Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• ]. They make effective use of intercalation into the nanospaces formed in thin polymer films (Figure 17). Molecular redox reactions that are precisely controlled at room temperature are employed in biochemical processes, including proton coupling electron transfer reactions. For instance, two-electron

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ablation and fragmentation products with a high defect density, and enhances catalytic activity. In addition, the liquid may also participate in the reaction by electrostatic stabilization [12], formation of gases [16], or chemical interaction with the target to enhance redox reactions or passivating

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• transport properties in the presence of specific gases, due to the redox reactions that take place on the surface [12][13]. An atomic level understanding of the structure–function relationship in this oxide is essential for guiding the design of efficient materials to optimize the performance of the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• metal ion chelation. Chromatin contains copper ions, which readily participate in redox reactions and bind strongly to DNA. These ions can form complexes with TA. Within cancer cells, for instance, this interaction can trigger ROS production and DNA damage [17]. However, when TA is complexed with

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• behavior in different oxidation states. This is particularly relevant in nanoparticle chemistry, where redox reactions are common. The density of a metal is a macroscopic property that influences the mass and volume of nanoparticles. Electron affinity measures the energy change when an electron is added to

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• 23284, USA 10.3762/bjnano.15.54 Abstract Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) is an established method for producing functional and durable nanomaterials and catalysts in virtually any liquid of choice. While the redox reactions during laser synthesis in water are fairly well understood

• [36]. Depending on the process, gas formation can be attributed to different redox reactions that contribute to nanoparticle formation. For the laser ablation, fragmentation, and melting processes, the nanoparticles are found to be at least partially oxidized, ranging from a surface oxidation of 5–10

• certain controllability of the redox reactions occurring during reductive or oxidative laser processing in aqueous media at constant particle size. Furthermore, focusing laser pulses in CO2-saturated water leads to the reduction of CO2, which selectively yields CO [74] or oxocarbon-encapsulated

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• reported. Most of them employ transition metals such as iron [70], copper [71], cobalt [72], gold [73], manganese [74], platinum [75], or cerium [76] as main elements. Most transition metals have various oxidation states allowing them to generate cycles of redox reactions that are involved in superoxide

• ]. Similarly, Zeng et al. employed this strategy to fabricate a CeO2 nanozyme-loaded nanovesicle to address hypoxia at the tumor sites [169]. In this system, the CeO2 nanozyme with the ability to generate the cycle of redox reactions continuously provides a significant amount of O2 for assisting cancer

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• electrochemical sensors (Figure 10). The target analyte interacts with the recognition layer at the sensing electrode surface to produce an electrical signal that contains the analytical information. Chemical reactions (redox reactions) on the electrode surface are converted by the physicochemical transducer into

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• Nobuyuki Ishida National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.13.129 Abstract In electrochemical measurements, monitoring the electrode potential using a stable reference is essential for controlling the redox reactions that occur at the

• , in the case of electrochemical devices such as batteries, the redox reactions that occur at the electrode are determined by the potential difference across the electrode–electrolyte interface, not the electrode potential relative to ground. This prevents the accurate consideration of redox reactions

• potential drop that occurs on the positive (ΔV+) and negative electrode sides (ΔV−) cannot be predicted using only the applied DC voltage. This makes it difficult to analyze the progression of redox reactions at the electrodes, because the redox reactions depend strongly on the potential difference at the

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• increased due to its importance for photocatalytic application. Ohtani et al. reported that extra-fine brookite TiO2 exhibited good photocatalytic activity for redox reactions in aqueous propan-2-ol and silver sulfate solution [7]. Kobayashi et al. suggested that the photoactivity of brookite nanoparticles

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• exhibited two redox couple peaks at −0.34 V/−0.76 V and −0.77 V/−1.34 V attributed to the redox reactions of Mo7O246− and MoO42− ions, respectively [27]. The presence of MoO42− ions is due to the equilibrium in Equation 3, which occurs in acidic solution of (NH4)6Mo7O24 (the pH here is about 4.3). The CV

• cycle of the CV recorded in different concentrations of precursor solution (solution 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0) is shown in Figure 2b. The presence of the redox couple peak at −0.2/−0.75 V can be attributed to the redox reactions of Mo7O246− ions (the anodic peak is slightly shifted towards the anodic

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• hindrance inside the tubular structure. This stage of drug release is known as sustained release. The controlled release of drugs is triggered by various external or internal stimuli. Changes in pH value, redox reactions, and enzyme activity are internal stimuli, while light, magnetic fields, and ultrasound

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• -efficiency RT Na–S batteries (vide infra). The electrochemical mechanism of RT Na–S batteries is based on the release of sodium cations from the anode leading to the transfer of two electrons that reduce sulfur on the cathode side (Figure 1A) [4]. The redox reactions of the battery are as follows (the

• polysulfides is not only electrostatic but also involves surface redox reactions. The polysulfides are oxidized to thiosulfate by MnO2 while Mn(IV) is reduced to Mn(III) and Mn(II). Afterwards, the formed thiosulfate interacts with long-chain polysulfides and converts them into short-chain polysulfides. The

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• molecular design, the built-in functionality of the active part of the molecule can be preserved upon adsorption on a surface. An example of the preservation of catalytic properties is demonstrated for the redox behavior of manganese porphyrins at the solid–liquid interface. Redox reactions at the axial

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• of the nanoparticle core (Auδ + Oδ and Auδ + Sδ), which cannot be neglected following its subsequent leaching [55]. It is also well known that gold cations play a key role in oxidizing substrates in aerobic redox reactions catalyzed by gold nanoparticles [56]. Redox reactions are intrinsic in

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• ][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. The SCS process is based on strongly exothermic redox reactions in which oxidants, such as metal nitrates, carbonates, or sulfates, react with reducing organic agents, frequently called fuels, such as starch, urea, glycine, or glucose [42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• applied potential [3], have shown great potential for next-generation information technologies. This change of the electrical resistance often faces local redox reactions inside the oxide layer [4]. From the chemical point of view, the active switching layer can be downsized to individual molecular units

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• production and clearance of ROS in cells are balanced by those enzymatic systems. Nevertheless, when these reactive species are in excess, a set of redox reactions can lead to cell death by the alteration of different essential structures (such as cell membrane, DNA, proteins, and electron transport chain

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• ascribed to the occurrence of redox reactions in which chloride is oxidized to chlorine and the Mn(III) center of the porphyrin moiety is reduced to Mn(II). The resulting Mn(II) porphyrin products were identified by UV–vis analysis of the liquid phase. For solutions of Mn(III) porphyrins with non-redox

• active acetate instead of chloride axial ligands, the currents remained absent. Keywords: manganese; porphyrins; redox reactions; scanning tunneling microscopy; solid–liquid interface; Introduction Manganese(III) porphyrins are well-known catalysts for the epoxidation of alkenes [1][2][3][4]. The

• sample surface. Such reactions would result in so-called Faradaic currents between the tip and the sample. In the case of MnTUPCl, the following redox reactions at the tip or sample surface can be envisaged: We base these proposed reactions on the fact that the manganese center can be reduced from (III

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• potential window from 0 to 0.6 V. The humps indicating a pseudocapacitance may be attributed to redox reactions in MoO3 as discussed for the three-electrode measurements. CV measurements have been carried out at different scan rates (Figure 4b). A maximum specific capacitance of 68.4 F·g−1 at a scan rate of

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• can provide a much higher specific capacitance as a result of rapid reversible redox reactions [9][10]. Recently, advanced electrode materials based on transition metal molybdates such as NiMoO4 [11], CoMoO4 [12], MnMoO4 [13] and FeMoO4 [14] with suitable oxidation states and unique electrochemical

• and electrolyte and facilitating the transport of electrons during the redox reactions [33]. Such a hierarchical structure can effectively enlarge the specific surface area of Faradaic reactions and shorten the diffusion pathways for the fast ion transfer, thus increasing the performance of the

• , which can be attributed to the redox reaction between M2+ and M3+ (M represents Ni and Co elements) and Co3+ and Co4+, as described by the following equations [43]: Therefore, the coexistence of Ni and Co provides multiple redox reactions for the electrochemical process. The peak currents of the CV

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• improvement of the thermal stability of the core and, under the condition of a hermetic coating, reliably protects its surface from redox reactions [3]. Janus-like metal/semiconductor nanoparticles are promising as effective radio-absorbing media and are the basis for creating the elemental basis for

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• substrate, and Ag is formed on the Cu substrate due to redox reactions. Oxygen is generated when the Ag nanoparticles are formed. Table 2 and Table 3 show the distribution of the contents of each element of the internal cavities and pile-ups of cavities with fx = 2 μm and fy = 2 μm. The mass ratio of silver

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• redox reactions but also chemically adsorb polysulfides. In addition, rGO and carbon layer can also enhance the conductivity of C-MoS2/rGO. Therefore, the C-MoS2/rGO, as an efficient sulfur host, could exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. Experimental Preparation of defect-rich C-MoS2/rGO