Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• systems that combine nanotechnology with biological components (e.g., enzymes), are emerging as environmentally benign solutions in addition to independent nanoparticles. Enzyme–nanoparticle conjugates can target certain plastic polymers, enabling more rapid and targeted breakdown. Iron oxide

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• formation of iron oxide nanowires was reported only in case of ablation with a 248 nm laser of iron powder suspended in methanol, while other solvents (including water, ethanol, isopropanol, and glycol) resulted in only spherical NPs. Moreover, ablation using a 532 nm laser produced spherical NPs in all the

• solvents including methanol. The authors explained the influence of the methanol environment on the nanomaterial shape by attributing it to chemical reactions between iron and methanol molecules, which resulted in the formation of goethite (FeO(OH)) and subsequently led to nanowire growth: Since iron oxide

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• iron oxide nanoparticles doped with silver (Ag-Fe2O3) exhibited dual properties, that is, antimicrobial protection and stimulation of osteoblastic activity. In prosthodontics, biogenic nanoparticles have been incorporated into denture base resins and soft liners, demonstrating significant antifungal

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• emerged as a promising approach. Materials such as silver, ZnO, TiO2, and iron oxide are frequently used in membrane construction due to their high reactivity and effective catalytic behaviour. These membranes are not only simple to engineer but also exhibit strong antibacterial activity. Additionally

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• Shoronia N. Cross Katalin V. Korpany Hanine Zakaria Amy Szuchmacher Blum Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada 10.3762/bjnano.16.106 Abstract The preparation of multimodal nanoparticles by capping magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• erroneous conclusions about the efficacy of conjugation reactions, which can have detrimental impacts on the functionality and safety of IONPs in biomedical applications. Keywords: click chemistry; copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition; disulfide reduction; iron oxide nanoparticles; thiol–maleimide

• Michael addition; Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been the subject of an immense body of research in the field of biomedicine, where their magnetic properties are appealing for such applications as MRI contrast agents [1], tumor hyperthermia [2], and magnetic drug delivery [3

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• ]. Polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon-based structures such as carbon nanotubes are very promising when it comes to delivering drugs and genes to certain parts of the body [3]. Conversely, metallic nanoparticles such as gold and iron oxide, and fluorescent quantum dots have applications in

• color upon detecting the virus. Their capability to attach to specific antibodies or DNA strands makes them perfect for detecting even faint traces of disease [18]. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles specially made from iron oxide are also being used in medical imaging. They are usually employed as

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• phage for targeted drug delivery. In a recent study, the DNA of the M13 phage was modified to encode for SPARC binding peptide and cathepsin B cleavage peptide. Then, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were covalently bonded to cathepsin B expressed on M13 phages to track their intracellular

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• NCs of iron oxide and graphene through the MW route. For example, Kumar et al. demonstrated the MW-assisted rapid synthesis of a ternary NC based on rGO, carbon nanotubes, and Fe3O4 NPs, using ferrocene as the Fe-containing precursor [15]. The NC exhibited its potential to be used for EMI shielding

• irradiation process. It is important to note that ferrocene was used as the precursor for the iron oxide. In a typical process, graphite oxide (100 mg), V2O5 powder (50 mg), and ferrocene (50 mg) were thoroughly mixed in a mortar pestle. Finally, the mixed powder was MW irradiated at a power of 700 W for 90 s

• oxide while oxidizing ferrocene alongside Fe3O4, which is formed as a major iron oxide component during the MW irradiation process. Nevertheless, the XRD pattern of the GV demonstrates the characteristic peaks of VO2, according to the JCPDS card no. 01-072-0514 [32]. Specifically, the peaks at the

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• oxidizable sulfide ion coexist in iron sulfides, making their synthesis more difficult than that of iron oxide [17]. Unlike FeS2, there are reports on the synthesis of other iron-based oxides via PLAL. These studies have demonstrated the successful production of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by ablating iron plates in

• performance by first fabricating amorphous iron oxide films on normal glass substrates by spray pyrolysis followed by heating in sulfur atmosphere at 350 and 400 °C [20]. For pyrite film fabrication, solvothermal or hydrothermal and chemical synthetic routes are generally adopted [21][22][23]. Henríquez et al

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• belong to the hematinic category, are a broad class of medical products in which varied iron agents are used, very often in the form of core–shell nanoparticles, where iron ions (in the structure of iron oxide mineral) are concentrated in the core, and the shell is generally composed of carbohydrates

• calculated and , which would mean that the uncompensated spins are located not only at the surface of the cores. It is known that the chemical bonding between the sucrose and the iron oxide surface ions is very likely to reduce the surface net magnetic moment, as the missing bonds on the surface may be

• Raman results and analysis and EPR results and analysis. FTIR and Raman results and analysis FTIR and Raman spectroscopy techniques were employed to investigate the phase composition and iron oxide type resulting from the synthesis and to validate structural alterations after interaction with saline

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• , these technologies also pave the way for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting the formation of toxic AβOs. Liu et al. synthesized multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugated with a specific scFv antibody (W20) targeting AβOs and a class-A scavenger

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• damage to surrounding tissues due to inadequate control over the heat distribution [100][101][102][103][104][105]. Innovations in this field have led to the development of transparent polylactic acid (PLA) thin films with embedded iron oxide nanoclusters prepared via spin coating [51]. The efficient

• photothermal conversion of iron oxide minimizes the necessary laser energy. The mechanical force generated by laser-induced VNBs enables the selective destruction of single corneal cells. The PLA films aid in precisely positioning the photothermal therapy, restrain the dispersion of iron oxide nanoclusters

• , and can be easily removed post-laser treatment. The spatially selective single-cell killing capability of iron oxide PLA bubble films has great potential for ocular tumor therapy. However, clinical treatment of tumors requires the application of films on surfaces with “odd” tissues. Using a

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• production, effectively reducing collagen type I deposition and mitigating fibrosis. Additional nanomaterials such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and chitosan-based NPs are engineered with liver-cell-specific ligands like lactose or galactose, enhancing their specificity for treating

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• Biochemistry, Koryun St 2, Yerevan, Armenia Ghitu Institute of Electronic Engineering and Nanotechnologies of Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova 10.3762/bjnano.15.125 Abstract Thanks to their simple synthesis, controlled physical properties, and minimal toxicity, iron oxide nanoparticles

• samples on the liver of Wistar rats was identified. Keywords: biocompatibility; hepatotoxicity; iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle; rutin; Teucrium polium (T. polium); Introduction Leveraging nanotechnology, personalized medicine, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for overcoming the complex

• , stability, and other important qualities [14][15]. Iron oxide NPs, because of their minimal toxicity, are considered the most preferred agents for studying various biomedical applications [16]. There are many studies proving the biocompatibility of iron oxide NPs, and because of their unique properties

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• , iron oxide, copper sulfide), and rare earth-based usNPs (cerium oxide, gadolinium oxide) [22]. Ultrasmall NPs have dimensions comparable to those of a typical globular protein of 3 to 6 nm in diameter [22][25], although the precise size criteria can vary among researchers. For the purpose of this

• comparison of the impact of NP size on the tumor accumulation and retention of actively targeted particles was undertaken by Xu and colleagues [87]. The authors synthesized transferrin-coated iron oxide NPs with core sizes of 3 and 30 nm and assessed their binding to transferrin receptors overexpressed in a

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• degradable nonendogenous molecules [90]. It should be mentioned that there is not much data showing biodegradation/excretion of NPs. Iron oxide-based NPs have, however, been used as safe contrast agents for MRI for many years and have been shown to be degradable both in solutions in vitro [91] and after

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• iron oxide nanocore decorated with organic compounds and investigated their cellular uptake across various human cell types [18]. However, determining the cellular absorption of functionalized nanoparticles in different human cell types is a laborious, expensive, and time-consuming task. Computational

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• economical raw materials for the large-scale production of MIL-100(Fe). Utilizing iron oxide as an iron precursor for manufacturing MIL-100(Fe) contributes to the expansion of raw material options. According to what we know, until now, there has been no report on a pathway for generating MIL-100(Fe) from

• selectivity equations are detailed in Supporting Information File 1. Results and Discussion Material characterizations A range of M-100Fe@Fe2O3 samples was prepared from iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles as precursor with H3BTC as organic linker through a hydrothermal reaction as shown in Figure 1. The H3BTC

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• coordination numbers [24]. Alternatively, Kotzabasaki et al. also codified the composition of iron oxide nanoparticles with a single categorical descriptor that encodes the crystal structure of the main component (in this case as maghemite or magnetite) [25]. Alternatively, some descriptors are focused on the

When nanomedicines meet tropical diseases

• Eder Lilia Romero,
• Katrien Van Bocxlaer and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 830–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.69

• , Morilla and collaborators presented a critical review on nanomedicines and Chagas disease, highlighting the potential of oral nanocrystals and parenteral nano-immunostimulants to treat this NTD [3]. Moving to leishmaniases, Verçoza et al. evaluated the therapeutic potential of green superparamagnetic iron

• oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for treating cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania amazonensis. The selectivity index for intracellular amastigotes was more than 240 times higher compared to that of current prescribed drugs to treat the disease, making SPIONs strong candidates for a new therapeutic

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• reduction step [120]. LML of iron oxide in ethyl acetate and ethanol was reported to yield ethyl aldehyde and butane. The aldehyde was proposed to form via dehydrogenation of ethanol, while butane forms via dimerization of formed C2H5 radicals [125]. Van’t Zand et al. investigated the pyrolysis of

• . These carbides might form in situ but decompose during the process to yield an oxide core. Iron oxide is not the only phase formed in organic liquids during laser ablation of iron (Table 2). Amendola et al. ablated iron in six different solvents and found different core compositions. Ablation in toluene

• hydrocarbons such as n-hexane seem to favor carbide formation, while other solvents lead to metallic or amorphous iron or iron oxide. Furthermore, the solvent influences the properties of the carbon shell by enabling, for example, nitrogen doping. Currently, there are three different hypotheses for the

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• investigated for antioxidant activities. Singh et al. investigated the effect of the Mn3+/Mn2+ ratio on CAT activity [33]. Oxidizing Mn3O4 with NaIO4 yielded a high Mn3+/Mn2+ ratio and enhanced CAT activity compared with that of non-oxidized Mn3O4. Ten different iron oxide-based nanoantioxidants including 6

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• also includes cancer imaging and diagnosis such as the MRI imaging agent Resovist, carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles approved for liver contrast-enhanced MRI102 [87]. Another 10% are nanocrystals, such as Tricor (approved in 2004) or Triglide (approved in 2005), used to

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• photothermal therapy on a single platform has been developed in the form of vinorelbine-loaded polydopamine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Vinorelbine (VNB) is loaded on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles produced by a solvothermal technique after coating with polydopamine (PDA) with varying weight

• , magnetic response, and controlled drug release with photothermal effect brings a different perspective to advanced cancer treatment research. Keywords: drug efficacy; iron oxide nanoparticles; photothermal; solvothermal method; Introduction Cancer is a widespread condition characterized by the

• , as they increase permeability and retention effect in solid tumors, enabling precise application to the targeted cells. Various structures such as silica-based conjugates, inorganic polymers, ceramic nanomaterials, gold, iron oxide, and noble metal nanoparticles have been utilized [9][10]. Among the