances are deposited in water bodies via atmospheric deposition. This is a

• regional results, Table 1 reports documented MP density in some Himalayan freshwater lakes and their typology. Table 2 is a compilation of the most commonly reported dominant polymers and morphologies, as well as the size classes, of MPs in Himalayan lakes. 3.2 Impact on biodiversity, water quality, and

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• ) method combined with density functional theory (DFT) to compare electron transport through several layers of nanoscale graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Calculations were performed for one to six layers, corresponding to thicknesses of 0.5–3.0 nm, respectively. Electron transport was computed

• [22]. The electron tunneling through ultrathin h-BN crystalline barriers was investigated recently with experimental techniques showing exponential decay of the current with the number of layers [23]. Accurate density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated the bandgap change in one to eight

• for the Pt atoms and a double-zeta polarized basis set was used for all other atoms. Geometry optimization was performed with the LBFGS algorithm until all forces are converged below 0.05 eV·Å−1. The k-point density was selected to be four k-points per angstrom. In case of NEGF, the k-point density in

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• . Accordingly, the microemulsions were evaluated for their shear stress and viscosity at both room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and skin temperature (32.5 ± 2 °C). Microemulsions can exhibit diverse rheological behaviors depending on their type, structure, droplet density, and interdroplet interactions [49]. As