Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• was shown that carbon coating on MoS2 particles prevents their aggregation, increases conductivity and reduces structural expansion during electrochemical cycling [21][27]. Hybrid materials consisting of vertically oriented MoS2 layers and graphitic carbon coating with horizontal layer orientation

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• laser in liquid synthesis [1], the nanoparticles resulting from reactive pulsed laser processing are surfactant-free. We used nanosecond laser pulses to minimize surface damage to the graphitic carbon fiber paper. Based on the thermal time constants of graphite, a few nanoseconds are required to

• fit the data, including an asymmetric peak and a shake-up peak, in keeping with previously reported XPS data of graphitic carbon [45][46][47][48]. The asymmetric peak with a central binding energy range of 284.5 to 285.0 eV was assigned to graphitic carbon, in agreement with reported values [49][50

• resistances (R) and capacitances at all interfaces and the electrolyte. In our EIS measurements, the most relevant circuit element is the charge transfer resistance (Rct) between the gold nanoparticles and the graphitic carbon support, measured at open circuit potential so that electrochemical reactions do

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• , oxides of titanium, zinc, bismuth, and tungsten, as well as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and their substitute materials are commonly synthesized and used as photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotics from contaminated sources. These materials are synthesized through a variety of

• or other transition metals through doping can potentially improve Bi2WO6 light absorption capabilities and increase the antibiotic degradation efficiency [98]. Some metal-doped bismuth photocatalysts and their antibiotic degradation efficiency are summarized below in Table 3. Graphitic carbon nitride

• -based materials Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free semiconductor material with distinct optical, electrical, structural, and physicochemical characteristics [99]. These properties make it well-suited for applications in energy and environmental fields. Because of its narrow bandgap of 2.7

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• shown in Figure 2c. The weak and broad peak observed at 2θ = 21° is due to the weakly crystalline structure of the synthesized CDs and the presence of graphitic carbon, indicating that it is amorphous in nature [17]. FTIR measurements were taken to determine the functional groups on the surface of the

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• [99][100][101][102][103] while modifying the surface with an amorphous or graphitic carbon shell [99][101][104][105]. As previously mentioned, gas formation is apparent during LSPC in organic solvents, too, but to a larger degree [44][106]. Kalus et al. found that LAL yielded around 20 times more gas

• the surfactants (or inorganic anions) used, the carbon stemming from the organic solvent molecules acts as a surface modification of the nanoparticles and is often obtained as carbon shells. The carbon shell can be amorphous carbon [100][101], graphitic carbon [104][149][150][151][152], or carbide [99

• ablated metal (Figure 9b) [101]. The first class consists of inert metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt), which form an elemental metal core with a graphitic carbon shell. Active metals with stable carbides (Ti, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Zr, and Ni) make up the second class and form mixed metal/metal carbide/metal

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• irradiation removes on average 2.5 CO ligands from Fe(CO)5. This is followed by a second phase during which continued irradiation produces graphitic carbon and oxide material corresponding to about 20% of the initial CO ligands. However, these latter reactions do not further reduce the carbon and oxygen

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• micrometer-thick ZnO rods with the shape of tetrapods [28]. This aerographite material is a tubular graphitic carbon mimicry of a sacrificial ZnO template architecture in which ZnO has been replaced by carbon from the toluene precursor. Sacrificial porous ZnO networks of microtetrapods have also been used

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• vibrations at 1200–2000 cm−1 with two characteristic peaks of graphitic carbon (G band) and disordered carbon (D band), appearing at 1590 and 1298 cm−1, respectively. The ID/IG ratio is 1.03, which is higher than that of graphene oxide (GO), which is 0.93. The strong band in the Raman spectra at 690 cm−1 is

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• changes in the electronic structure by the formation of C–B and C–N moieties. This also led to the delocalization of electrons and accumulation of additional electrons from the graphitic carbon leading to an increase in charge carrier density within MBN-80. The removal of MB and phenol demonstrated LED

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• pollutants with light under ambient conditions [10]. Due to its unique properties, such as high chemical stability and low synthesis cost, graphitic carbon nitride has attracted considerable attention in the realm of environmental remediation [11][12][13]. It is an organic semiconductor that effectively

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• (002) reflection of graphitic carbon at around 26° with a trace of metallic Co (Figure 2a). Multiple characteristic peaks are detected around 44.1°, 51.4°, and 75.7°, which correspond to (111), (200), and (220) reflections of metallic Co, respectively. Moreover, we found that the (002) peak became

• crystallinity of ZnxCoy–C particles can be enhanced by decreasing the Zn/Co ratio during synthesis [35]. Unlike Zn4Co1–C particles (Figure 3a), which have a typical amorphous carbon structure, both Zn1Co1–C (Figure 3b) and Zn1Co4–C (Figure 3c) particles contain some short-range graphitic carbon structures with

• decomposition of amorphous carbon in the ZnxCoy–C particles. In this respect, the Zn1Co4–C/CNT composite was the most thermally stable because of its relatively higher fraction of robust graphitic carbon structure. Figure 6a–c shows the galvanostatic discharge profiles of the LOBs assembled with ZnxCoy–C/CNT

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• graphitic carbon with long-range crystalline order. The interlayer spacing is calculated to have a d-spacing of 4.89 Å. Table 1 shows the interlayer spacing of graphite and other selected carbon materials and is further evidence that the tubules are glassy carbon. In Table 1, the interlayer spacing data

• characteristic for selected carbon materials is shown. Graphitic carbon is known to have an interlayer spacing of 3.354 Å [20][21]. Glassy carbon has a much larger interlayer spacing than turbostratic carbon [22] and carbon fibres [23]. The interlayer spacing of the glassy carbon microneedles in this work is

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• organic semiconductors such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) [71]. When acting as an auxiliary photocatalyst, SnO2 promotes the photocatalytic activity of the primary material [38][70][75][76]. Wu et al. reported the visible-light-driven elimination of NO over hydrothermally synthesized BiOBr/SnO2 p–n

• TiO2 and BiOBr, recent works reported the successful combination of SnO2 nanomaterials with conjugated polymers such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and polyaniline (PANI), yielding metal-free visible-light-driven photocatalysts for addressing NO gas pollution. Such combinations hold great

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• ) plane spacing of graphitic carbon, which results in a characteristic reflex of relatively high intensity at approximately 26° [31][32][33]. The formation of a sharp reflex in the presence of cobalt indicates that the cobalt species influences the graphitisation of the material significantly. Indeed

• between amorphous and graphitic carbon. It is more ordered than amorphous carbon, especially in the short range [33]. However, it lacks long-range order, more specifically a 3D stacking order [35]. The graphitisation effects induced by cobalt and elevated temperatures become more distinct with increasing

• carbonisation temperatures, that is, the reflex becomes more intense and narrow. It also shifts towards slightly higher angles, which is related to the increasing carbon fraction [38]. The formation of graphitic carbon is also reflected in the spectra obtained from Raman spectroscopy of the fibres with and

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• photocatalyst (i.e., poly(p-phenylene)) for PHP was reported, but did not attract much attention due to the low hydrogen evolution rate (HER) [11]. In 2009, Wang et al. reported a novel metal-free polymeric photocatalyst (i.e., graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)), which could efficiently reduce protons to

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• copper. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) or graphite powder (commercially available) are used as carbon source. g-C3N4 is synthesized and characterized according to [18]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the formation of g-C3N4 (Figure S1 in Supporting

• with either graphite or graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) yields carbon-coated or nitrogen-doped carbon-coated metallic nanoparticles. When these reactions are conducted in a Teflon reactor, the products are further functionalized with fluorine. Figure 3a shows XRD patterns of Cu and Ni nanoparticles

• 10 mL of 0.5 M nitric acid and sonicated for 10 min. The resultant powder is washed with water several times until pH 7 and dried it in an oven at 50 °C for 2 h before being used in further microwave experiments. Synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) g-C3N4 is synthesized and characterized

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• gaining tremendous attention due to its importance in many fields, including water treatment technologies. Oxidized graphitic carbon-based materials have been recently proposed as an alternative to metal-based catalysts in the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and in this work we unravel

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• ][7][8]. The turbostratic microstructure of these “non-graphitic” carbon materials combined with variable conductivity and a significant nanoscale disordered porosity are typical features of this kind of carbon materials. Templating strategies are meanwhile well established to endow carbon materials

• nanopore space and the building blocks surrounding the nanopores. In essence, the structure of “non-graphitic carbon materials” consists of hexagonal graphene layers that are stacked in a parallel way but do not possess 3D long-range crystallographic order. This structure is referred to as “turbostratic

• ” arrangement. These graphene stacks represent the basic structural unit (BSU) of non-graphitic carbon materials and exhibit a low packing density [21][22][23][24]. The microporosity (pores below 2 nm) results from imperfections in the packing of the graphene stacks and should thus be dependent on the degree of

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• shown. Besides graphitic carbon signals (sp2, centered at ca. 284.6 eV), signals for C–O (ca. 286.4 eV), C=O (287.4 eV), and OC=O (289.2 eV) groups were detected. These signals correspond to the O 1s signals of C=O aromatic (C=Oar, centered at ca. 531.2 eV), C=O aliphatic (C=Oal, centered at ca. 532.2

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• (Figure 3g,h) show a varying degree of perforation and erosion. Within these spheres, fibrous structures probably consisting of graphitic carbon are formed with a thickness of 7–9 nm, as detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observed thickness matches very well with the average stacking

• a simultaneously decreasing full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the D band. As a result of the structural change from amorphous (disordered) to more graphitic carbon, the AD/AG ratio of g-NCS-850 (1.2) and g-NCS-1000 (1.0) as well as the FWHM of the D band drop significantly. In addition, the D

• values, which can be correlated to the presence of interstitial macropores between agglomerated spheres. In summary, all N-doped carbon spheres of the NCS series, g-NCS-550, and g-NCS-700 are amorphous presumably with only local graphenic structures. A structural change to graphitic carbon is observed

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• , corresponding to the (002) plane interlayer distance of the graphitic carbon phase (P63mc space group) with lattice parameters of a = 0.246 nm and c = 0.671 nm. The lattice spacing value of 0.24 nm is obtained by overlapping two (002) planes as described in the literature [18]. Some other studies identified

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• microbalance plate exhibited superior sensing properties for aromatic toxic gasses. In addition, these graphitic carbon materials exhibit excellent electrochemical capacitance, suggesting possible usages in electrochemical and electrical applications. A similar nanoarchitectonics strategy was adopted to C70

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• convolution functions with simultaneous optimization of the background parameters. The background was simulated using a combination of a Shirley and a Tougaard background. The binding energies (BE) were corrected for the charge shift using the C 1s peak of graphitic carbon (BE = 284.8 eV) as a reference. Gas

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• and Discussion Fabrication of carbon nitride nanotube membrane Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) was chosen as it is formed from tri-s-triazine moieties interconnected via tertiary amines in a well-defined way without doping or modification, composed of only the two earth-abundant elements carbon and

• three peaks at 398.6, 399.7, and 400.9 eV. The C 1s peaks at 286.4 and 287.9 eV are associated to the major aromatic carbon species in the graphitic carbon nitride framework, representing the sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the N-containing aromatic ring. The N 1s peak in 398.6 eV is from the sp2

• -hybridized nitrogen in the tri-s-triazine rings. The peak at 399.7 eV indicates the tertiary nitrogen N–C3 groups. In addition, the terminal amino groups on the surface are also confirmed by the peak at 400.9 eV. All these results are consistent with graphitic carbon nitride powder reported before [28][33