Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• resuspended in PBS. Statistical analysis The Shapiro–Wilk test evaluated the normality of data. The Student t-test was used to make comparisons between two sets of data with a normal distribution (parametric data), while the Mann–Whitney test was used to make comparisons between two non-parametric data sets

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• ]. Data was tested for normal distribution and homoscedasticity using Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene’s test, respectively, the latter from the “car” package [53]. Performance by direction and substrate for time series over six weeks was compared with One Way Repeated Measures Analyses of Variance (ANOVA

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• could also cause lower average fiber diameter [56]. The fiber diameter values of 25 PSI and 20 PSI + 5 Sr(NO3)2 scaffolds do not follow a normal distribution (p < 0.05). However, 20 PSI + 7.5 Sr(NO3)2, 20 PSI + 10 Sr(NO3)2, and 20 PSI + 5 Zn(O2CCH3)2 can be described by a Gaussian distribution (p > 0.05

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• steep valleys. The Rq/Ra ratio of approx. 1.25 implies that, despite those discontinuities, the height distributions do not show large deviations from the normal distribution [53]. In conclusion, the 2× sample exhibits the most favorable surface parameters among all samples treated with the HT+RTA

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• thermal force histogram exhibits a normal distribution with a rms standard deviation given by Equation 23. The corresponding probability density function (cf. Supporting Information File 3, Equation S12) is shown in black. A set of Mnum = 64 time traces of z(t) is thus calculated. Then, each trace z(t) is

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• nanoscale fraction shows the largest deviations, but even here the reproducibility is good. The data were fitted under the assumption that the particle size has a log-normal distribution, the values μ* and σ* were calculated, and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test was applied to test the significance of the

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• with those measured for each resistor, Ri,meas, at the rectangular pads using probe station measurements with the combined uncertainties. All uncertainties in the paper are given at one standard deviation corresponding to a 68% confidence level in the case of a normal distribution [46]. All measured

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• particle size and PDI of AB-LNPs under the optimal DSPE-DTPA/Au3+/BDP molar ratio of 2:1:1 are 72.87 ± 1.51 nm and 0.150 ± 0.028, respectively. Compared to Au-LNPs with two populations, AB-LNPs showed only one normal distribution peak (Figure 1a), demonstrating that the addition of BDP could increase the

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• the two dynamic components, and ν is the Poisson ratio assumed to be equal to 0.49 [33]. The data were statistically analysed using the software R, version 3.6.1. Data was tested for normal distribution and variance homogeneity using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Levene's tests, respectively. The comparison

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• . The ellipsoids have been generated with randomly distributed volumes (according to a normal distribution), shapes, and orientations. The ellipsoids are characterized by the semi-axes a, b, and c, of which c has always the highest value and is considered to coincide with the easy axis of magnetization

Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37

• traditional approach for estimating the probability density for each class is to assume that the density has some definite form. The normal distribution is the most preferred since it allows one to estimate such parameters of the model as the mean and standard deviation analytically. The superconducting

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• µm, and 1.7 µm). The cell membrane is covered with the virus particles. (c1–5) Determined virus particle diameter distributions. The inserted histograms show the respective image evaluation with normal distribution, mean value, and standard deviation. The average diameter of all evaluated images is

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• Gaussian distributions (envelope function: black line) shows that the normal distribution of Fattr(PC) (blue line) and Fattr(epoxy) (brown line) do not overlap. Due to this gap, a third intermediate peak Fattr(int) (light blue line) can be unambiguously distinguished. However, the three distributions

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• slightly differ from a normal distribution as confirmed by a Shapiro–Wilk statistical test results (W = 0.9838, p-value = 0.004583). Imaging ellipsometry Imaging ellipsometry (IE) provides local information about the optical properties of a (multilayered) material. This local information is available at

Energy distribution in an ensemble of nanoparticles and its consequences

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.143

• isothermal ensemble does not exist. Therefore, it is advised to analyze phenomena connected to the temperature distribution within such an ensemble. The detailed analysis presented in this work led to the assumption of a normal distribution of the energy within an ensemble of nanoparticles where basic

• : energy distribution; isothermal ensemble; nanoparticle ensemble; normal distribution; particle size distribution; temperature distribution; Introduction General theoretical considerations about ensembles of nanoparticles assume that the ensemble is isothermal. To connect these theoretical considerations

• particle size dependent, the determination of the particle size distribution is inherently possible from the experimentally found temperature dependence of a phase transformation. Results and Discussion Mathematical model Maxwell and Boltzmann assumed a normal distribution of the velocity for gas atoms

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• were ln-transformed to better fit a normal distribution and homogenize the variances. Since, in the case of the nanotribometric measurements, values between 0 and 1 also occurred, the value 1 was added to each measurement value before logarithmization. A linear mixed model (LMM) with repeated

• data confirmed a normal distribution in the vast majority of the groups to be compared, in few cases, the Shapiro–Wilk test revealed significant rejections of the null hypothesis. However, since in these cases the data could be visually confirmed as having a near-normal distribution, we considered them

• as almost normal in view of the robustness of the t-test against slight violations of the assumption of normal distribution. The contact angle data were also visually checked for their normal distribution. For further analysis of these data, we employed a two-way ANOVA and a pairwise t-test with

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• distribution having the form: Az represents the energy loss per depth unit, σz is the standard deviation of the normal distribution. Since the reorientation of the unidirectional EB anisotropy is attributed to local hyperthermal heating by the electronic interaction of the ion beam with the layer system [53

• ], the effective beam diameter db(z) in the material system is approximated by the 2σ value of the respective normal distribution, db(z) = 4σz. The simulations show a continuous broadening of the ion beam in the material system and simultaneously a decrease of the transferred energy per depth unit Az(z

• entering the layer system orthogonally to the surface. The resulting penetration depth z and the lateral x/z distributions were extracted from the IONZ3D file of the program (Figure 5b). The lateral energy transfer distribution for each data set on the z-axis Θz(x) was approximated by a Gaussian normal

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• -normal distribution fit to determine the number-weighted diameter. UV–vis absorption spectra of PVP-stabilized noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au). Effects of nanoparticles on the viability and the morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). hMSCs in 24-well cell culture plates were

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• distributions were compared after reactions under the same conditions (Figure 4). The size of particles synthesized in a batch reactor and in droplets followed a normal distribution (Figure 4A,B) with an almost identical mean particle size (µbatch = 10.6 ± 0.16 nm, µdroplet = 10.5 ± 0.11 nm). However, comparing

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• ± standard deviation of the values of the three specimens tested. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis (GraphPad Prism 6.0 software) was performed using a t-test (Student’s test), with significance level p = 0.05. Normal distribution was verified by normal probability plots. Photothermal effect upon NIR

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• intensities of foreground and background classifications of pixels. Each histogram was fit to a Gaussian distribution and was consistent with a normal distribution. The calculated apparent height, Ha, determined from each image was the difference in the mean of the foreground and background pixel intensities

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• by a normal distribution (μ being the mean and σ being the standard deviation) whose third raw moment is given by Since ICP-OES measures only the elemental core and not the polymer shell, Equation 6 is adapted as follows: The mass density of the gold was taken as 19.2 g/cm3, and 5.24 g/cm3 was taken

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• of pores per SEM image gradually increases from 110 to 624, while the pore-area fraction decreases. The distributions of pore area, diameter and thickness of polymeric walls fit to a log-normal distribution [27] (Figure 3 and Table 1) with the exception of the wall thickness of column 4, which fits

• distribution are added to Table 1 as well. By definition, a log-normal distribution cannot be negative or have a zero value, which is inevitable for the application to porous polymers. In micro- and nanocellular foams there is a critical pore radius, i.e., a minimum pore size that can exist in the fixed foam

• . In order to account for this minimum pore size, Ramesh et al. [28] introduced a cut-off to a log-normal distribution of pore sizes, so the resulting distribution is cut around zero-values. As the pores were analysed based on automated image processing, we introduced a minimum detectable pore size of

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• congeners (Figure 1b) shows that the values have a normal distribution. Mechanistic interpretation of the Nano-QSPR model By analyzing scatter plots and loading values of the LVs, it is possible to interpret the obtained model. LV loadings show the contribution of a particular descriptor to a given latent