Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• healthy mice and in a murine model of Huntington's disease [42]. Similarly, inhalation for lung targeting [43], subcutaneous injection for reaching lymph nodes [44], or oral administration for gastrointestinal tract disorders [45] are important alternative routes. 4.2 Macrophage depletion and modulation

• demonstrated by Ji and colleagues in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrosis, where they inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts [46]. An alternative to depletion is the inhibition of KCs through chloroquine, an antimalaria agent that inhibits macrophage-specific endocytosis, or

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• density, τ is the average precursor residence time, σ is the energy-averaged dissociation cross section, and D is the surface diffusion coefficient. This rate equation makes up the balance between all processes that contribute to replenishment and depletion of precursor molecules. The electron beam is

• Then, with the Equation 4, the dimensionless growth rate is: Substituting τin from Equation 6 we obtain: In the case of significant dissociative depletion Equation 8 yields which is a key feature of the extreme MTL regime and corresponds to the growth rate on the flat-top deposit in Figure 1. This

• region has two conditions: 1) The beam current has to be high enough to cause significant depletion and thus induce diffusion. Low irradiative depletion would shift the balance towards the RRL regime. 2) The precursor has to exhibit a certain degree of diffusivity in order to guarantee a noticeable mass

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• could explain the stability of the dual-functionalized particles in human plasma. Statistical analysis of protein enrichment and depletion on SiO2NPs, SiO2NPs-ZW, and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO in relation to DMEM and human plasma (Figure 2l) clearly demonstrated these trends. For example, a decrease in the amount

• identified by LC-MS/MS on the hard corona of non-functionalized and functionalized SiO2NPs in (j) DMEM (10% FBS) and (k) human plasma. (l) Statistical analysis of protein enrichment (negative numbers) and depletion (positive numbers) on SiO2NPs, SiO2NPs-ZW, and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO in relation to DMEM and human

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• -macroglobulin, EGF, and transferrin, and a concomitant depletion of these receptors at the plasma membrane [46]. One might expect that other receptors that normally recycle after uptake from clathrin-coated pits are also affected in a similar manner, and that NPs targeting such receptors might have a reduced

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• sensing membrane is accommodated between the contact of the metal gate and the insulator part. The carrier concentration in the body channel might change as a result of an accumulation, depletion, or inversion process when an external voltage is applied [51]. This results in the formation of a band

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• ]. Abrasion of attachment pad cuticle can be repaired in insects. If the damage is superficial, epicuticle can be restored by depletion of waxes [18][77], but stronger damage results in sclerotization of the wound due to phenolase activity involved in the wound closure [78]. Such sclerotized scars do not only

• lipid phase [86] and, besides interfacial effects, contribute to the shape and curvature of the terminal layer of the attachment pad [43]. Another factor influencing effective stiffness of the cuticle is caused by depletion of these adhesive fluids. Several steps in quick succession were found to dry

• out the pad cuticle, making it less flexible and providing reduced attachment [40]. Jiao et al. [73] also reported desiccation and depletion of pad fluid to reduce adhesion in excised tarsi. Pad deflation could also have negative influence on sensory feedback. The mechanoreceptors on the pads of stick

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• of the redox reactions of the released oxygen with the generated nanomaterials, resulting in a depletion of oxygen and a higher fraction of the generated hydrogen. The process of LRL stands in direct contrast to oxidation during LAL and LFL, but the (effective) reducing character of the water can

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• reservoir as well as the hollow spaces in both the primary rod layer and branching rod layer) suggests a continuous supply of adhesive secretion toward the surface, minimizing the likelihood of complete depletion of the attachment pad. Additionally, the denser cuticle rod structure of the branching rod

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• rapidly and exponentially during the first irradiation period, reflecting the depletion of the intact precursor molecules. However, a somewhat delayed CO desorption is observed at the start of the second irradiation. Here, the m/z 28 signal does not immediately decay after the sudden initial increase at

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• accumulation (yellow) and charge depletion (light blue) regions with respect to separate Ge and Au slabs terminated with vacuum (see Appendix B for details). One can observe charge accumulation between the interface Ge and Au atoms, as expected for bond formation. Figure 12b presents the charge density map for

•  13 with yellow regions representing charge accumulation and light blue regions indicating charge depletion. For all heterostructures, the charge transfer from Au and Ge interfacial atoms leads to the electron accumulation at approximately half of their distance. At the presented isocharge surface

• e/Å−3) for variants C (a) and D (b) of the Au-fcc(011)/Ge(001) interface compared with the isosurface of the Au-hcp(010)/Ge(111) interface (c). Yellow and cyan regions indicate the electron accumulation and depletion, respectively. Interfacial energies (γint), work of separation values (Wsep

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• dark current can be explained by the formation of a depletion region near the surface of the ZnO NRs resulting from oxygen absorption [43] and at p-type CuO NPs/n-type ZnO NRs heterojunctions under dark conditions. In addition, the recovery current obtained 1 min after turning off the visible light is

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• observation contrasts with the localized depletion of gold during etching by solutions of 1 in DCM and THF, as shown in the electron micrographs in Figure 3b,c. The formation of voids in the gold film allowed for comparison of this material loss between different samples without the need to standardize

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• formation of space charge regions among the different layers along the structure [28]. Specifically, the VCPD progression reflects the band bending present in the presence of depletion and accumulation regions. In particular, undoped InP crystals always contain different unintentional impurities due to the

• formation of a depletion (or inversion) space charge layer imposed by the charge neutrality condition [32][35]. By illuminating the sample, a SPV is generated by the drift and diffusion of photogenerated carriers towards the surface, which counteracts the defect-induced band bending energy variations [20

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• specific heat, k is the thermal conductivity, T is the temperature, t is the time, and is the rate of heat generation (or depletion) per unit volume. The Laplacian ∇2 represents the temporal change in the temperature variation of the material. The rate of heat generation or depletion, , is arrived at from

High–low Kelvin probe force spectroscopy for measuring the interface state density

• Ryo Izumi,
• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 175–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.18

• interface state density inside semiconductors. We derive an analytical expression for the electrostatic forces between a tip and a semiconductor sample in the accumulation, depletion, and inversion regions, taking into account the charge transfer between the bulk and interface states in semiconductors. We

• show that the analysis of electrostatic forces in the depletion region at high- and low-frequency AC bias voltages provides information about the interface state density in the semiconductor bandgap. As a preliminary experiment, high-low KPFS measurements were performed on ion-implanted silicon

• semiconductor. We show that the electrostatic force between the tip and the semiconductor sample strongly depends on the capacitance of the charge depletion region on the surface, and that the analysis of the electrostatic force at low- and high-frequency AC bias voltages can provide information on the

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• extended Kern and Kern-inspired patchy models [11][12][13], spot-like patchy models [14][15], and rigid-body patchy models [16][17] have shown a great potentiality of patchy particles to be used as building blocks for the assembly of a great variety of colloidal structures. Depletion interactions have been

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• changes when a DC voltage is applied between the electrodes in a simple electrochemical cell, as shown in Figure 1a. After applying the DC voltage for some time, the electric field in the solid electrolyte becomes shielded by the formation of a Li-depletion layer on the positive electrode side and a Li

• toward the negatively biased electrode, resulting in an ionic current flow. The ion current decays with time and, in principle, becomes zero when the electric field in the solid electrolyte is shielded by the accumulation and depletion of Li ions. Before starting each KPFM measurement, we waited 2–4 min

• shielded by the accumulation and depletion of Li ions. In this experiment, the Au2 electrode was connected to the ground; therefore, the CPD changes at the Au2 electrode were negligibly small, and the potentials at the Au1 electrode were almost the same as the applied voltage. As mentioned above, analyzing

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• Mott–Schottky relationship involving the apparent capacitance as a function of the potential under depletion conditions [54]: where C, ε, ε0, N, A, Va, Vfb, k, and T are the capacitance of the space charge region, the dielectric constant of the semiconductor, the vacuum permittivity, the donor density

• -C3N4 and MoS2 to TNAs. Furthermore, the Efb values of g-C3N4/TNAs and MoS2/TNAs are shifted to −0.14 and −0.045 V vs RHE (Figure 5c). The heterostructures express much more negative Efb values than pristine TNAs, which is attributed to the enhanced electron density, the depletion of the Efb, and

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• photocatalytic process [24]. The MBN-80 also exhibited a lower LDB and charge transit time through the depletion layer (charge transit time ∝ (LDebye)2), meaning a lower recombination of the charge carriers leading to an enhanced photocatalytic activity [29]. The same could again be justified through the width

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• emission depletion microscopy (STED) can realize the localization of single fluorescent molecules with 1 nm accuracy [2], albeit with the disadvantages of required fluorescence labeling and slow image reconstruction. Super-resolution microscopy based on structured light illumination (SIM) can realize a

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• coefficient. The resistivity of these nanocomposites depends on the p–n depletion layer width on the interface between the n-type nanoparticles and the surrounding p-type PANi molecules. Gas sensing analysis The gas sensing characterizations of sensitive layers were performed using a custom-built apparatus

• results in a widening of the depletion layers on p–n junctions and, thus, the resistance increases [18]. All these effects are reversible when the reducing gas is replaced by air. Beside these effects, nanostructures added into polyaniline increase the initial resistance due to larger disorder and

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• additional bacterial depletion could be achieved by steps in the production process. In comparison with the manufacturing of human blood products, it should be noted that the starting materials can be tested or are declared by the manufacturer to be sterile or endotoxin-free. The subsequent manufacturing

• safety. Endotoxins could potentially be introduced into the production process by the starting substances. Also, the depletion of any bacteria potentially present in the process could also cause the LPS to be released. One Escherichia coli cell has approximately 10–50 fg of LPS [16][17]. One endotoxin

• product. The production process includes several washing steps that could contribute to the depletion of a potential bacterial load. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is used for the inter- and, to a certain extent, intramolecular cross-linking of the hemoglobin molecules at a concentration of 0.02% [20][21]. It is

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• structure, inherent rough surfaces, and gaps acting as diffusion channels. Gas-sensing mechanism of fractal structures There are a number of models to explain the function of conductometric SMO gas sensors. For instance, electron depletion layer (for n-type materials) or hole accumulation layer theory (for

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• increase of the current at zero bias voltage from dark to 20 mW/cm2 light power illumination intensity can be attributed to the increasing number of carriers at the interface of the Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si device due to illumination. The depletion region between the metal and semiconductor can cause a current in

• range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz at voltages from −5 to 5 V. The C–V characteristics revealed that the capacitance values did not change in accumulation and depletion regions when changing voltage and frequency but increased suddenly in the inversion region and exhibited peaks. The intensity of the peaks

• attributed to interface states [38][39]. The conductance–voltage (G–V) graphs of the Au/CuNiCoS4/p-Si photodiode for different frequencies are displayed in Figure 10. Again, the conductance values did not change in the accumulation and depletion regions. However, the conductance values change in the

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64