Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• [27]. Therefore, vortex filaments are approximately straight, and only one HTSC layer can be considered for modeling. A vortex system at a temperature not too close to the critical temperature can be modeled as an ensemble of particles interacting with a long-range potential. Then the energy of the

• superconducting layer, K0 is the zeroth-order Macdonald function, , where the sign is chosen depending on the sign of the field that generated the vortex, and Φ0 is the magnetic flux quantum. The second term corresponds to the total self-energy of the vortices in the HTSC layer. The indices i and j number the

• pancakes in the layer under consideration, is the vortex self-energy per superconducting layer with The simulation is performed for a vortex lattice in a sample whose size in the plane of the superconducting layer is 5 × 5 μm. To eliminate the influence of the boundary, the simulation region has periodic

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

• nanoparticles and supports, lowering electrical contact fidelity and energy efficiency of the composite electrodes. Surfactants alter nanoparticle surfaces, complicating understanding and often lowering catalytic performance by blocking active sites. Surfactants (like binders) partake in electrochemical

• unattached catalyst material, which is especially problematic with precious catalysts. Overall, separate nanoparticle synthesis–attachment produces composites with adhesion, durability, electrical contact, and concomitant energy efficiency issues. Here, we report a new one-step pulsed laser grafting process

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• fossil fuels to fulfil the growing demands of energy results in environmental pollution. Environmentally friendly resources such as solar and wind energy can act as a substitute for these non-renewable energy resources because of their sustainability and abundance. Commonly, silicon-based solar cells are

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) operated at 10 keV. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the films were measured in the voltage range from −1 V to 1 V using a two-probe Keithley 4200 A-SCS parametric analyser available at Ion Beam Centre, Kurukshetra University. Results and Discussion

• ) planes are also observed at this temperature, which indicates that, at higher substrate temperatures, the preferred orientation and structure may change. The higher texture coefficient of the (111) planes indicates a minimum surface energy density of these planes because crystal growth in films occurs in

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• to which the nanofiber can stretch before it breaks, expressed as a percentage of its original length. This property is important for applications that require flexibility, such as in wound dressings. Toughness is a measure of the energy a material can absorb and plastically deform before failure. It

• smaller distance between molecular chains, which improves energy dissipation. Saeedi et al. [142] conducted DMTA tests and found that storage modulus and loss modulus of chitosan/PVA improved with the addition of graphene oxide. An improvement of loss modulus indicates resistance of polymer chains against

• blending of functional agents in the polymer solution, wet chemical methods, surface graft polymerization, and plasma treatment [160]. Low-temperature plasma offers advantages over other techniques in terms of lower energy consumption, faster processing, and minimal solvent use [161]. By appropriately

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• highly effective in degrading high-strength organic and refractory chemicals [26]. Photocatalyst-based AOPs represent a promising strategy for eliminating antibiotics from polluted water, providing several advantages over other oxidation techniques. By utilizing light energy to activate catalysts, these

• oxidation or membrane filtration may be effective, they are energy-intensive and expensive to implement on a large scale [28]. Limited public awareness Many people may be unaware of how improper antibiotic disposal harms the environment or of the importance of antibiotic removal, which leads to poor

• . General mechanisms of the photocatalysis process Three fundamental steps can be identified in semiconductor photocatalysis for the breakdown of antibiotics in contaminated water, that is, photon absorption, excitation, and reaction [54][55]. When a photocatalyst absorbs photons with energy higher than its

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• Nanoparticles are generated by ablating the target material (10 × 10 × 1 mm) immersed in the organic solvent using a Nd:YAG-laser (RSM 100D, ROFIN-SINAR Laser GmbH) working with a pulse duration of 35 ns, a wavelength of 1064 nm, a repetition rate of 5 kHz and pulse energy of 5.4 mJ. LAL was performed in a 30

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• effects [78][79], while another shows accumulation in microglia cells (BV2 glioma cell line) with uptake mechanisms that include energy-dependent (transcytosis) and/or independent mechanisms (needle like transfer through the cell membranes) [80]. Recently, it was shown that graphene enters into the cells

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• triggers a rapid, collective resonance among them [44]. This resonance leads to interactions between the excited free electrons and other electrons, lattice phonons, and surface ligands, converting the kinetic energy of these electrons into thermal energy through the Joule mechanism, an exceptionally

• nanometals can be swiftly heated to temperatures around 100 °C using low-energy laser pulses of specific wavelength. This rapid heating effectively evaporates a limited amount of water in the adjacent nanoscale region, forming vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) (see below in Figure 2c) [50]. The swift expansion and

• collapse of these VNBs transform thermal energy into mechanical forces, such as jets and acoustic shock waves, enabling cellular or tissue treatment with minimal thermal damage. Currently, VNBs are being explored for applications in cancer cell eradication [51], harmful protein aggregate degradation [52

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• MOF-based MMM system that perturb the crystallinity in the membrane will be discernable through XRD [121][129]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are commonly used to supplement the chemical analysis of MOF-based MMMs [113][137][143]. EDX can

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• residues from the original organic matter, thus avoiding the disposal of sludge [8]. This approach allows the removal of various organic pollutants, including textile dyes, using solid semiconductors (e.g., NbOPO4 and Nb2O5) and photons (with energy greater than the bandgap energy of the semiconductor) to

• Physical Electronics (Chanhassen, MN, USA), equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source. The binding energy was calibrated based on the C 1s peak at 284.6 eV. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses were carried out by using the Applied Spectra J200 equipment. The clay samples were

• at 530.9 and 533.5 eV. The component centered at 531.0 eV can be attributed to photoelectrons emitted from oxygen atoms in Si–O, Al–O, or Nb–O bonds, whereas the low-intensity component at a higher binding energy can be associated with the hydroxyl OH− group of Nb–OH located in the interlayer region

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• and TEOT, studied in our previous work [5], for which even after hydrolysis for 12 h in water the long-range order of the lamellae was preserved. The results of the elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the parent lamellar sample and TiO2

• 2p region. The only peak at 104.0 eV, corresponding to Si 2p in MOR-L, is slightly shifted towards a lower binding energy (103.3 eV) for all Ti-loaded samples. The Al 2p XPS spectra of the Ti-loaded composites show differences compared to the initial MOR-L compound (peak at 75.5 eV). The peak is

• additional peak strongly depends on the duration of hydrolysis (shift towards lower binding energy with increasing hydrolysis time), whereas the duration of hydrolysis in 70% ethanol solution has no significant effect on the position of the additional peak, but only on its intensity. This peak can be

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• -based PSCs as a promising photovoltaic material. The double perovskite layer is a remarkable choice as active layer because of intrinsic carrier stability, low exciton binding energy, and low toxicity. Herein, the optimization of a planar DPSC with a multifunctional double perovskite absorber layer

• performance. Keywords: double perovskite solar cell (DPSC); electron transport layer (ETL); hole transport layer (HTL); SCAPS-1D; simulation; Introduction The rapid growth of the world population has increased the global need for energy, which has become undoubtedly quite strong. To date, the energy

• requirements have been mostly fulfilled by conventional sources of energy, which include a major portion of fossil fuels. But nowadays, environmentally clean energy sources are moving forward. During the past few decades, various clean energy forms have been introduced, which include wind energy and hydropower

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• model was initially formulated to characterize gas adsorption on solid-phase adsorbents such as carbon-based adsorbents [13]. The fundamental assumptions of the Langmuir isotherm include: (1) adsorption occurs as a monolayer; (2) adsorption sites are uniformly distributed; (3) the adsorption energy

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• ambient conditions with a bandgap and high exciton binding energy of 3.37 eV and −60 meV, respectively [10]. Because of this high exciton binding energy even at room temperature, the excitonic transitions have a broad range of applications such as in optics, gas detecting, piezoelectrics, and

• characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic studies, electrochemical analysis, and determination of antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

• + cations. These findings offer information about the structure and chemical interactions within the ZnO NPs (Figure 2b). UV–vis absorption The UV–Vis absorption spectra of ZnO NPs, presented in Figure 2c, establish a distinct absorption peak at 3.16 eV, revealing the characteristic bandgap energy for ZnO

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil AcumenIST SRL, Etterbeek, Belgium Gesellschaft für Bioanalytik Münster, Mendelstraße 17, 48149 Münster, Germany MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestrasse 1B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany Department

• cases from their high surface reactivity, which results from their small size and large surface area. They include applications in catalysis [3][4] (e.g., as catalytic converters in engines and for energy capture and storage) and as sensors [5][6] (e.g., for bioremediation and environmental monitoring

• partly confidential information on the production processes needed for the life cycle assessment to evaluate energy and water consumption or as a basis to discuss the amounts of material needed to be shipped to the partners and then the status of the shipment. At the same time, the instance maps are

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• Joule dissipation leads to energy dissipation of the cantilever oscillation and a reduction in amplitude for constant excitation. They focus on two-dimensional materials and discuss how the reduction in amplitude resulting from energy dissipation influences the height measurement. In addition to the

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• cluster (see Figure 1), as proposed by Ermakov et al. [56], for the purposes of this study. After separately obtaining the optical and electronic properties of both the NaA zeolite and the cluster, our next step involved locating the position of minimum energy for the cluster within the zeolite framework

• . In essence, we compared the energy difference (after optimization) between housing the cluster in the α-cage and the β-cage (see [54][57] for cage identification). The results demonstrated that housing the cluster in the α-cage is energetically more favorable (Figure 2). This choice defined the

• magnitude of the largest vector in charge density Fourier expansion is Gmax = 12.0. The energy to separate the valence states of the core states was set at a value of −7.5 Ry; thus, the Al [1s2 2s2], O [1s2], Si [1s2 2s2], Na [1s2], and Fe [1s2 2s2 2p6] electronic states are considered as core states, and

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• Fowlkes and Rack [6] where a value of 0.025 was reported for W(CO)6. In this work, a stationary pulsed beam was used to study the adsorption/desorption dynamics. A fit of the results to the continuum model was performed with an estimated value for the energy-integrated dissociation cross section in order

• decrease of the sticking coefficient with increasing energy. In comparison, the molecules investigated in all of these studies are significantly smaller than the organometallic precursors typically used in FEBID. Nevertheless, these findings are important in order to understand the adsorption kinetics of

• density, τ is the average precursor residence time, σ is the energy-averaged dissociation cross section, and D is the surface diffusion coefficient. This rate equation makes up the balance between all processes that contribute to replenishment and depletion of precursor molecules. The electron beam is

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• protrusions that have an overhanging shape and low surface energy can effectively render a surface super-hydrophobic (Figure 1D,F). This texture creates an energy barrier, causing water droplets to rest on the protrusions while trapping air beneath them. In analogy with the texture of Collembola skin, this

• polymerization of a polysiloxane on the material surface [18]. The polysiloxane methyl groups lower the surface energy and render the surface hydrophobic. Clearly, the surface chemistry of steel surfaces is very different from the previously used materials such as glass [11][12][13][18], polymers [10][11][12

• expected for SNF coating are clearly visible from a coated steel surface. Figure 3B and Figure 3C show the images of the measured angle of the coated and uncoated steel surfaces. The related atomic composition of the coating was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for both coated steel

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• in-lens secondary electron detector at 5 kV acceleration voltage. These samples were coated with gold using a Cressington 208 HR sputter coater. Elemental analysis was performed with 8 kV acceleration voltage, using an EDX detector attached to the Zeiss SEM (X-Max silicon drift energy-dispersive

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• thinning observed in the extended simulations reduces the physical distance between opposing bilayers, lowering the energy barrier for membrane fusion by bringing the bilayers closer together. Thinner membranes are more susceptible to curvature and deformation, which are essential for fusion events. The

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), DRDO Industry Academia – Centre of Excellence (DIA-COE), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), IDA Phase III

• of high purity with minimal or no unwanted by-products [11][17][21], thus making it a valuable candidate for green synthesis [21][22]. In the LAL method, a high-energy ultrashort pulsed laser (nanosecond, picosecond, or femtosecond) is focused on the surface of the target material immersed in a

• liquid medium. The target material absorbs the pulse energy via the electrons. It transfers it to the lattice, which expulses the surface material as a plasma plume confined because of the pressure created by the surrounding liquid [16][20][23][24]. A cavitation bubble is formed as the energy is

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ratio x = [O]/[Si], which is determined by controlling key parameters in the deposition process [2]. This ratio determines optical and electrical properties such as bandgap energy, absorption coefficient, photoluminescence, refractive index, and electrical conductivity [3]. SiOx cannot only be obtained

• ) is the absolute temperature, n is the temperature exponent, EA (J·mol−1) is the activation energy, and R is the gas constant (8.314 J·mol−1·K−1). For chemical reactions in equilibrium, the equilibrium constants are defined in terms of the equilibrium expression Keq by Equation 4: The constants Keq

• were calculated through data obtained below from Table 2 and using Equation 5: where ΔG is the change in the Gibbs energy and R is the gas constant. The equations in the spatial model The used model assumes conservative species transport by diffusion and convection through a mass balance as described

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• atoms. Calculations were executed using Gaussian 09, Revision A.02 software [23]. The optimization process was conducted without symmetry restrictions. The convergence criteria were an energy change of less than 1.0 × 10−6 Hartree and a gradient of less than 3.0 × 10−4 atomic units. The vibrational

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• residues in the environment [30]. Physical methods include laser ablation, UV irradiation, evaporation condensation, aerosol methods, and lithography. High cost, high energy consumption, and expensive equipment make these techniques uneconomical [31]. Because of these disadvantages, synthesis methods based

• on naturally occurring biomaterials have been used as an alternative to obtain metallic nanoparticles [32][33]. These do not involve any toxic chemicals and require less energy and synthesis time. Simple protocols have been used involving the reduction of metal ions using biological extracts as

• economical, energy efficient, and environmentally friendly. The use of AgNPs synthesized from extracts of seaweed species against Aedes aegypti may be a viable option for replacing commercially available synthetic chemical insecticides, being able to surpass them in terms of larvicidal activity with lower