Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• equation is as follows [20]: where e is the electronic charge, ϕ is the electric potential, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, εr is the relative permittivity, p(x) and n(x) are, respectively, hole and electron position dependence, ND is the shallow donor density, NA is the acceptor donor density, and ρp and

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• NaA zeolite offers the possibility of altering not only the electronic and magnetic properties, but also the spin channels of the cluster. Figure 6 provides a comparison of the behavior of the real and imaginary components of relative permittivity ε(=ε1 + iε2) and energy loss function (ELF) for the

• zeolite NaA (Figure 6a) and the NaA-M composite (Figure 6b). Although both the relative permittivity and the ELF are described by a 3 × 3 tensor, for simplicity, we will focus solely on the dominant components located on its main diagonal, labeled as xx, yy, and zz, respectively. In Figure 6a, it is

• ), this absence of dissipation shows that the material is transparent, a characteristic commonly associated with distinct aluminosilicates [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Given that the ELF is connected to the relative permittivity as follows [74]: it is anticipated that its behavior below the

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• strongly depends on the relative value of permittivity/refractive index of the very first layer exposed to input light [51]. The observed standing wave patterns in the surface electric field plots (Figure 4) are directly related to the photonic band structures of the PhC structures (Figure 5 and Figure 6

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• (evaluated at the energy En(k)). The response coefficients, that is, the relative dielectric permittivity (εr), the polarizability (α), and the optical conductivity (σ), are related to the susceptibility as: with i,j ∈ {1,2,3}. Solving and separating Equation 9 for the imaginary part of dielectric function

• -known relationship between relative permittivity and refractive index , we finally get the following relationships for the refractive index and the absorption coefficient. Refractive index/optical density: Extinction coefficient: Absorption coefficient: Device modeling To investigate the performance of

• , respectively. ε0, εr, ϕ, q, n, and p denote the absolute and relative permittivity, the electrostatic potential, the electronic charge, and the electron and hole concentrations, respectively. The charge carrier mobilities, generation, and recombination rates for electrons and holes are represented by μn, Gn

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• and cavity beams yields, as the intensity measured at the detector position, By introducing the incoming light intensity , where c is the speed of light in vacuum and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and the reflectivities Rf = (rf)2, Rc = (rc)2 and cavity loss Sloss(2d) = (sloss(2d))2, Equation 1 is

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• a semi-infinite medium with permittivity ε2 and bulk conductivity σ2 embedded in a medium with permittivity ε1 and conductivity σ1. A well-known key feature is that, for an homogeneous bulk system, an arbitrary initial charge density, ρ(r, t = 0), decays in time as ρ(r, t) = ρ(r, t = 0)·exp(−t/τ

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• capacitor is given by where q, ε0, A, and d are the charge on the plates, the vacuum permittivity, the area of the plates, and the distance between the plates, respectively. The electric field is influenced by voltage, charge, and capacitance. The gradient of voltage that characterizes the electric field

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• perpendicular to and pointing toward the outside of the surface, and ⟨Tij⟩ is the time-averaged MST [18] defined by where the indices i and j denote x, y, or z components of the electric or magnetic field; εr and μr are the relative permittivity and the relative permeability of the surrounding medium

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• . Their relationship can be expresses as: where εr is the complex permittivity, εr = ε′ − jε″, μr is the complex permeability, μr = μ′ − jμ″, ƒ is the frequency, d is the thickness of the material, and c is the speed of light. The microwave absorption of the SCZ samples strongly depends on the dosage of

• ″. The permittivity values of the SCZ samples are shown in Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1). The parameters ε′ and ε″ are all measured in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz using the coaxial wire method. The dielectric parameters of the samples gradually increase with increasing filler load, which

• is consistent with the effective medium theory [36]. Since the real part ε′ of the complex permittivity represents the capacity for storing electromagnetic waves and the imaginary part ε″ represents the loss of electromagnetic radiation, in general, ε′ and ε″ decrease with increasing dosage of ZnNO3

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• Equation 3 to the general constitutive relation for a linear isotropic material given by Equation 4, we get the relation in Equation 5. εr is the relative permittivity of the material and ε0 the permittivity of free space. For frequencies close to ωp, the temporal duration of damping (quantified by the

• since the dielectric strength of a grain is lower than a grain boundary, the dielectric permittivity decreases with decreasing grain size [48]. Moreover, the interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and substrates on which they are deposited cannot be ignored. The polarization of charges in the

• nanoparticles induces dipoles in the substrate atoms in proximity of this polarization field, which in turn affects the nanoparticle resonance. This has been observed to induce higher-order resonances when the mismatch between the permittivity of the substrate and the surrounding of the nanoparticle increases

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• photocatalyst. Bulk Bi exhibits high interband electronic transition rates that result in a negative ultraviolet–visible permittivity and a large infrared refractive index. Numerous investigations have shown that the quantum confinement effect affects the optical properties of Bi [25][71][72][73][74][75][76][77

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• be almost 1000 times slower than c [32]. Because of that, the wavelength inside the JJ is much smaller than in free space, λ ≪ λ0. Therefore, a JJ corresponds to a patch antenna with an extraordinary large effective permittivity, = (c/c0)2. The dynamics of a JJ is described by a nonlinear perturbed

• is the relative dielectric permittivity of the insulation layer between the patch electrodes. The other size, b, is adjustable and strongly affects the patch antenna performance. For b ≪ λ0, the radiative conductance per slot is given by Equation 5. In the opposite limit, it becomes [36] One of the

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• changes in the far-field reflectivity resulting from Joule heating. A clear modulation of the materials’ optical constants can be inferred from the changed reflectivity, which is highly sensitive and dependent on the input current. The changed electrical permittivity of the active element is due to Joule

• understood that heating affects the electrical permittivity of metals [25][26][27][28] and dielectrics [29][30]. This, in conjunction with Joule heating, is used to generate the desired effects. The active plasmonic element proposed (Figure 1) consists of a nano- or mesoscale constriction in a 48 nm thick

• layer of silver. Applying a current through the silver layer results in increased heating at the constriction due to the reduced cross section. Consequently, given the dependence of the materials electric permittivity on temperature, the optical response will change locally. In this work, we have

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• Mott–Schottky relationship involving the apparent capacitance as a function of the potential under depletion conditions [54]: where C, ε, ε0, N, A, Va, Vfb, k, and T are the capacitance of the space charge region, the dielectric constant of the semiconductor, the vacuum permittivity, the donor density

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• dielectric permittivity of silicon). Under this condition, the fundamental resonant mode can be excited in the substrate between the arrays. This condition is beneficial for inter-array coupling. Numerical Calculations The experimental results presented above show that phase locking of two large JJ arrays is

• contains two identical JJ arrays arranged on a common substrate with a dielectric permittivity of ε = 12, close to that of silicon. The lateral dimensions of the substrate are 2 × 0.6 mm while the thickness is 0.3 mm. We chose such a narrow substrate to avoid excitation of transverse resonant modes inside

• containing 100 JJs. The dimensions of the substrate (x × y × z) are 2.0 × 0.6 × 0.3 mm, and its dielectric permittivity is ε = 12. The inductances have the value 100 pH while the internal resistance of the power supplies is 90 Ω. The junctions are described in the RSJ model [20] with parameters Ic = 2.5 mA

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• –Schottky analysis through the following equations [28][31][32]. where Csc, e, A, ε, ε0, kB, and T indicate the capacitance of the space charge region, charge of an electron, active area of the electrode, dielectric constant, permittivity of free space, Boltzmann’s constant, and absolute temperature

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• = dIds/dVg is the transconductance, ρ is the resistivity, Cox is the gate capacitance, and e is the electron charge. For a flat nanostructure, the gate capacitance can be obtained by a simple parallel-plate approximation, given by Cox = ε0(εav)wL/dSiO2 and ρ = (R·w·t/L). Here, ε0 is the permittivity of

• vacuum, εav = 1.95 is the averaged relative permittivity of the SiO2/air interface of the FET [19][29]. Also, w = 550 nm, t = 50 nm, and L = 5.97 µm are the diameter of the nanostructure, the thickness of the nanostructure, and the length of the FET channel, respectively. The thickness of the dielectric

• is the relative permittivity of t-Te [36]. Considering both TA and NNH conduction mechanisms, it is possible to extract some of the abovementioned parameters by fitting the resistivity data of NW-1 and NW-2 (Figure 5) with ρ(T) = 1/[σTA(T) + σNNH(T)]. This model explains well our NW-1 and NW-2 data

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• cylindrical, the potential change (ΔV) is given by [10]: where ε is the dielectric constant of the fluid, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, R is the flow resistance of the channel, ζ is the zeta potential of the ionic double layer on the channel surfaces, η is the liquid viscosity, C is the ionic concentration

• Debye screening length, about 9 nm for aqueous electrolytes [11][12][13][14]: where κ is the Debye screening length, εm is the permittivity of medium, kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and NA is the Avogadro number. In addition, the “two-step” model between liquid and solid proposed by

Numerical study on all-optical modulation characteristics of quantum cascade lasers

• Biao Wei,
• Haijun Zhou,
• Guangxiang Li and
• Bin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1011–1019, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.88

• numbers of the electrons and holes, ε0 is the permittivity in a vacuum, and and are the effective electron and hole masses, respectively. When the wavelength of the injected light is 820 nm, the electrons in the cavity are heated and enhance the backfilling effect, which increases the lifetime of

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• on eigenmode ω1, and where the first harmonic of the electrostatic responses occurs on eigenmode ω2. We also compare the performance in air vs liquid (e.g., water), where both the transfer function of the cantilever changes (reducing Q enhancement at the eigenmodes) and the relative permittivity

• increases such that the electrostatic response is greatly enhanced. Other more complex effects in liquid environments are excluded from our analysis, for example, effects of the double layer, electrodynamics, or changes in permittivity with salt concentration. For a review of the impact of these effects on

• of Capacitance Gradient and Amplitude In this paper, we follow the approach originally employed by Nonnenmacher et al. [2] where the capacitance gradient is based on a sphere of radius R at a distance z from the surface such that and where e0 and er are the vacuum and relative permittivity

Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd_1−xFe_x (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films

• Andrey V. Petrov,
• Sergey I. Nikitin,
• Lenar R. Tagirov,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Igor V. Yanilkin and
• Roman V. Yusupov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74

• dielectric permittivity tensor of a medium proportional to its magnetization. Therefore, any of the real θK (rotation angle) or imaginary ηK (ellipticity) parts of the complex Kerr angle ΘK = θK + iηK provide a measure of the magnetization of a medium. An ability to track modifications of these quantities on

Ideal Kerker scattering by homogeneous spheres: the role of gain or loss

• Qingdong Yang,
• Weijin Chen,
• Yuntian Chen and
• Wei Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 828–835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.73

• scattering; Mie particle; Introduction The original Kerker scattering of zero backward scattering was first proposed for homogeneous magnetic spheres with equal electric permittivity and magnetic permeability ε = μ [1]. This proposal had not attracted much attention for a long time, mainly due to the

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• thermal drift between darkness and illumination. In the case of semiconductors, an electric field is screened on the scale of the Debye length LD [3], where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, εr is the relative permittivity of the semiconductor, e is the

Tunable high-quality-factor absorption in a graphene monolayer based on quasi-bound states in the continuum

• Jun Wu,
• Yasong Sun,
• Feng Wu,
• Biyuan Wu and
• Xiaohu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.59

• Fermi level, ω is the angular frequency, e is the elementary charge, and τ is the carrier relaxation lifetime. In our simulation, the permittivity of the graphene monolayer is described by: where ε0 is the relative permittivity of vacuum, and hg is the thickness of the graphene, which is assumed to be

• medium, the time-averaged power loss density is described by [59]: dPloss/dV = 1/2ε0ω·Im (ε(ω))|E|2, where Im(ε) denotes the imaginary part of relative permittivity and E is the electric field. Thus, the strong electric intensity enhancement inside the dielectric grating will boost light absorption in

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• activation. Measurements were conducted at 22 °C and 90% r.h. Real parts of the conductivity values of [Mg(H2O)2(H3L)]·H2O and [Pb2(HL)]·H2O obtained by conversion of impedance into permittivity (22 °C, 90% r.h.). Highlighted regions (blue) correspond to the values obtained from the Nyquist plots (see Table