Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , rapid, scalable, acid-free process to make carbon fiber paper hydrophilic without destroying the carbon network, as other carbon fiber paper oxidation methods do [22], evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging (Figure 2A). Hydrophilicity was achieved by graphitic edge carbon oxygenation

• (84.4 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f7/2 and (88.0 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f5/2 [7]. Additionally, peaks corresponding to the Au3+ oxidation state were observed at (87.0 ± 0.2) eV and (90.5 ± 0.2) eV corresponding to Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/2 of Au2O3, a result of oxide formation at the nanoparticle surface upon exposure to

• generated by water oxidation at the anode (2H2O ⇌ O2 + 4H+ + 4e−) [12]. To enable equilibration of bicarbonate anions between the two compartments during electrolysis, we used an anion exchange membrane to separate the cathode from the anode compartment. Although anion exchange membranes are designed to

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , until a dark brownish precipitate appeared, followed by addition of 1.5 mL of H2O2 (30%) and 100 mL of ice-cold ultrapure water to stop the oxidation reaction and eliminate unreacted KMnO4. The chemistry involved in the chemical exfoliation of graphite is shown in Figure 1. The purified graphitic sheets

• were collected using successive centrifugation steps at 13,000 rpm for 30 min and washing with deionized (DI) water several times, until the hydrolysis of covalent sulfates formed during oxidation [26][27]. The final product of exfoliated GO nanosheets were extracted through freeze-drying. Binding of

• oxide involves chemical exfoliation and oxidation of graphite powder. We employed a method with slight modifications and optimizations to the original documented method by Dimiev et al. [26][27] as shown in Figure 1. The chemical synthesis of highly pure graphene oxide nanosheets depends on several

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• capacity to absorb light and concerns about catalytic stability, photocatalysis outperforms other advanced oxidation processes in multiple aspects. This study focuses on summarizing recent advances in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts. By reviewing the latest

• biodegradation in an aquatic medium [24]. As a result, antibiotics have been found in different water sources from rivers to lakes, streams, and groundwater sources in many regions. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have lately arisen as very effective treatment technology that has proven to remove antibiotics

• more effectively than the previous methods of physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation [7][8][25]. AOPs offer several advantages, including simple equipment, straightforward operation, minimal sludge production, and the rapid generation of mineralized products. Additionally, they are

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

• states at around 80 °C. While laser-synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized regarding their (surface) oxidation [4][5][7] and carbon shells [7][24] previously, the phase preference of nanoparticles from laser synthesis and processing of colloids in liquid–liquid TMSs is unknown. However, to

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• (i.e., oxidation) of their surface, CNs with optimal hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and increased dispersibility can be obtained as preconditions for biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Also, improved electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties as preconditions for (photo)thermal and

• oxidation, the content of functional groups increased because of the increase in the effective surface for functionalization (or decrease in size) and the increase in number of defective sites on the MWCNTs created by the gamma photons. In addition, an exposure of SWCNTs to gamma radiation led to a

• , aggregation behavior, oxidation status, and metal impurities (e.g., iron) in correlation with the cell type and concentration of CNs to which the cells are exposed. The results of the actual study in which the cytotoxicity of blank and TMZ-loaded dual-functionalized CNs was evaluated by the MTT test are

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• oxidation, extraction, and biodegradation [4]. Unfortunately, these methods exhibit inefficiencies due to the generation of secondary pollution and high operational costs. Biological and anaerobic degradation of dyes may yield carcinogenic by-products [4][5], highlighting the significant challenge in

• mode. Powder and paint-applied samples were analyzed by colorimetry, based on the CIEL*a*b* system, using a portable colorimeter (NR60CP – 3NH). The oxidation state and elemental composition of the samples were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with a PHI Genesis instrument from

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• reduction currents and increased peak oxidation, indicating rapid electron transport at the contacts between the electrolyte and electrode. Pseudo-capacitive behavior was observed in both electrolytes, where ionic conductivity influenced capacitance [17][18]. The addition of dextrose increased the redox

• frequency (ω), Y, and n. The obtained results suggest robust electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency in dextrose oxidation [19][20][21] (Figure 5). Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs The biogenic ZnO NPs presented a good dispersion and exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• and surface hydroxy groups, which leads to deposition. They are also responsible for the incorporation of Si–OH bonds into the silicon oxide matrix. The •H and •OH species attack unsaturated surface species with dangling bonds. Oxidation of surface hydrogens is the predominant reaction for O to

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• amount, which raises questions about their role. The experiment answering this question can be an oxidation process of phenols, which happens at increased temperature (40 °C) [98]. One can suppose that the increase of the temperature within the mucilage envelope in the natural environment can happen

• conditions. The direct consequence of the temperature increase is the oxidation of phenolic molecules and the accumulation at the air–water interface of the mucilage envelope. This process also has an influence on the frictional properties of basil seed mucilage. As our experiments showed, the oxidised

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• –Elvehjem manual homogenizer. The tissue homogenate was then centrifuged for 15 min at 8000g and 4 °C. The resulting supernatant was used to determine liver GPx activity [63]. GPx activity was determined by detecting the accumulation of the pyrogallol oxidation product, purpurogallin, at 420 nm on a UV–vis

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• Fenton-like oxidation or ozonation [10]. These techniques require expensive equipment, specialized operational skills, and extensive sample preparation, making them less practical for on-site testing, frequent monitoring, and remediation. In response to these challenges, recent advancements in

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• lead to oxidation and degradation of enzymes and organelles in the intracellular space of cells, affecting cellular physiological processes, leading to large-scale apoptosis and, consequently, larval death. Vinoth, et al. [51] evaluated the larvicidal activity of AgNPs from S. polycystum seaweed

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• Ω and significantly better conductivity [37], to the (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE led to reduction to about a third in Rct. This reduction in charge transfer resistance is advantageous for the enhancement of electrochemical oxidation on the electrode surface. Electrochemical behaviour of enrofloxacin on the (Cu

• voltammogram in ENR-free blank solution with no electrochemical response for ENR. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing ENR, there is a peak at 0.85 V on all four electrodes, attributed to the oxidation of ENR during the anodic scanning. No reduction peak was observed, revealing that the

• ENR in PBS solution containing 1 µM ENR. These SWVs reveal distinct, well-defined, and sharp peaks corresponding to the electrochemical oxidation of ENR. The peak height recorded on the (Cu)(Fe)BTC-modified electrodes is approximately ten times higher than that on the unmodified electrode, and the

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• transfer from the incident ion to adsorbed precursor molecules. This precursor decomposition step is accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation state of the Pt(II) atoms and, in IBID, represents the elementary reaction step that converts the molecular precursor into an involatile PtX2 species. Upon further

• depositions at elevated temperatures to induce Pt deposition and to remove carbon by hydrogenation to volatile hydrocarbons or oxidation to form H2O, CO, and CO2 as volatile products. In contrast, this precursor results in Pt purities of less than 20% in FEBID [30][31], while FIBID has been shown to provide

• growth, as performed previously [55][57]. The Pt(CO)2Cl2 films were exposed to Ar+ (3.0 kV; 0.2 µA) and He+ (3.0 kV; 1.0 µA) ions, and the Pt(CO)2Br2 films were exposed to Ar+ (3.0 kV; 2.0 µA) and H2+ (3.0 kV; 2.0 µA) ions. XPS was used to monitor changes in the films’ composition and the Pt oxidation

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• oxidation [46]. Interestingly, the centrifuged/as-prepared CTAB-AuNS0.5 (set 3) and AuNS1.0 (set 4) showed no plasmonic change upon the addition of different volumes of NaOH (Figure 4a,b). Also, no significant difference in the color of AuNS was observed (Figure 4a,b). This might be because the amount of

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• , carboxyl, ether, and carbonyl groups. The sheets present different levels of oxidation as well as specific structures such as edges, wrinkles, and holes. Because of its surface chemistry, GO has better water solubility than graphene; furthermore, it is straightforward to be functionalized and synthesized

• less than 1.5 nm thickness and a flake size distribution from 18 to 308 nm. The calculated ratio between the intensity of the D (ID) and G (IG) bands of Raman is ID/IG = 0.85, indicating that the material has a high number of defects, an indirect indication of oxidation. The surface chemical

• interacting atoms but a higher number of hydrogen–oxygen interactions. To evaluate the influence of the GO surface’s degree of oxidation on the TA adsorption, we performed MD simulations of TA interactions on periodic GO sheets with oxidation degrees ranging from 1% to 32%. The NPT trajectories were split

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• ample opportunities for future investigations despite the large number of such data already reported on ZnO materials. Mn-doped ZnO materials synthesized by SG and its derivative methods can be successfully used for photodriven oxidation processes and water depollution since they are inexpensive, not

• toxic, and light-responsive. Up to now, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used for the cleaning of waste water. Although AOPs based on engineered materials were performed in conjunction with biological treatments, the need for optimization still remains. Many photoactive semiconductors were

• oxidation capacity of hydroxyl radicals. The subsequent decrease of the CO2 formation rate could be assigned to a presumed catalyst deactivation due to the strong adsorption of reactant/reaction products on its surface. This observation is in line with the PL measurements in oxalic acid solutions and the

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• , released in 2022) using the Andromeda search engine. Carbamidomethylation of cysteines (+57.02 Da) was set as fixed modifications, and protein N-terminal acetylation (+42.01 Da) and methionine oxidation (+15.99 Da) were set as variable modifications. Trypsin/P was set as the proteolytic enzyme, with a

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• behavior in different oxidation states. This is particularly relevant in nanoparticle chemistry, where redox reactions are common. The density of a metal is a macroscopic property that influences the mass and volume of nanoparticles. Electron affinity measures the energy change when an electron is added to

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• massive guidance in synthesizing an efficient photocatalyst for CH4 conversion under mild conditions. Keywords: photocatalysis; photocatalytic CH4 oxidation; p–n heterojunction; TiO2/SiNWs; Introduction Methane (CH4), which can take the form of liquefied natural gas, is one of the crucial sources of

• handling [12][13][14]. Photocatalytic metal oxide semiconductor materials have been utilized for converting solar energy into valuable chemical energy in the field of CH4 conversion [15][16][17]. Methane oxidation presents a particularly promising strategy. The primary objective is to convert methane into

• carriers prior to their participation in reactions significantly reduces the efficiency of methane oxidation reactions [23][24]. To address these issues of TiO2 nanomaterials, many scientists have developed TiO2-based nanostructure composites as advanced photocatalysts [25][26][27][28][29][30]. The

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• alginate matrix in which carboxyl groups of alginate were cross-linked with methacrylate and dialdehyde. They used this matrix as a sealant patch for the lungs and for the controlled delivery of soluble drugs such as DOX. The oxidation of alginate produces functional aldehyde groups, which that can form

• results in sensing hydrogen peroxide even at very small concentrations [116]. The synergistic combination of each component’s characteristics produced a novel flexible nanocomposite with an excellent ability to detect hydrogen peroxide, which was then used to detect ʟ-lactate oxidation. The hydrogel was

• non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensing. In enzymatic electrochemical sensors, oxidative enzymes can be immobilized in the alginate matrix [78]. Non-enzymatic sensors for glucose rely on the direct electrochemical oxidation of glucose. Materials for both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• oxygen functionalities (hydroxy, epoxy, carbonyl, and carboxylic groups) arranged according to the Lerf–Klinowski model [45]. GO is generally produced through chemical oxidation and exfoliation of graphite flakes with different protocols to tune the oxygen content [46][47]. The defective structure of GO

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• interact favourably with the water solvent, the interactions are much stronger for the Pt NPs compared to the Au NPs. Therefore, the expected structural modifications and potential partial oxidation in the Pt case are going to be stronger than in the Au case. Although partial oxidation can be addressed

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• removed from the termini of iron octahedra in the secondary building units (SBUs) through an activated-thermal process in a vacuum-controlled environment [9][10]. Notably, density and oxidation states of the formed unsaturated Fe sites (Fe(II) and Fe(III)) are temperature-dependent, influencing the

• environment. In contrast to metallic iron and iron salts, iron oxides are acknowledged for their easy storage and abundant availability in raw materials derived from natural iron oxidation processes and steelmaking industry waste [29][30]. These characteristics play a crucial role in the selection of

• the reference sample MIL-100(Fe), the mass percentages of Fe2O3 reactant were inferred to be 35.8%, 15.2%, and 6.6%, corresponding to conversion rates of 36.7%, 59.6%, and 81% for M-100Fe@Fe2O3#0.90, M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.35, and M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.80 samples, respectively. Figure 7 displays the oxidation