Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• coated with strong ligands that provide initial stability over time, ligand desorption, ligand exchange, or environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength can weaken the protective layer, leading to nanoparticle aggregation or structural degradation [14][15]. An important aspect of expensive noble

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• potential EHS risks as they evolve, ensuring proactive rather than reactive risk management. Third, dynamic simulations – including digital twin technologies – provide a virtual environment for researchers to run “what if” scenarios, allowing them to explore the impact of variable parameters (e.g., pH

• for rapid adjustments to nanomaterial formulations or processing parameters in response to emerging safety or efficacy concerns. By simulating how nanomaterials behave across varying operational scenarios – incorporating factors like temperature, pH, or mechanical stress – digital twins will

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , which enhances drug targeting while reducing off-target effects. These carriers leverage triggers such as changes in pH, enzymatic activity, redox conditions, temperature, light, ultrasound, X-rays, and magnetic fields to enable intelligent and controlled release of therapeutics. This review examines

• ) [15]. These systems can switch their surface charge in response to tumour microenvironment (TME) triggers such as pH changes, redox states, or enzymatic activity, enhancing drug stability, facilitating cellular uptake, and enabling targeted drug release. This responsive functionality gives CR-NDDSs a

• biofilms within the TME, where the nanoparticles are activated by pH changes and demonstrate their potential for site-specific drug delivery [19]. This strategy also enables controlled drug release, as the pH-sensitive charge reversal triggers site-specific drug unloading in acidic tumour microenvironments

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• incomplete uptake, are suitable adjustments in the incubation time, temperature, and NL concentration, as well as pH and ion concentrations. Optimization of these factors is essential for accurate identification of transport mechanisms, like diffusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis, also reflecting the

• evaporated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator (25 °C, 50 rpm, 50 mbar; Büchi 215, Switzerland). The resulting thin lipid film was hydrated with phosphate buffer (PB) at pH 7.4. The hydration process involved four consecutive cycles, each consisting of three 5 min steps: ultrasonication (50/60 Hz

• -potential of the nanoliposomes Тhe z-average diameter, the polydispersity index (PDI), and the z-potential (ZP) were determined using a Zetasizer Nano Series, (Nano-ZS, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK), after diluting the optimal NL samples in 10 mM PB pH 7.4 (1:20, v/v). Measurements were made under the

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• , screen-mediated interaction between the input (“CL”) and readout (“sq”) elements can give the same effect, with an effective asymmetry parameter [43] Based on experimental measurements (Lout ≈ 2.40 pH, Msq ≈ 2 fH, Mout ≈ 1.47 pH, Min ≈ 1.43 pH), we estimate teff ≈ 0.005. Using calculated values (Lout

• ≈ 2.45 pH, Msq ≈ 3 fH, Mout ≈ 1.55 pH, Min ≈ 1.48 pH), the estimate gives teff ≈ 0.006. Despite the small value of t, the effective asymmetry significantly distorts the TF, likely because of the really small amplitude of the output signal. Therefore, the presented design of the Gauss neuron require

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• , SPC) and amount (25 and 50 mg) followed by sonication. In summary, the lipids were solubilized in 5 mL of chloroform and evaporated for 30 min at 65 °C. In the next step, the lipid film was hydrated with 5 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) during 60 min at 100 rpm and 37 °C or with PBS, pH

• Traut's reagent, in a molar ratio of 40:1 (Traut/cetuximab), in PBS/EDTA buffer (5 mM, pH 8.0), under incubation at 37 °C for 1 h. The excess Traut's reagent was removed by chromatography on a disposable PD-10 desalting column, collecting 1 mL fractions eluted with PBS/EDTA (5 mM, pH 8.0). The cetuximab

• Sepharose CL-4B column eluted with PBS (pH 7.4) [19]. 2.3 Sample characterization 2.3.1 Particle size, polydispersity and zeta potential The hydrodynamic vesicle size and polydispersity index (PDI) were performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the zeta potential by electrophoretic light scattering

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• principles. Ethyl lactate acts as the organic solvent, PHB as the gelator, and DFO as a chelating agent for Fe(III), all functioning effectively at a mildly acidic pH (~4.8). The authors prepared several mock-ups of mild steel by chemically inducing corrosion and coating with Paraloid® B72, replicating real

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and stable optical and chemical properties. Additionally, given the conditions commonly presented in biological samples, these materials should also remain unaffected by changes in pH, concentration, ionic strength, and viscosity [1]. Traditional thermometers are macroscopic

• electrostatic interactions between the cationic PEI coating and negatively charged cell surfaces. The positive charge of PEI can be enhanced at lower pH levels, such as those found in parts of the C. elegans digestive tract [60], potentially promoting further endocytosis. In contrast, the UCNPs@lipids

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• junctions in this work are as follows: Ic = 110 μA, C = 300 fF, Lshunt = 1.5 pH, and Rshunt = 1.9 Ω. For this set of parameters there is a bump on the single junction IVC at a voltage of approx. 0.5 mV caused by an LC resonance between the shunt inductance and the junction capacitance. Since the

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• –citrate buffer at pH 4.5. This buffer was then added to an infant formula sample, which was subsequently autoclaved at 121 °C for 25 min. The purpose of this step was to denature the VB12 binding protein present in the sample and liberate the vitamin for the subsequent analysis. Low repeatability based on

• luminol–percarbonate reaction was conducted using a CCD photodetector connected to a straightforward continuous flow system. The optimal operating conditions to attain peak CL emission included 8.0 mM luminol in a 0.075 M carbonate buffer (pH 10.0), 0.15 M sodium percarbonate, a flow rate of 0.33 mL/s

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• -AuNPs. In both cases, the NP surface charge in water at pH ~7 was approx. −20 mV. The isoelectric point of carboxylate PEG-capped particles is ~2.5; hence, around pH 7, they should exhibit a negative ZP. This is also compatible with a low carboxylate content, as citrate-capped AuNPs (with a higher

• concentration of carboxylate) exhibit a lower ZP (approx. −45 mV) at the same pH [1]. To obtain a clearer view of the size distribution, we used SEM to evaluate particle sizes and morphologies in high vacuum (i.e., for completely dried samples). By adjusting a Gaussian fit to the histograms (Figure 3), the

• assembly by AFM and SEM complement the results discussed above. The use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces and also AFM tips allows one to distinguish ubiquitous water layers, present on all surfaces, from specific water adsorption on the AuNPs. For the APDMES surface at neutral pH, we expect

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• environmental factors like pH, temperature, and the availability of nutrients [50]. There has been promising development within the field of genetic engineering in relation to the creation of microbial consortiums optimized for high-efficiency degradation [46]. As reported by Rizvi et al., some fungi, such as

• -altitude pH variability. 6 Nanomaterial applications in microplastic remediation 6.1 Role of photocatalysis in degradation Photocatalysis uses nanomaterials to break down MPs by converting light energy, often UV or visible light, into ROS. These ROS, which include superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• cytotoxicity and skin irritation [8]. Furthermore, the optimization of microemulsion formulations may be time-consuming and costly, and their stability is often sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature). These challenges highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding

• issue in emulsified systems is microbial contamination, which can result in physical and chemical instability, such as pH shifts, turbidity, degradation of active components (e.g., fatty acids), and phase separation [35]. To address these challenges and improve topical suitability, additional excipients

• distributions for both systems is provided in Figure S2 (Supporting Information File 1). The stability profile of the MEgel formulation is presented in Figure 7B. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 8, both ME and MEgel formulations maintained stable pH values throughout the storage period, with mean values of 6.3

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the synthesized NCs and their functionalized microcapsules was determined following the method described in [31]. The FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 10 mM 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine in 40 mM HCl, 20 mM FeCl3·6H2O, and 300 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6) in

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• . CNMs must retain their structural and functional integrity under physiological conditions, including varying pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Instability can result in aggregation, degradation, or loss of therapeutic payload. Strategies such as lyophilisation, drug encapsulation, and the use of

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• material possessing 10% amine groups will be denoted NHx=0.1SIL (see the Experimental section and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Silsesquioxane compounds of the type R-Ph(Si(OiPr)3)2 with R = –COOH, –NH2, –N3, etc. have been used in our group for a long time to prepare various porous

• organosilica materials [51][52], also including aerogels [53][54]. The thiol precursor HS-Ph(Si(OiPr)3)2 was established in 2014 for making periodically ordered mesoporous organosilica [55][56], which are characterized by pore sizes in the sub-10 nm range. Because large pore sizes are beneficial for mass

• , followed by crystallization. The precipitate is filtered off and washed with acetone. (The acetone phase can be used to obtain (−)-3CP). The filtrate is dissolved in water, acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 3 and extracted three times with diethyl ether. The ether phase is dried with MgSO4, and the

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• arrangement of these two phases directly influences its degradation behavior. Studies have shown that PLA with higher crystallinity, in both film [73][74] and fiber forms [65], exhibits a higher rate of hydrolytic degradation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. This is attributed to the higher

• -caryophyllene (purity ≥80%), fluorescein, poly(lactic acid) (Mw ≈ 93,156 Da), anhydrous chloroform (PA), and PBS tablets (pH 7.2–7.6) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Captex® 300 was kindly provided by ABITEC Corporation (USA). Pharmaceutical-grade hyaluronic acid (95% purity) was purchased from Shandong

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• The anterior part of S. alveolata individuals and single glass beads bearing cement spots were fixed for 3 h at 4 °C in a solution of 3% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.8; osmolarity adjusted to 1030 mOsm·L−1 with NaCl). They were then rinsed three times for 10 min in a solution of

• cacodylate buffer (0.2 M, pH 7.8, adjusted to 1030 mOsm·L−1), and post-fixed for 1 h in 1% osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.8, adjusted to 1030 mOsm·L−1) in the dark. After a final rinse in cacodylate buffer, the cement spots were decalcified for 24 h in a 10% EDTA solution (pH ≈8). All the

• % paraformaldehyde solution in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). The samples were then dehydrated through graded ethanol series and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 14 µm in thickness were cut with a Microm HM 340 E microtome and mounted on Superfrost Ultra Plus (Thermo Scientific) microscope slides using a

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• hydrogen and peroxide radicals, as well as hydroxide and hydrogen ions that are changing the liquid parameters (such as pH) and can participate in the processes occurring with NPs during the later stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing. The produced reactive species might result in NP surface

• manipulation in PLAL synthesis 3.1 Control of the liquid composition and parameters One of the versatile routes towards shape-controlled laser-assisted synthesis is the variation of the liquid parameters, including solution composition, pH values, and temperature. The most commonly used strategies are based

• -temperature plasma plume, liquid molecules undergo decomposition with the production of reactive species or gaseous products, which can be considered as another strategy for the shape control of growing NPs. The exact composition of the produced species is dependent on the composition and pH of the solution

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• device receiving the signal. Approximately, in the simplest case, the NEP of the SINIS detector can be calculated using the following formula: NEPe−ph is the noise equivalent power of electron–phonon interaction, caused by the discreteness of energy exchange between electrons and phonons: where kB is the

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• stood out [34]. These are not affected by moderate changes in pH or temperature, making them ideal for the protection of solubilized bioactives [35]. They also promote the protection of essential oils against oxidation caused by external factors, maintaining or increasing their functional properties [28

• ) increased cutaneous permeability of various molecules; (d) reduced emulsifier concentrations compared to that of macro- and microemulsions; (e) protection of molecules from adverse environmental conditions such as pH-induced hydrolysis and oxidation; and (f) versatile applications allowing administration in

• at 25 °C for 30 days. The nanoemulsion showed physicochemical stability with an initial average size of 64.1 nm (±6.3), polydispersity index of 0.21 (±0.04), and initial pH of 5.8. After 30 days, the average size increased to 71.8 ± 8.3 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.18 ± 0.03 and pH of 4.9

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• study, we investigated the influence of environmental parameters on the self-assembly of recombinant cp19k, a key adhesive protein in Pollicipes pollicipes. Using TEM imaging, a low pH (4.0) and high salt concentration (600 mM NaCl) environment, mimicking P. pollicipes gland conditions, was identified

• to promote the formation of extended, needle-like fibrils by the cp19k protein. The β-amyloid nature of fibrils formed under these conditions and at high pH/low salt concentration was confirmed by Thioflavin T assay. Non-fibrillar cp19k adhered most effectively to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces

• under low pH/low salt concentration conditions, while pre-formed fibrils retained their adhesion ability upon switching to a high pH/high salt concentration environment, which was designed to mimic the change in the protein environment upon secretion in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• reduced the volume of synthetic flocculant sludge [76]. By applying magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, 83.1–92.9% of MPs with particle sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 nm were removed thanks to adsorption with magnetic separation [77]. These mechanisms are influenced significantly by factors like pH, ionic

• treatment processes [70][72][118]. A comprehensive understanding of the adsorption mechanisms, including surface interactions and environmental factors like pH and ionic strength, is essential to optimize these nanomaterials. Additionally, scaling laboratory findings to real-world applications remains a

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• phase inversion composition (PIC) method, and then characterized and evaluated. The PHYT-NE had a mean droplet diameter close to 200 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.2, spherical shape, and a pH value compatible with cutaneous application. The formulation showed high colloidal stability for at

• was evaluated over a period of 30 days by monitoring droplet size, PdI, zeta potential, and pH values. In parallel, the samples were subjected to centrifugation at two different speeds (960 and 8600g) to simulate stress conditions. After centrifugation, droplet size, PdI, and ZP were assessed over a

• by nanoemulsions with a mean diameter between 84.3 and 241.6 nm [37]. In this context, PHYT-NE exhibits suitable droplet size, low PdI, spherical shape, and a pH value within the physiological range of human skin, which suggests that it is a promising formulation for transdermal administration route

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• parameter; linear carbon chains; Raman spectroscopy; Introduction Phonons, their mutual interactions (ph–ph interactions), and their interactions with electrons (e–ph interactions) play fundamental roles in how materials respond to electric (e.g., difference of potentials), thermal (e.g., temperature

• phonons, and gain and loss of energy of carriers [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. The phonon lifetime as well as the selection rules behind ph–ph and e–ph interactions determine the efficiency of such phonon emission and absorption [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. Phonons need to be in an excited

• temperature (T)-dependent phenomena are ruled by anharmonic ph–ph interactions, which are also driven by three- and four-phonon processes, and by e–ph interactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Therefore, phonon assignments in