A redox-responsive viologen–cavitand nanocarrier for dual-function photodynamic therapy

• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Alexey Yu. Usanyov,
• Amir A. Shamsutdinov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Andrey A. Parfenov,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Rezeda R. Fazleeva,
• Vitaly V. Yanilkin,
• Kseniya A. Zhdanova,
• Natal’ya A. Bragina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1142–1158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.78

• the disulfide-containing monomer N,N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, while a viologen-functionalized resorcinarene cavitand anchored at the micelle surface, providing colloidal stability. Polymerization yielded core–shell nanoparticles with a glutathione-cleavable, disulfide-rich core and a viologen

• photosensitizers. (3) Third-generation photosensitizers consist of second-generation agents modified with targeting moieties such as antibodies, carbohydrates, amino acids, or peptides; alternatively, they can be encapsulated into delivery systems like liposomes, micelles, or nanoparticles [10]. These vehicles

• delivery of THPP using nanoparticles formulated from human serum albumin, poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactide-co-glycolide), and other biocompatible polymers [22][23]. Cancer cells maintain intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations 10–1000 times higher than normal tissues. This reductive environment is widely exploited

Biosynthesis, characterization, and biofunctional assessment of niobium oxide nanostructures obtained using lactic acid bacteria-derived supernatants

• Pablo A. Oliveira,
• Gabriella T. L. Teixeira,
• Pollyane S. Oliveira,
• Thaís S. Farnesi-de-Assunção,
• Isabela S. Rotta,
• Karina F. D. Vicentine,
• Dayane S. Alvares,
• Jéferson A. Moreto,
• Aline D. Paiva and
• Natália B. L. Slade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1128–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.77

• activity; green synthesis; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; niobium oxide nanoparticles; Introduction Nanotechnology is a field focused on the study, development, and application of materials at the nanoscale [1][2]. Among the various types of nanomaterials, metallic and metal

• oxide nanostructures have stood out due to their distinctive physicochemical and biological properties, which make them promising for applications in the biomedical field. In this context, nanoparticles composed of silver, gold, iron, and selenium have received considerable attention [2][3]. Niobium

• chemical routes, primarily by avoiding the use of toxic and high-cost substances [9][10]. Among the resources considered for use in the green synthesis of nanoparticles are extracts derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a group of microorganisms widely used in different industrial processes, precisely

Facile synthesis of platinated DNA nanoparticles with radiosensitizing potential

• Leo Sala,
• Tomas Perecko,
• Antonín Kaňa and
• Jaroslav Kočišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1117–1127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.76

• nanoparticles and evaluate their potential as radiosensitizers. Cisplatin-induced cross-linking produced compact DNA nanoparticles with size and morphology controlled by mixing ratio and incubation time, reaching maximum loading near a 1:1 cisplatin-to-nucleotide mixing ratio, resulting in 0.28 ± 0.06 bound Pt

• atoms per nucleotide. The nanoparticles showed high thermal stability with the onset of thermal degradation between 80 and 90 °C and remained structurally stable at 4 °C storage for months. Clonogenic assays in FaDu cells demonstrated radiosensitization, with a dose enhancement ratio of 1.17 ± 0.07 at

• 10% survival. Cisplatin-mediated cross-linking provides a simple and effective method for producing stable DNA nanoparticles without complex origami assembly. The resulting structures retain the radiosensitizing properties of platinum while offering improved stability and storage characteristics

Synthesis of carbon dot-mediated gold nanostructures: experimental and quantum chemical insights into turn-on fluorescence sensing of N-acetylcysteine

• Thuy-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Nghia Nguyen,
• Ha Thi Thu Nguyen,
• Ha Ngoc Nguyen,
• Anh Duc Nguyen,
• Tuyen Viet Nguyen and
• Truong Xuan Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1103–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.75

• sustainable hydrothermal approach was employed to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) using lemon juice as a natural precursor. The as-prepared NCDs served as eco-friendly reducing agents and stabilizing scaffolds for the subsequent in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au@NCDs). The structural

• pharmaceutical monitoring. Keywords: fluorescence; gold nanoparticles; green synthesis; N-acetylcysteine; nitrogen-doped carbon dots; Introduction N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been widely employed for over four decades as an antidote in the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose [1][2][3] and as a

• detection capabilities. To overcome the inherent limitations of organic dyes, nanomaterial-based sensing platforms have attracted considerable research interest. In particular, gold-based composite nanoparticles stand out as promising candidates for advanced fluorescent probes, owing to their exceptional

Electrochemical sensing of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations using an (S,N)-doped reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Duc Anh,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Hai Phong,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Lam Son and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1087–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.74

• analytical performance. Although various electrochemical sensors have been reported for SDN determination, many of them rely on multicomponent nanocomposites, noble-metal nanoparticles, or relatively complicated fabrication procedures. In contrast, the proposed (S,N)-rGO-modified electrode is prepared

Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• nanosystems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystals, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, and nanosuspensions, have been developed to enhance solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. The nanoformulations achieved

• -tocopheryl polyethene glycol succinate (TPGS) can inhibit the efflux transporter (P-gp ATPase activity) [12]. Other mechanisms include lymphatic bypass, altered membrane fluidity (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and liposomes), receptor-mediated endocytosis (cationic

• nanoparticles and receptor-targeted nanoparticles) [13] and ATP depletion by pluronic-based nanovehicles, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction [14]. Hence, conventional approaches to improve solubility/permeability (micronization, co-solvents, and use of buffers to maintain pH) provide only marginal improvement

Nanoglasses: a trail towards uncharted regions of vitreous materials and their properties?

• Gerhard Wilde and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.72

• nanoparticles at elevated compaction pressure, enabling room-temperature processing [4][5][6], or through energetic deposition of amorphous clusters [42][43]. Consequently, when vitreous powder particles are compacted at low homologous temperatures, interfacial regions arise between the glass “grains

• ”, characterized by increased excess volume. The increase of excess volume can be attributed to the nanometre-sized porosity among the consolidated glass nanoparticles, which facilitates localized dissipation of the excess volume, that is, initially condensed into pores and consequently results in alterations in

Influence of an external electric field on the catalytic CO oxidation of nanoscaled CeO₂ and its La³⁺ and Gd³⁺ congeners

• Parastoo Jamshidi,
• Silvio Heinschke and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1028–1038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.70

• negative bias (Pt: 4–8% and Pd: 4–12%) [14][15]. The catalytic decomposition of ammonia over organoboron nanoparticles was also examined under an external electric potential. Applying positive or negative potential allowed the decomposition rate to be tuned between +26% and −37% relative to the zero-bias

• Information File 1, Figures S20–S24). All cerium oxide nanoparticles are strongly aggregated and form dense strongly corrugated films with an agglomerated particle size of about 50 nm in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S25). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• for nHA up to 40 mg/mL for 1 h and less than 4% hemolysis for nHA up to 100 mg/mL for 1 h. As the hemolytic activity is directly proportional to the diameter of the nanoparticles [86], the observed behavior could be related to the fact that the nHA obtained in the W/THF mixture exhibited very small

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• nanoparticles, which favors direct bacterial contact and may contribute to sustained release of active constituents [50]. The release profile of such systems is influenced by factors such as polymer composition, shell thickness, and interactions between the encapsulated compound and the carrier matrix

• . Simultaneously, the aqueous phase was prepared with 12 mL of a Tween® 80 solution (20–60 mg) in Milli-Q® water. Nanoparticles were formed by adding the organic phase to the aqueous phase using a syringe with an 11.2 mm diameter, under magnetic stirring at 400 rpm and room temperature. The dispersion was then

• complete removal of residues, after which the nanoparticles were filtered using 0.22 μm polyethersulfone filters. For nanomaterial optimization, a Box–Behnken design with three factors and three levels was used (Table 5), as described in [62]. The independent variables evaluated were PCL concentration (20

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• ) suppression of transporter expression via co-delivery of siRNA, shRNA, or anti-miRNA payloads targeting ABCB1 regulatory pathways. We further discuss advances in nanoplatform engineering, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, lipid–polymer hybrid systems, and biomimetic carriers designed to

• . Keywords: cancer chemotherapy; efflux transporters; multidrug resistance (MDR); nanoparticles; siRNA nanocarriers; tumor-targeted therapy; Review 1 Introduction 1.1 Cancer and current challenges in chemotherapy Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with millions of new cases

• keywords, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance (MDR), nanoparticles, drug delivery, cancer, siRNA, efflux transporters, tumor microenvironment, stimuli-responsive systems, liposomes, polymeric micelles, hybrid nanocarriers, P-gp inhibitors, and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. The search

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• , nanoparticles, and carbon supports) are manufactured into electrodes or serve as the electrode itself, industrially scalable, but with poorly understood active sites and inactive bulk material [1][2][3][4][5]. In practice, however, bridging these two families is not straightforward. A homogeneous catalyst

• preliminary unpublished data, to strengthen the credibility of this strategy, RuBda covalently grafted onto polymeric C3N4 nanoparticles, achieved a ruthenium surface density of 5.5 mol % Ru (5.5 × 10−4 mol per gram of C3N4), validated by ion-coupled plasma and a turnover frequency for ammonia oxidation of

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• classes of nanomaterials, namely, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles. Nanoparticle design considerations and targeting strategies for the individual classes are examined, and the opportunities and challenges for the different nanomaterials

• ]. Effective LA-ARV formulations that require administration once every few months under medical supervision can address many issues related to adherence. Nanoparticles play a key role in achieving this goal. Nanosuspensions, for instance, are used to induce depots of poorly soluble ARVs at the injection site

• prevention options beyond daily pills, there is continued interest in the development of additional LA technologies based on nanoparticle delivery systems, especially in combination with active or passive targeting strategies. Nanoparticles are promising delivery systems for concentrating ARVs in tissues

Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection

• Yui Sasaki and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 828–838, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.59

• ], approaches for self-assembled chemosensors [17][19][31], chemosensor arrays (nanoparticles [32][33], polymers [34][35], and self-assembled elements [36]), solid-state analytical devices using gels [37][38] and paper substrates [21], and chemometric techniques [39] and their principles [40][41], independently

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• local damage, systemic associations highlight the urgent need for innovative therapies. Herein, we present an eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by picosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL), using Salvia officinalis aqueous extract (sage extract) as both medium and stabilizer

• well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles (7.98 ± 2.9 nm) at a concentration of 21.6 ± 1.75 mg·L−1. SageAgNPs6mJ exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIC = 5.4 mg·L−1), and showed equal or superior

• ; silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); Introduction Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a promising nanotechnology with numerous biomedical applications, especially in the field of tissue restoration and regeneration [1]. The most commonly used methods in AgNP synthesis are (i) chemical methods, which

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• Soni Prajapati Akash Kumar Ranjana Singh Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India 10.3762/bjnano.17.49 Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess inherent catalytic, antimicrobial, and optical

• of the environment (i.e., water, air, and soil). Among the broad family of engineered nanomaterials evaluated for environmental applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted exceptional attention owing to their unique combination of properties that directly address the requirements of

• environmental monitoring and remediation. For example, the optical properties of AgNPs are primarily governed by localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR ), which occurs in the 380–450 nm region and depends on the nanoparticles’ size and shape. The unique optical properties of nanosilver were utilised to

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• , CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 10.3762/bjnano.17.48 Abstract Dye-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles (dFONs) represent a promising class of bioimaging probes combining high brightness with molecular tunability. While their fluorescence performance is well established for one-photon

• nanoparticles allowed for an estimation of their two-photon absorption cross sections, which were found to be consistent with ensemble values when taking into account a local-field correction. Time-resolved experiments further revealed that nanoparticles with the highest absorption cross section photobleach

• significantly faster, confirming the trade-off between absorption efficiency and photostability. These results demonstrate that the photophysical behavior of dFONs can be rationally engineered at the molecular level and provide design principles for the development of optimized organic nanoparticles for

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• the desired molecule, which acts as a template. As a result, binding cavities with stereochemical complementarity to the molecular targets are formed in the nascent material. Particular interest was triggered by the possibility of preparing nanosized MIPs, such as MIP nanoparticles, abbreviated either

• nanocages and nanoparticles [10][11]. However, the vast majority of these architectures are constructed through the ordered assembly of folded protein units. In such systems, nanoparticles and higher-order structures arise from the self-assembly of proteins; they combine modularity with a high degree of

• in the shape of nanoparticles. Next, photopolymerization of the double bonds had the purpose of fixing the final bioMIP conformation, preventing it from further structural modification, so as to keep in place the selective molecular recognition sites, conferred by the imprinting process (Figure 1

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• of functional groups enable it to act as an effective support matrix for photocatalysts such as ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O, and various hybrid nanocomposites. Through stabilizing nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation and contributing to pollutant adsorption, cellulose enhances the overall efficiency of

• are exploring more sustainable alternatives. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient and eco-friendly way to produce cellulose nanoparticles. This method breaks down cellulose fibers with precision under controlled conditions while using very little water and producing non-hazardous waste as well as

• broadening its application potential [22]. CNCs are increasingly gaining attention as reinforcing materials because they are green, biodegradable nanoparticles with great potential for developing sustainable polymer composites, and their production relies on abundant natural raw materials that are available

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• Techniques, Institute of Physics, Bijenička Cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 10.3762/bjnano.17.43 Abstract This study presents a novel, chemical-free approach for the synthesis of Ag-modified TiO2 (Ag@TiO2) nanoparticles by combining the two laser-based ablation techniques pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and

• UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with a predominantly anatase TiO2 phase. The synthesized particles exhibited spherical morphology, with average diameters ranging from 97–331 nm for the 200p sample and 86–144 nm for the 2000p sample. The photocatalytic efficiency was

• numerous modification strategies. Silver-modified titanium dioxide (Ag@TiO2) nanoparticles have gained significant attention as advanced photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants, particularly under visible-light irradiation. The incorporation of silver introduces localized surface plasmon

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.17.41 Keywords: cellular uptake; drug delivery; intracellular trafficking; nanomedicine; nanoparticles; tumor microenvironment; Nanomedicine is dedicated to the application of nanotechnology in the medical field. Nanosized materials are intended for delivering drugs to their

• potentially create synergistic effects for the treatment of complex pathologies [1][2][3]. Since the approval of the first liposomal drug for cancer therapy, Doxil [4], multiple nanomedicines have reached the market, including lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery used worldwide for the vaccines against SARS

• for colloids, which were investigated also long before they were called "nanoparticles". On the other hand, such argument leaves out the fact that lipid-based drug carriers and colloids used today in nanomedicine are quite distinct from the ones from the past. For instance, the lipid nanoparticles

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4745, USA 10.3762/bjnano.17.38 Keywords: colloidal nanoparticles; green synthesis of nanoparticles; laser ablation in liquids; laser

• –matter interactions; laser processing in liquids; In the ever-evolving landscape of materials science and nanotechnology, laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) has emerged [1] as a powerful and versatile technique for producing high-purity, surfactant-free nanoparticles from a wide range of

• generation of surfactant-free, high-purity colloidal nanoparticles. Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL), in turn, involves the irradiation of colloidal micro- or nanoparticle suspensions with high-intensity pulses above the fragmentation threshold, leading to size reduction through photomechanical or

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• nanoplatforms for the delivery of natural products, offering structural stability, tunable release profiles, and controllable surface properties [20]. Polymeric nanoparticles, in particular, can protect bioactive compounds, potentially reduce off-target toxicity, and enhance specific biological responses

• nanomaterials, particularly metallic nanoparticles. Metallic nanoparticles, typically defined as structures with diameters between 1 and 100 nm, exhibit distinctive electrical, optical, and magnetic properties that support a broad range of applications [26]. They can be obtained via green synthesis using

• , metallic nanoparticles have shown promise in antiseptic and therapeutic contexts, including the prevention of biofilm formation and infection in dentistry, integration into restorative or regenerative dental materials, and modulation of biological responses in clinical treatments [28]. Overall, the

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• experimental approach enables the simultaneous observation of collective electronic properties and atom-specific dynamics within in a single measurement under identical sample conditions, an advance particularly valuable for complex, sensitive materials. Keywords: core-hole clock; nanoparticles; post

• -collision-interaction; quantum dots; resonant Auger spectroscopy; Introduction The interplay of electron localization, itinerance, and charge transfer is essential to functional nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In terms of electronic structure properties, materials on the nanoscale

• nanoparticles via a line-shape analysis revealing post-collision interaction (PCI) effects within the conduction band continuum. We investigate CdSe/ZnS core–shell nanoparticles with a constant CdSe core size of 3.5 nm and varying shell thicknesses of ZnS that allow for atomic layer control with narrow size