Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• 68.1 eV corresponds to the oxidized states of nickel (Ni–O). The appearance of these states may be due to the interaction of nickel with residual water in the vacuum chamber or with oxygen desorbed from the silicon substrate during annealing [47]. The low-energy doublet with the Ni 3p3/2 component at

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• modes on the surface morphological and optical characteristics (Urbach energy and optical bandgap). In fact, in the existing literature, there are barely any studies that have addressed the impact of the evolution of A1 (LO) modes on surface morphology and optical properties in low-energy regimes

• correlation with morphological and optical properties using low-energy Ar+ beams in ZnO films. Here, argon ions were chosen because of the inert nature, which means that any changes in properties of the implanted ZnO films are attributed solely to implantation-induced effects. In the present study, ZnO films

• with 30 keV Ar+ ions. The energy used here was a low energy; also, argon is lighter than zinc. Because of this, the irradiation did not cause a significant shift in peak positions with increasing ion fluence, but it is observable. The shift in peak position and the variation in peak intensity of the

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• of surface C or CO [38]. Resonant photoemission detected by a spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscope (SPLEEM) was also used to acquire local information on the oxidation degree of cerium in mixed zirconia–ceria nanostructures supported on a Rh(111) single crystal [39]. Figure

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• capacity and cycle life of SIBs. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has a layered structure and a high theoretical capacity of 669 mAh·g−1, so it is considered as a promising anode material for SIBs [1][2]. The large sodium ion can diffuse with a low energy barrier between the S−Mo−S layers due to the interlayer

• and PyC-MoS2 films is shown in Figure 5. The low-energy peak at 226.1–226.3 eV corresponds to the S 2s line. The Mo 3d spectra of the initial MoS2 and PyC-MoS2 consist of an intense spin–orbit doublet with the binding energy of the Mo 3d5/2 component of 228.9 eV (Figure 5a,b). This energy corresponds

• groups [50], and at 160.5 eV, associated with under-coordinated sulfur atoms formed at the MoS2 edges [51] as a result of preliminary sample annealing in H2 at 1073 K. The Mo 3d (Figure 5) and S 2p spectra (Figure 6) of MoS2 and PyC-MoS2 films after sodium deposition exhibit additional low-energy

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• air we observed the huge Cl vacancy signature in Cl 2p core levels (i.e., a low-energy component at 198 eV). Our conclusion is that the thin CrCl3 layers are more difficult to be modified because of the high energy of defect formation and the rapid quenching of them by mobile free atoms; this is

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the fundamental mechanisms underlying precursor fragmentation by low-energy electrons, which remains an ongoing focus of study in the field, see Figure 1. Within the widely studied group of acetylacetonate complexes, which also play a crucial role in chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

• focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE), can effectively control edge profiles, supported by continuum modeling [12]. Additionally, using alternative precursors such as Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 with low-energy ion irradiation enables the fabrication of high-purity Pt deposits. This process involves

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• generation in Mo thin films with a low-energy argon ion beam (1 keV) across different ion fluences (1016–1018 ions·cm−2). Thornton et al. [16] examined a transition from tensile to compressive stress in argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films as the sputtering gas pressure decreased. Sun et al. [17] also analyzed

• prospective substitute for tungsten in plasma-facing components of fusion devices. Klaver et al. [19] investigated the impact of irradiation with low-energy helium ions on the physical properties of molybdenum thin films. Ono et al. [20] studied the degradation of the optical characteristics of single- and

• polycrystalline Mo mirrors for plasma diagnostics when treated with low-energy He+ ion irradiation at ambient temperature and 400 °C. Takamura et al. [21] examined the effects of He plasma irradiation on Mo thin films. The temperature range for nanostructure growth was within a temperature range of 800 to 1050 K

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• the transformative impact of nanopatterning through low-energy inert ions. Keywords: optimization of ion current; surface topography; TEM; ultralow-energy ECR-based ion source; UV–vis spectroscopy; Introduction Ion sources serve as fundamental components in numerous scientific and industrial

• various parameters is extensively examined and elucidated. Experimental parameters, spanning from plasma generation to ion beam extraction, are systematically optimized for the study of low-energy Ar-ion-induced nanostructures on silicon. The dependence of the extracted ion beam on gas pressure, magnetron

• potential and is particularly effective for operations involving very-low-energy ions. This grid enables ions to decelerate and traverse a field-free region near the source, ensuring minimal perturbations to the ion beam and facilitating precise ion transport. Results and Discussion Optimization of ion

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• setup by means of a load lock and transferred throughout the chambers with a transfer stick. The preparation chamber accommodates standard surface preparation techniques including an ion sputter gun, an e-beam evaporator, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, as well as a combined low-energy electron

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• nanometals can be swiftly heated to temperatures around 100 °C using low-energy laser pulses of specific wavelength. This rapid heating effectively evaporates a limited amount of water in the adjacent nanoscale region, forming vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) (see below in Figure 2c) [50]. The swift expansion and

• silica-coated Au nanorods (Au@SiO2) placed at the edge of a commercially available intraocular lens (IOL) (Figure 3c). The localized photothermal conversion of Au@SiO2 effectively eradicated the residual LECs around the IOL using a low-energy laser (3.3 W·cm−2), thereby preventing disorganized fibrosis

• nanosecond low-energy laser pulses (about 1000 times weaker than the pulses used in standard clinical YAG laser therapy), these nanoparticles rapidly heat up, producing rapidly expanding and collapsing VNBs. This action generates jets and high-pressure shockwaves that mechanically disrupt the collagen

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• observed at the modest positive strain value of just +1% (Table 3, Figure 3), indicating that the electronic properties of ψ-graphone can be tuned with minimum structural deformation and low energy consumption. As can be seen from Table 3, the bandgap of ψ-graphone fluctuates with an increase in strain

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• XPS data are reported for films that are certainly less than 50 nm thick and which required many hours of deposition time to create. Conclusion Low-energy ion irradiation of adsorbed Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 initiates complete CO desorption as a result of ion/molecule energy transfer, leading to a

• survey spectra collected at 5 keV for Pt foil (red trace) and a deposit from Pt(CO)2Cl2 produced under steady-state conditions (black trace); full details are provided in the Experimental section. (Right) Detailed spectrum in the low-energy region. The dashed lines denote the kinetic energy positions of

• from Pt(CO)2Br2/H2+ is proximate to the σ1 value that we have previously measured for the electron-induced CO desorption from Pt(CO)2Cl2 [57]. The relative proximity of these two σ1 values suggests that the reactivity of H2+ ions may contain a significant contribution from reactions involving the low

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• concentration in the brain by a factor of 6.15 compared to the oral clozapine tablet [109]. Nanoemulsions Emulsions are colloidal systems consisting of two immiscible liquid phases where one phase is dispersed in the other. Nanoemulsions can be prepared via low-energy or high-energy methods, including

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• employed particle swarm optimization (PSO) with CALYPSO code [20] interfaced with ABACUS code [21] to predict the neutral cluster of calcium (2–20) and local geometry optimization, respectively. The acquired structures were analyzed to determine among the low-energy isomers after running the calculation

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• = 11.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J = 11.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J = 7.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H). Electron collision experiments Two different experimental setups were used to perform low-energy electron beam-induced dissociation experiments. They are complementary; one of them, the CLUster Beam setup (CLUB), has a

• (TOF) chamber [25][26]. The sample was kept in a glass container at room temperature (around 25 °C); its vapor was introduced into the interaction chamber via a leak valve and exposed to low-energy electrons produced from a simple magnetically collimated electron gun with a heated tungsten filament

• the incident electron energy. Figure 3 shows the anion mass spectra of Fe(CO)4MA measured on the CLUB setup for three different energy ranges. In the low-energy region (Figure 3a shows the sum of the mass spectra between 0 and 2 eV recorded with energy steps of 0.1 eV), the strongest channel is loss

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• the sputtered atoms possess rather low energy with the peak value close to the surface binding energy [31], the sputtering of materials induced by these particles was assumed to be negligible. The energy distribution of sputtered atoms also was ignored in the description of their sticking to the

• maps may be attributed to the fact that secondary milling caused by the sputtered atoms was ignored during simulations. Most of these atoms possessed low energy, as it was mentioned earlier. However, as discussed in [38], they occurred in large numbers because of the high sputtering yield, when

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. The focus was on the influence of the steps on the QA structures and their preferential azimuthal orientations with the aim of achieving a selective orientation. After deposition at a

• with a base pressure of 2 × 10−10 mbar equipped with a beetle-type scanning tunneling microscope (STM, type UHV 300) from RHK Technology, a microchannel plate low-energy diffraction (MCP-LEED) instrument from OCI Vacuum Microenginneering Inc., and a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) of the type PRISMA

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• , some suppositions are possible. The fact that the intensity of the low-energy PL band around 2.4 eV decreases significantly with changing the environment from air to vacuum in the sample prepared in the 8 h technological procedure may indicate the participation of surface states in the recombination

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• modification – proof of principle simulation Low-energy electrons are assumed to be most effective in the dissociation process. The reason is that low-energy electrons interact more efficiently with molecules than high-energy electrons. One dissociation channel is dissociative electron attachment (DEA), which

• . The SE1 are distributed close to the primary beam, while the low-density SE2 are spread out over a much larger area. For simplicity, the spatial distribution of low-energy electrons around the point of impact of the primary beam with the substrate is assumed to be of a Gaussian shape. Depending on the

• MeCpPtMe3. Then the sample was tilted by 52° and milled with a gallium FIB. The cross-sectional profile was imaged at low energy (2 keV) with the SE detector. SE image of a deposited FEBID carbon line, top view (a) and FIB cross section (b). The line was deposited from a dodecane precursor on a silicon

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• Karl Rothe Nicolas Neel Jorg Kroger Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.37 Abstract Low-energy argon ion bombardment of graphene on Ir(111) induces atomic-scale defects at the surface. Using a scanning tunneling microscope, the two

• molecular precursor C2H4 (purity: 99.9%) at a partial pressure of 10−5 Pa for 120 s [25][26]. Atomic-scale defects were created by bombarding graphene-covered Ir(111) with low-energy (140 eV) Ar+ ions (purity of the Ar gas: 99.999%) [27][28][29][30] at room temperature for 5 s followed by annealing (900 K

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• –matter interaction in low-energy regimes is well understood; however, a few empirical additions have been taking place in the formulism based upon the experimental observations [29][30]. A large group of theoreticians have contributed to the already existing classic description given by Bradley and

• chosen from the literature [37][38] as 3, 5, 7, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 to induce complete amorphization within the two surfaces up to the ion range. The ion irradiation experiment was performed in the 90-degree beam line dedicated for materials science experiments in the Low-Energy Ion Beam (LEIB

• material, taking into account the ion straggling. For Si and Ge, a damage peak is exhibited around ≈75 nm , and the damaged layer extends up to a depth of ≈110 nm, which is consistent with the range of ions calculated with the SRIM code [39][43]. Here, the low-energy part of the spectrum continuously

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• have been carefully analyzed with the VESTA software, and low-energy isomers were refined from more than 600 structures (ca. 22 generations in CALYPSO). The geometric optimization of all clusters for a size range of n = 2–15 was performed in two steps: (i) structure search and initial geometric

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• method for nanofabrication such as FIB, which also happens to cover the low-energy interaction regime. The method is widely available as a complement to scanning electron microscopes. Focused ion beams allow for both subtractive and additive nanoscale manufacturing [31] and can also be used for chemical

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• of the quasiparticle wave function for a specific disorder realization with a strength V = 2 and correlation degrees α = 0, 1, and 2. It becomes apparent that in the case of uncorrelated disorder, low-energy excitations form small islands, indicating their localization on superconducting islands