Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC–WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation

• Shristi Bist,
• Parswajit Kalita,
• Ratnesh K. Pandey,
• Sejal Shah,
• Richa Krishna,
• Umapathy G. R.,
• Sunil Ojha and
• Devesh K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 922–934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.65

• performance with large centre radiation losses leading to several limitations on plasma operations [47][48][49]. Researchers then started exploring tungsten as a promising PFC material due to its exceptional qualities such as high melting point, high thermal conductivity, and high sputtering threshold energy

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals

• Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso,
• Ana Galet,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Rosa Córdoba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.62

• exhibit high purity [22][23], making them suitable candidates for magnetic force microscopy (MFM) tips [13][14]. However, the magnetic performance of cobalt-based deposits may be affected by oxidation under ambient conditions, as the formation of cobalt oxide can reduce or suppress ferromagnetic behaviour

• the geometry of the structure, especially at the apex region, which is critical for imaging performance. Changes in tip radius, shape, or structural integrity can directly affect lateral resolution and tip–sample interaction. Therefore, although purification strategies are well established for planar

• ) and with the nominal 20 nm value. These measurements confirm that the three surviving structures can reproduce the step height of the calibration feature under the tested conditions, but do not constitute a performance benchmark relative to commercial tips. No surface roughness analysis is reported

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• lies catalysis. For decades, it has been divided into two families, yet their integration is already bearing fruit. In water oxidation catalysis, molecular-semiconductor hybrids have demonstrated performance in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic systems, as proof of concept for bridging homogeneous

• photoelectrocatalytic performance [19]. Amorphous sulfur-doped C3N4 (S-C3N4, Table 1), prepared from sulfur-containing precursors such as purpald, achieves a narrower bandgap of 1.8–2.0 eV and a higher surface area, accessing a larger fraction of the solar spectrum at the cost of somewhat reduced charge transport

• high-surface-area amorphous S-doped variants, provides a tunable platform for exploring how semiconductor structure controls charge carrier dynamics and thereby catalytic performance. The step forward is clear in its direction if not yet in its details: It includes fabrication and characterisation of

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• for topical PrEP applications. In another recent study, a SLN gel formulation of LPV was developed to overcome the poor oral bioavailability of LPV and thus to improve its systemic bioavailability [65]. The LPV-SNL-based gel showed improved performance compared to both the plain gel and oral

• types has merits and disadvantages. The combination of different materials in one hybrid platform, the fourth type of nanomaterial covered in this manuscript, makes it possible to “mix and choose” the desirable properties of two or more materials to optimize the overall performance. For instance, the

Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection

• Yui Sasaki and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 828–838, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.59

• chemosensors are tuned during association and dissociation upon analyte detection [18][19]. The performance of chemosensors has been widely evaluated in the solution state using conventional spectroscopic instruments [12][13][14][15][16], whereas the practical implementation of sensing systems remains

• recorded optical responses as spectral profiles and digital images are summarized into a data matrix, according to the categories of types of chemosensor elements, analytes, and their concentrations. To validate the reproducibility of the sensing performance, replicate measurements are carried out

• states. Herein, the key aspect of this concept is the retention of sensing performance of the self-assembled chemosensors even on the paper substrates. Design and fabrication of the paper-based chemosensor array device The uniformity of the sensing layer significantly affects the reproducibility and

Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• signatures of the transferred 2D material, retain a largely homogeneous surface-potential distribution, and preserve comparable electrical performance after reuse. By extending the lifetime of pre-patterned chips, this approach can reduce substrate consumption and lower the cost of 2D device prototyping

• and identified optimal techniques that allow for their reuse in electrochemical applications, preserving electrode performance [20]. Furthermore, Fakhr et al. explored cleaning methods for gold electrodes on diverse substrates and found that chemical treatments such as KOH and H2O2 effectively restore

• /substrate interface. In liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) [25][26], polar aprotic solvents such as NMP and dimethylformamide (DMF) [27] have long been recognized as effective solvents for layered materials [28][29]. In this work, both NMP and DMF deliver strong cleaning performance under our post-transfer

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• )/BiVO4. The SEM-EDS analysis after electrochemical tests revealed that the presence of crystalline CNs induces the segregation of vanadium oxides, contributing to a decrease in activity. On the other hand, the superior performance of PCN/BiVO4 is attributed to a greater thermal stability of PCN during

• performance in various applications [13][14]. In contrast, crystalline carbon nitrides, namely PHI and PTI, exhibit superior molecular organization, greater stability, and enhanced functional properties. PHI is composed of heptazine units linked through nitrogen bridges, resulting in a pseudohexagonal 2D

• structural modifications, varying degrees of crystallinity, and consequently, distinct photocatalytic performance [17][18][19][20][21]. Another strategy to bypass the sluggish kinetics of water oxidation involves employing different processes to deliver the electrons necessary for H2 production. In this

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• concentration of selected phenolic acids was analyzed. Analysis of selected phenolic acids in sage extract Sage extract was dissolved in deionized water, homogenized, and used to determine the content of selected phenolic acids, that is, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and rosmarinic acids using high-performance

Superconducting artificial neural networks and quantum circuits

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 744–747, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.51

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau 2004, Republic of Moldova 10.3762/bjnano.17.51 Keywords: artificial neural networks; high-performance computing; Josephson junctions; superconducting digital technologies; superconducting quantum circuits; ultra-low energy

• dissipation while simultaneously increasing performance. The future of high-performance computing with reduced energy consumption is closely associated with technologies characterised by ultra-low energy dissipation. A highly promising approach is the implementation of artificial neural networks using

Oxidative atmosphere-driven formation of single-phase spinel CuRh₂O₄ nanofibers for alkaline water oxidation

• Namhee Kim,
• Sumin Ko,
• Sohyeon Choi,
• Seoyoon Jang,
• Myung Hwa Kim and
• Dasol Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 737–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.50

• concentration in the He carrier gas flow during the annealing process, the optimal atmosphere was identified to produce phase-pure CuRh2O4. The as-prepared CuRh2O4 nanofibers exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 M NaOH (aq), highlighting the importance of

• versatile strategy for performance optimization. Incorporation of 4d transition metals such as Rh into the spinel lattice provides an effective approach to further tailor catalytic properties. The presence of Rh3+ [4][5], with its more delocalized electronic structure compared to conventional 3d cations

• critical role of phase purity in catalytic performance. Notably, the optimized CuRh2O4 nanofibers outperform commercial Ir/C and IrO2, benchmark catalysts for alkaline OER, requiring a lower potential of 1.53 V (vs RHE) to reach 10 mA·cm−2 compared to 1.57 V for Ir/C and exhibiting comparable performance

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• performance; however, direct cross-study comparison remains challenging owing to differences in synthesis routes, capping agents, test matrices, and reporting conventions. While general trends (e.g., smaller spherical AgNPs typically exhibiting stronger antimicrobial activity and greater LSPR sensitivity) are

• well-defined mechanistic pathways that must be explicitly distinguished to interpret performance data. In dark catalytic (reductive) reactions, such as the NaBH4-mediated reduction of 4-nitrophenol or azo dyes, AgNPs function as electron-relay platforms: Borohydride ions adsorb onto the Ag surface

• design of next-generation environmental catalysts. However, various parameters, such as pH, temperature, catalyst dose, and pollutant concentration, are important in designing nanoparticle-based catalytic applications. Importantly, many high-performance examples cited above involve Ag-containing

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• , CentraleSupélec, LuMIn, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 10.3762/bjnano.17.48 Abstract Dye-based fluorescent organic nanoparticles (dFONs) represent a promising class of bioimaging probes combining high brightness with molecular tunability. While their fluorescence performance is well established for one-photon

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• reproducibility of bioMIPs. This may result in limited robustness and a degree of unpredictability in the performance of the resulting bioMIPs. In addition, the use of naturally derived biomaterials for intended biomedical applications requires access to controlled and reproducible protein sources. Achieving

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• the concentration of 1, but rather by the diffusion rate of oxygen. It should be also noted that 1(0.50 wt %)@PCL exhibits higher fluorescence quantum yield (QYF = 26%) than 1(1.00 wt %)@PCL (QYF = 21%), despite similar photocatalytic performance. This indicates that, at higher concentrations, the non

• -radiative processes may be more efficient due to the possible aggregation effects. To further examine the performance of the electrospun photoactive fibers, we have conducted photocatalytic decontamination experiments involving two additional pharmaceutical agents, namely, ranitidine and propranolol. For

• , but this is probably caused by the nature of the experiment, as the performance of the materials may vary to some extent due to the various positioning of the material in the vial. Nonetheless, these results demonstrate the high durability of the material, maintaining its activity even after 20 cycles

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• photocatalytic systems, improving its performance under a wide range of light sources. Moreover, cellulose-supported systems often show enhanced recyclability and mechanical durability, making them suitable for repeated use in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. The relationship between

• water treatment performance as shown in Figure 2 [14]. Photocatalytic degradation is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) in which a catalyst is used to accelerate the degradation or breakdown of organic pollutants in water or air using light energy. This AOP relies on the ability of the catalyst to

• at low cost, making them economically attractive [24]. CNCs combine exceptional mechanical properties with both high strength and impressive flexibility, and their dynamic mechanical performance makes them particularly promising for advanced applications. In recent years, researchers have focused on

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• photocatalytic performance, nanomaterials were prepared using PLAL after submerging the obtained Ag-coated Ti targets in water. The efficiency of the synthesized materials was evaluated through the degradation of rhodamine B under UV–vis light irradiation. Comprehensive structural and compositional

• ][22], laser-based methods were used for the synthesis of metal-modified oxide nanoparticles, showing that the photocatalytic performance strongly depends on synthesis conditions and metal incorporation. While some studies have explored combined laser approaches, these systems were typically based on

• nanoparticle formation, leading to improved control over nanoparticle structure and photocatalytic performance. Results and Discussion SEM analysis The surface morphology of PLD-prepared samples was analyzed using SEM-EDS (Figure 2 and Figure 3). SEM images of the sample surface after deposition of silver on

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• Tong Xiao Ke Xu School of Electrical & Control Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, China 10.3762/bjnano.17.42 Abstract The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is primarily governed by the built-in electric field (BEF), which dictates photocarrier separation, drift

• interfacial recombination [20][21]. Therefore, the formation of a strong p–n junction is an effective strategy to improve photovoltaic device performance. Nevertheless, achieving stable p-type and n-type doping in perovskites remains more difficult than in silicon because doping can introduce lattice

• interfacial compatibility are critical factors governing device performance [3][22][23]. Compared with organic hole transport layers (HTLs) such as Spiro-MeOTAD [24], PEDOT:PSS [25], and PTAA [26], which are prone to moisture absorption and exhibit poor thermal stability, inorganic materials such as CuO [27

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• nanoscale to sub-nanoscale, providing critical insights for designing low-friction coatings and high-performance micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). Keywords: atomic force microscopy; MoS2; strengthening effect; sub-nanoscale stick–slip motion; Introduction Nanoscale friction is a pivotal

• factor limiting the performance and reliability of nanotechnology-enabled devices, including magnetic storage systems and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) [1][2]. Unlike macroscale friction, nanoscale friction of two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibits unique size-dependent and interface

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• lattice and the effects on photocatalytic performance have been reported in several studies [7][8][9][10]. Crucial factors for successfully co-doping a material are the selection of compatible co-dopants and the synthesis method to introduce the dopants [11]. The main objective of working with metal/metal

• , which in turn may improve the subsequent photocatalytic reaction [41]. Photocatalytic activity Figure 6 shows the results of the ketoprofen degradation profile obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that ketoprofen is completely converted to its intermediate

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• , and enhance functional biological performance, often by improving stability and delivery [1]. Thus, the association between nanotechnology and natural products not only drives therapeutic innovation but also redefines the role of these compounds across multiple contemporary technological domains. In

• formulations in anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and vector-control contexts. By protecting sensitive constituents from physicochemical degradation and promoting delivery to sites of action, nanoemulsions can enhance the functional performance of natural bioactives [4]. Their organization into nanodroplets

• physicochemical stability, increase apparent bioavailability, and modulate biological responses. In systemic delivery, microemulsions have been reported to enhance the absorption and therapeutic performance of natural compounds, with associated reductions in metabolic alterations and oxidative stress in

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• extraction based on carbon quantum dots/zeolite imidazolate framework-90/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/iron(II,III) oxide with high-performance liquid chromatography [6][7] or chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry [8] offer high accuracy and reliability. However, these techniques often need expensive equipment

• potential for miniaturization and field use. The performance of electrochemical sensors heavily relies on the electrode’s surface properties. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant interest in electrochemical sensing due to their highly ordered porous structures, very high

• electrochemical performance of the composite material. This combination can promote efficient analyte adsorption and fast charge transfer at the electrode interface. Consistent with this idea, Gu et al. reported that MIL-101/rGO composites exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• -performance devices necessitates an understanding and control of both collective properties and characteristics that are highly sensitive to local atomic changes. Our approach allows for the observation and measurement of both types of effects within a single sample under identical conditions, thereby

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• coffee grounds; the latter are rich in carbon-containing biomolecules such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and phenolic compounds, making them ideal as carbonaceous precursors [27][28]. Given that GO is frequently hybridized with other materials to enhance its performance in several applications, it

• , and high surface area, which significantly boost performance in catalysis, sensing, and energy-related applications [30][31][32][33]. Additionally, the deposition of AuNPs onto GO is a practical approach to its surface reactivity, directly linking chemical functionality to nucleation and growth

• provides clearer insight into how precursor composition and synthesis pathway govern oxygen functionality, structural disorder, and graphitic domain organization in biomass-derived GO materials. To evaluate the functional performance of the Agro-GO samples, they were employed as platforms for the in situ

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• , is already formed and positioned during growth, with at least equal performance. Preconditions for making use of the MTBs in FETs are the defined spatial positioning of the MTBs together with their inherent uniformity and perfection. The three examples highlight that we are indeed about to reach

• , promise to further enhance defect characterization and accelerate the development of high-performance materials for various applications. The fundamental principle of XPS lies in its ability to probe the binding energies of core electrons, which are influenced by the local electronic environment