Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• fabrics, corresponding to E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, were exposed to visible light at an intensity of 96.9 klux and UV-A/B radiation at 6704 µW·cm−2 under a glass microscope slide (Figure 4 and Table 2). As seen in Figure 4, Ag/CBV-600-bramante showed strong antibacterial activity against E

• if the photocatalytic activity of the materials enhanced antimicrobial activity: group A was not exposed to sunlight (t = 0 min), and group B was exposed to 60 min of UV-A/B radiation of sunlight (t = 60 min), which was measured using an URCERI light meter containing a UV-A/B detector. Afterwards

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• of light. As a consequence, light does not differentiate between the constituting materials and only “sees” them as a single material. To study the interaction of light with these metamaterials, we use the effective media approximation to calculate the optical properties of these materials. These

• that, with the right manipulation of the geometry, we are able to make the electric permittivity near zero (“epsilon near zero”, ENZ). The ENZ point causes light to travel through the medium with constant phase, it enhances the electric field, and it enhances the nonlinear response by combining

• the principal components and of the composite, which are given by [25]: where dm and dd are the widths of the metallic and dielectric layers, respectively, as seen in Figure 1a. The z-scan technique employed to study the nonlinear properties of the samples involves normal incident light, where the

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• mechanically separated from the delignified bulk samples without damaging them using fine tweezers and glued on top of conical sample holders using polyvinyl siloxane (President Light Body, Coltene, Altstätten, Switzerland). The dry fibers and tracheids were imaged (at 22.5 °C and 25% RH) using the X-ray

• tracheid and fiber morphology, offering implications for wood processing techniques and the development of innovative wood-based materials, including bioinspired materials. This study also holds the potential for shedding light on evolutionary adaptations and taxonomic relationships among species. Still

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• gold nanoparticle suspension. The presence of AuNPs was confirmed by the appearance of a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band in the visible wavelength range, with a maximum absorbance at λmax = 519 nm (Figure 4a). The hydrodynamic radius (HD) by number-weighted distribution of dynamic light

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• nanostructures play a crucial role in shaping the physical and functional properties of living organisms. They are the basis of key biological phenomena, such as coloration, adhesion, and mechanical stability, and influence the way how organisms interact with light, fluids, and forces at different scales. The

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• a Wyko NT1100 White Light Optical Profiling System using a 20× magnification in vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) mode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out with a Carl Zeiss SIGMA VP at an acceleration voltage of 2 kV to ensure sample consistency. Four separate Cu foil samples

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• thickness, and thermal treatment conditions. The observed changes in optical properties suggest that this response is governed by temperature-induced modulation of molecular ordering and aggregation state, which in turn alters the electronic transitions responsible for light absorption. Theoretical

• extends the functionality of polymer thin films. A specific group of photoreactive polymers comprises polymers with azo chromophores embedded in their structure [5][6]. These polymers exhibit photoresponsivity due to the trans–cis (E–Z) isomerization of the azo chromophores upon light irradiation. The

• , optoelectronics, memory devices, and sensors [12]. The birefringence phenomenon results from multiple cycles of trans–cis–trans (E–Z–E) photoisomerization stimulated by the polarized light impact [13][14][15][16]. The E–Z–E transitions lead to an alignment of the photoreactive azo chromophores perpendicularly

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , which enhances drug targeting while reducing off-target effects. These carriers leverage triggers such as changes in pH, enzymatic activity, redox conditions, temperature, light, ultrasound, X-rays, and magnetic fields to enable intelligent and controlled release of therapeutics. This review examines

• multiple drugs in response to the biochemical cues of the tumour microenvironment, enhancing anticancer activity with reduced off-target effects [53]. 2.4 Light-responsive nanocarriers Light-sensitive nanocarriers represent an innovative approach to regulated drug delivery, utilizing photosensitive

• materials such as graphene, azobenzene, and gold nanorods [54]. Upon exposure to UV–vis or near-infrared (NIR) light, these materials undergo structural changes or generate ROS, triggering controlled release of their therapeutic cargo. This precise spatiotemporal control over drug release and therapeutic

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• for asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation analysis (AF4 analysis). Experiments were carried out by in-line coupling the AF4 system with UV–vis, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors. The AF4 system used was composed of an Eclipse Dualtec separation system

• first determined, as well as after their incubation with serum-free and serum-supplemented cell culture medium over 1 and 4 h. Prior to performing these fractionation analyses, the z-average mean diameter of the NLs was also examined by dynamic light scattering in batch mode, and ranged from 96.10

• ± 0.81 to 140.20 ± 0.95 nm (PDI < 0.256). The data in the literature suggests that DLS is widely employed for sizing liposomes and other colloidal materials. It operates by detecting laser light scattered due to the Brownian motion of particles or macromolecules in suspension, with the scattering

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• Sepharose CL-4B column eluted with PBS (pH 7.4) [19]. 2.3 Sample characterization 2.3.1 Particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential The hydrodynamic vesicle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the zeta potential by electrophoretic light scattering

• characterization, the selected formulations were 30 days. The samples were kept at 4 °C in plastic containers wrapped in aluminum protected from light, and characterized for vesicle size, PDI, and zeta potential. 2.5.1 Stability of nanoparticles in serum The stability of the nanoparticles in bovine serum was

• presence of 5% CO2, for 69 h for cytotoxicity assays, while for phototoxicity assays they remained incubated for 48 h, followed by 2 h of green light irradiation, γ = 525 nm, dose of 14.4 J/cm2 and incubated again until completing the 69 h period. After incubation for 69 h, 20 µL of the MTT solution (0.5

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• environmental conditions, offering long-term protection against light, humidity, pollutants, and other agents of deterioration. Finally, the coating should be safe and ethically acceptable, avoiding the use of hazardous substances and respecting the cultural, historical, and aesthetic significance of the object

• to minimize ecological impact, both in their production and in their eventual disposal. In light of these requirements, a wide range of recently developed coatings, including biopolymer-based, nano-engineered, and mineral-inspired solutions, have shown promising protective methods for artworks

• activity under both UV-A and visible light. The TiO2/C-dot composites were synthesized via a green, hydrothermal method using citric acid and hydroxylamine, resulting in anatase-phase particles. Various C-dot loadings were tested; composites with moderate content (i.e., TC25 and TC50) demonstrated superior

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• estimate temperature through ratiometric imaging of two thermally coupled fluorescence bands. This work demonstrates the feasibility of volumetric temperature mapping in internal biological systems using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and lipid-coated UCNPs as nanothermometry markers. This approach

• for accurate 3D analysis of temperature-driven biological processes. It holds significant potential for applications in living organisms, offering a non-invasive tool to monitor intracellular and organ-specific temperature dynamics. Keywords: C. elegans; 3D imaging; fluorescent intensity ratio; light

• ratios [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] and polarization anisotropy [30][31]. In biological applications involving fluorescent nanothermometry, light–tissue interactions must be carefully considered for an accurate temperature measurement. To address this, a wide range of luminescent

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• modification being required for fluorescence imaging [17]. Similar studies of swollen hydrogels using cryo-SEM, environmental SEM (ESEM), confocal, and light microscopy have revealed that cryo-SEM may introduce morphological artefacts that are not observed in hydrated-state imaging. The presence of these

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• Chiral plasmonic nanostructures (cPNSs) have garnered extensive interest across disciplines due to their strong interaction with circularly polarized light (CPL). Numerous fundamental studies have demonstrated the enhancement of chiroptic effects in molecular systems and quantum emitters facilitated by

• applications of cPNSs fabricated using CPL. Keywords: circular dichroism; circularly polarized light; plasmonic nanocrystals; Introduction An object is considered chiral when it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. Homochirality is a feature of life on Earth. For example, amino acids in living

• chiral molecules is essential in the pharmaceutical industry [9]. Distinguishing between enantiomers is inherently challenging due to their identical physical properties. However, chiral molecules interact with light in a polarization-dependent manner. Historically, Arago and Biot demonstrated that cut

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• (POC) diagnostics for different disorders and diseases. Resonance among the free electrons at the surface of colloidal AuNPs, induced by the interaction with light energy, causes the light to be absorbed in the blue-green and red parts of the visible spectrum. Consequently, the appearance of colors in

• AuNP suspensions is substantially influenced by their particle size and dispersion speed. 10–20 nm AuNPs with a narrow size distribution tend to absorb light from the blue-green spectrum and reflect red light. In contrast, their aggregation leads to a light absorption shift to longer wavelengths

• , resulting in reflecting light ranging from pale blue to purple [75][76]. Selvakumar and Thakur developed a colorimetric sensor for detecting VB12 using AuNPs and a stable modified RNA aptamer. The RNA aptamer, which attaches to VB12, triggers the aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in a color shift from red to

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• light scattering, and infrared spectroscopy. We probed particles adsorbed on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy, both operated under variable air humidity. For AFM, we additionally tested hydrophilic and

• short oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The particles were first characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements in solution, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in vacuum. Samples were adsorbed on flat

• PEG thiol with carboxylic acid termination was used. To obtain the dimanno-AuNPs, 50 mol % of the same carboxylic acid ligand was mixed with 50 mol % of a dimannoside (Manα1-2Man) thiourea PEG thiol. After purification and lyophilization, the nanoparticles were obtained as brown powders. Dynamic light

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• generally render conventional methods, for example, trawling plankton nets in surface water, infeasible owing to transport and size constraints of equipment [31]. This has given rise to sampling devices that are both portable and light, specifically tailored for use in remote environments. For example

• permanently removed without causing secondary pollution [72]. 5.3.2 Nanotechnology for degradation. Nanotechnology offers a novel method for the accurate and effective breakdown of MPs. Under UV light, nanomaterials such as ZnO and TiO2 work as photocatalysts to break down MPs into CO2 and water, which are

• nanoparticles have been shown to break down PS in both UV and natural light, which suggests they could be used in a range of environmental conditions [44]. Another prospective application is the integration of nanomaterials into filtration membranes, which results in the development of hybrid systems that are

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• in far-ultraviolet light-emitting devices. These applications leverage h-BN’s properties like high temperature stability, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance [18][20][21]. An interesting application of multilayer h-BN is its deposition on electrode surfaces as an electron blocking layer

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• desirable nanostructural features over time [39]. It is important to note, however, that NaCMC forms polymeric networks when dispersed in aqueous media, which scatter light and may artificially increase the measured hydrodynamic diameter [40]. Consequently, dynamic light scattering (DLS) data may not

• microemulsions were determined by dynamic light scattering using a Zetasizer® Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical Ltd. – Malvern, United Kingdom) at 25 °C with a fixed backscattering angle of 173°. Prior to analysis, samples were diluted in purified water (1:40 v/v) [13]. All measurements were performed in triplicate

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• of NMs have been extensive; including niche applications such as enabling nightvision; particular Yb(III) and Er(III) doped nanoparticles have been found to upconvert NIR light into visible light, thus enabling mice to visually perceive infrared light [12]. Carbon nanomaterials as nanocarriers Carbon

• instance, small carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are readily cleared through renal pathways, whereas larger or irregularly shaped CNPs tend to accumulate in organs such as the liver and spleen. Characterisation of these properties is typically performed using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, or

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• that is a periodic function of time. However, it is generally not a harmonic oscillation due to the convolution of the (quasi)-harmonic oscillation of the cantilever with the spatially modulated light field in the interferometer cavity [13]. Dynamic interferometric signals have been studied in the

• context of NC-AFM using the interferometric concepts of Michelson and Fabry–Perot interferometers [14][15]. Both interferometers rely on the precise alignment of a single-mode optical fiber delivering the light and receiving the optical signal generated in the optical cavity formed by the cantilever and

• stabilized so that the working point is the inflection point and center of symmetry of the time-dependent interferometer signal [16], implying that the mean cavity length is d0 = , where m is an odd integer and λ is the vacuum wavelength of the light used for interferometer operation in a UHV environment. As

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• electromagnetic properties, enabling the development of metamaterials with negative refractive indices or chiral photonic crystals, which can manipulate light in novel ways. Another exciting area of research in chiral materials is developing supports for enantioselective catalysis [5][6]. Enantiomers are

• washed with toluol for 3 d. ArFSH-FmocAlaNHzoSIL: SH-FmocAlaNHzoSIL is added to a degassed solution of pentafluorostyrene (0.312 g, 1.61 mmoL) and DMPA (5 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 10 mL of toluol. The material was infiltrated overnight. The material in solution was irradiated with UV light (λ = 365 nm) for 6 h

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• impregnated with HA and βCp nanoemulsion. The use of βCp in practice is questioned due to its low aqueous solubility, low viscosity, extreme volatility, and sensitivity to temperature, oxygen, and light [38]. The production of a nanoemulsion was developed as a nanocarrier system designed to enhance both the

• confirmed by its fluorescence emission under incident light, indicating that the electrospun fibers predominantly displayed continuous cores. This suggests that the established coaxial electrospinning parameters successfully supported the formation of nanofibers with HA+NE cores. The limited discontinuities

• using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK) at 25 °C. The measurements were based on a refractive index of 1.34 for the material. Prior to analysis, the samples were diluted at a ratio of 1:10 (βCp/distilled water). The reported parameters represent the

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• ng·µL−1 on dewaxed sections of S. alveolata and detected with anti digoxigenin-AP Fab fragments (Roche) at a dilution of 1:2000. The signal was developed using the NBT/BCIP substrate (Roche) at 37 °C. The sections were observed using a Zeiss Axio Scope A1 light microscope with a 100× objective to