Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• .16.24 Abstract Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process by which unnecessary, dysfunctional, or damaged proteins and other cellular components are degraded and recycled to promote cellular differentiation, survival, and development. In response to endogenous or exogenous stresses, cancer cells

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• cancer cells, inducing a variety of DNA lesions. Cancer cells are equipped with complex molecular signaling pathways for recognition and repair of damaged DNA [4]. The activation of the DNA-damage response (DDR) machinery by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKKs) family proteins, such as

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• ophthalmology because of their compatibility with the high transmittance characteristics of ocular tissues, allowing for a more sensitive response to various types of incident light [9][10][11]. This sensitivity facilitates diverse therapeutic effects and offers solutions to complex ophthalmic diseases. In

• addition, the cornea, an ocular tissue, is relatively “immune amnestied” because of the absence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which reduces the patient’s immune response and inflammation and improves the safety and efficacy of photothermal nanomaterials therapy [12][13]. The small size of

• the migration of LECs and their inflammatory response following photothermal treatment, without causing significant damage to the surrounding healthy tissues (Figure 3f). 3.3 Vitreous turbidity The vitreous is a highly hydrated, transparent gel supported by a network of long and thin collagen fibers

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• flexibility, which may undergo dynamic changes in response to external stimuli, such as pressure and temperature. This characteristic allows for gated CO2 adsorption under specific conditions [44], which presents itself as a unique strategy to selectively control CO2 separation in gas mixtures. For instance

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• be considered a therapeutic target, exploiting their natural ability to phagocyte external agents such as NCs. Both monocytes and macrophages perpetuate tissue damage during chronic inflammatory disorders. They are implicated in preventing and resolving inflammation and wound-healing response [8

• strong pro-inflammatory response. These cells release cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, essential for pathogen clearance and initiating immune defense mechanisms [19]. However, if an inflammation remains active for extended periods, it can contribute to

• toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [19]. This interaction leads to the expression and release of type-1 interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), which further amplify the immune response through the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling cascade [18][19]. M2 macrophages

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• effective, often face limitations such as poor sensitivity, slow response times, and high-power consumption. These limitations restrict their widespread use and make the development of more efficient, sensitive, and cost-effective CO gas-sensing solutions necessary. The unique properties of carbon

• composed of PEDOT:PSS/poly(p-anisidine) (PPA) to detect CO was investigated at room temperature. The gas-sensing characteristics of the developed sensors such as sensitivity, response, and recovery time were evaluated at room temperature for different CO concentrations [5]. Many research works on PEDOT:PSS

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• concentrations. The IC50 values represent the concentration of biosynthesized ZnO NPs required to inhibit the biological response by 50%. The IC50 value after 24 h was calculated as 98.53 µg/mL (Figure 6c). Discussion The principal aim of this investigation was to employ an eco-friendly synthesis approach in

• ) EDX spectroscopy for elemental composition. (e) Zeta potential measurement. (f) DLS results showing the size distribution of ZnO NPs. (a, b) Cyclic voltammetry response of the ZnO electrode in 0.1 M KCl solution at varying scan rates, showing redox behavior and electron transfer characteristics. (c

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• . Khachartryan et al. highlight the strength of cantilever displacement detection with a Michelson-type fibre interferometer and provide a model for interferometric signal generation [4]. The interferometer response is slightly nonlinear under typical NC-AFM working conditions, while a large cantilever

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• that the composite exhibits magnetic properties of a half-semiconductor and a strong optical response within the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. Keywords: magnetic cluster; NaA zeolite; optical properties; Introduction Zeolites are crystalline materials made up of aluminosilicates

• response are intricately linked to factors such as the chemical composition, particle size, structure, and geometry of these materials [18][19][20]. Hence, it is generally undesirable for nanoscale materials to undergo structural alterations because of environmental exposure or to change their properties

• complex, has some intervals where it is the highest. Note that within this interval is the visible range; therefore, unlike pure zeolite, the composite exhibits a response within the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum (i.e., non-zero dissipation). For energies less than 1.26 eV, all imaginary

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• . %EE was calculated as 60%. Then, the polymer particles containing encapsulated Atr (Atr@p(Hist-CA)) were mixed with ACh (5 mM) before undergoing another round of dialysis for 1 h. The dialysate was once again removed under reduced pressure, and the amount of Atr released in response to ACh was

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• geometries were set up in a rectangular simulation box with two lateral directions. While the in-plane boundaries had periodic boundary conditions, the boundary along the incident light directions had a perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary. The diamond geometry used to simulate the scale response had a

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• bioavailability and drug delivery. Additionally, the capacity of these nanocarriers to react with reactive oxygen species at inflammation sites offers an anti-inflammatory response, reducing tissue damage [76][77]. Within this scope, manganese dioxide nanocarriers have been studied to address a challenge in

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• Fenton-like oxidation or ozonation [10]. These techniques require expensive equipment, specialized operational skills, and extensive sample preparation, making them less practical for on-site testing, frequent monitoring, and remediation. In response to these challenges, recent advancements in

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• extract against A. aegypti larvae. The L4 larvae were treated with 1 mL of NPs in 249 mL of distilled water. An increasing mortality was observed after periods of 24, 48, and 72 h, yielding the lowest LC50 value after a period of 72 h (Table 2). The response of the free extract against the larvae was not

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• descriptor DLS (hydrodynamic diameter) and found that it had a significant correlation with the training set response, except for four data points. This was because, for these compounds, the values of DLS were significantly higher than the rest of the training data points, therefore hindering linear

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• significantly enhanced the electrochemical response of ENR, increasing the signal by more than ten times compared to the unmodified electrode. Under optimal analytical conditions, the sensor exhibited three dynamic ranges for ENR detection, that is, 0.005 to 0.100 µM, 0.1 to 1.0 µM, and 1 to 13 µM, with

• efficacy in the detection of ENR with quick response, low cost, and simple handling; hence, these methods are promising to quantify ENR [15][16]. Noble metals and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are the most typical electrode materials to detect antibiotics [17][18]. MOFs emerged as the outstanding

• voltammogram in ENR-free blank solution with no electrochemical response for ENR. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing ENR, there is a peak at 0.85 V on all four electrodes, attributed to the oxidation of ENR during the anodic scanning. No reduction peak was observed, revealing that the

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• significantly limited by low bioavailability and poor water solubility [163]. To circumvent this, Jangde et al. fabricated HPN-PLHNPs for better topical delivery and improved antioxidant activity [164]. The HPN-PLHNPs were optimized by response surface methodology, and the optimized HPN-PLHNPs exhibited small

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• the Gibbs free energy and kinetic rate theory [17]. Shen delineates five size-dependent regions that govern the material’s response to irradiation. Nevertheless, Shen’s approach remains qualitative, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive thermodynamic assessment to enhance our understanding of

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• )2Br2 evolves in response to (Figure 4, left) Ar+ and (Figure 4, right) H2+ exposure. Prior to ion irradiation, the C 1s region displays a single peak at 289 eV corresponding to the carbonyl (CO) groups in Pt(CO)2Br2. Upon ion irradiation, the C 1s peak decreases in intensity and shifts to 288 eV until

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• rely on nonlinear optical effects, such as the Kerr effect [59], where the refractive index of a material changes in response to the intensity of light. The enhanced mode confinement amplifies the intensity of light interacting with the material, enabling nonlinear refractive index changes to occur at

• necessary to fulfill phase-matching conditions [60]. This interplay between different frequency modes and regions is essential for optimizing the overall nonlinear response of the photonic crystal. The relatively large refractive index difference between SiO2 and LiNbO3 can lead to the widening of bandwidth

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• intrinsic photoresponse time of approximately 3 ps. The ultrafast response time remains consistent across varying detection powers, demonstrating environmental stability and highlighting the potential in optoelectronic applications. Our study presents an effective strategy for enhancing the response time of

• polarization, offering promising advances in optoelectronics [23][30]. One of the key optoelectronic phenomena in 2D semiconductor materials is the photocurrent response. The polarization, which results in spontaneous photocurrent under zero bias, gives rise to the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), which can

• scanning photocurrent map under zero bias. In addition, the OOP polarization accelerates the drift of photogenerated carriers, giving the heterojunction region an ultrafast intrinsic response time of approximately 3 ps, surpassing that of graphene under the same conditions. Despite variations in probe

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• generally also means a shorter thermal response time, allowing the detector to respond more quickly to small temperature changes. Second, the active area is reduced, which allows for a more efficient detection of a useful signal because of the higher energy density and, therefore, a higher signal-to-noise

• current through the TES is constant, τel is the electrical time constant of the power supply circuit, L is the inductance of the input coil, and RL is the shunt resistance and parasitic resistance. The energy resolution δE is the minimum energy difference that can be seen in the microcalorimeter response

• × 10−10 W/K, calculated for the electron–phonon constant of 0.8 nW/K6/μm3, and the sixth degree of temperature according to [22]. Figure 7 shows the ampere–watt sensitivity and noise characteristics of the TES with above parameters for sample A4. The maximum current response is observed at frequencies

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• with a smaller contact area [128]. In honeybees, these pads function in response to specific drag activities, even without neuromuscular reflexes [129]. This passive mechanism is attributed to the structural characteristics of the soft pads, which work in concert with hierarchical structures supported

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• to GO causes significant damage to intestinal microvilli cells . Furthermore, Dou et al. [53] showed that GO triggers cell autophagy as a protective response to the material. Apoptosis was observed in germline cells, indicating that GO can damage gonad development and reduce the reproduction rate of