Enhanced erosion resistance and radiation stability of WC–WO₃ nanocomposite films under 100 keV Kr⁺ ion irradiation

• Shristi Bist,
• Parswajit Kalita,
• Ratnesh K. Pandey,
• Sejal Shah,
• Richa Krishna,
• Umapathy G. R.,
• Sunil Ojha and
• Devesh K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 922–934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.65

• scattering angle of 165°, with a beam spot size of around 2 mm in diameter. The RBS spectra were analysed using SIMNRA 6.06 software [74]. Further, to find the crystalline state of the nanocomposite films (S1) both before and after irradiation, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements were

• values of 36.81°, 62.05°, and 74.4°, which correspond to the (100), (110), and (200) planes of WC, respectively (JCPDS-96-150-1543). Additionally, a reflection at 42.54° corresponds to the (102) plane of W2C (JCPDS-96-153-9793). The grain size (D) of the samples was determined using the Scherrer formula

• , , with k being a constant (shape factor; k = 0.9), λ the wavelength of the X-rays, β the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak (in radians), and θ the Bragg angle (in degrees). The calculations showed that the S1 film had a grain size of approximately 17.5 nm, while the S2 film had a grain size

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• liposomes, first discovered in the 1960s, which were commonly used to deliver anticancer agents, antibiotics, and vaccines. The size, surface charge, and composition of liposomes influence their biological behavior, biodistribution, and shelf life [45]. Another important class are nanostructured lipid

• )-responsive nanoparticles. Multistimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers represent a frontier in precision oncology, integrating both environmental triggers (e.g., pH, redox, and hypoxia) and active functional responses (e.g., efflux inhibition and size/charge modulation). Yoo et al. demonstrated that

He⁺ FIBID-fabricated 3D AFM tip architectures: an exploratory study of hollow pillars, helices, and spirals

• Alba Arroyo-Fructuoso,
• Ana Galet,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Rosa Córdoba

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.62

• ) Nanohelices were patterned in circumference mode, with a fixed nanowire diameter of 75 nm, a step size of 10 nm, a dwell time of 500 ms, and loop counts ranging from 9 to 15, resulting in total processing times of 60 or 180 s. (2) Hollow nanopillars were written in spot mode with total processing times of 30

• or 45 s, yielding outer diameters of ≈45 nm and inner diameters of ≈6 nm. (3) Nanospirals were generated from node lists based on Archimedean spirals, with diameters of 150 or 200 nm, a step size of 5 nm, a dwell time of 120 ms, and total processing times of ≈20 s To further investigate the practical

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• , are of interest for PrEP. Moreover, nanoparticles can be engineered to traverse biological barriers and can be administered via multiple routes, including IM, transdermal, subcutaneous, and mucosal pathways [25][26][27]. Each administration route has its particular requirements in terms of size

Cross-scale design of chemosensor arrays: from molecular self-assembly in water to paper-based devices for metal ion detection

• Yui Sasaki and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 828–838, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.59

• optimized using a central composite design [58]. The selection of appropriate paper substrates also plays a significant role in reproducible sensing [59]. The mechanical properties of paper substrates depend on their thickness, pore size, and liquid absorbability [21]. In particular, the thickness of the

Glycerol photoelectrochemical oxidation reaction at carbon nitrides/BiVO₄ materials

• Charles Garcia da Cunha,
• Isabelle M. D. Gonzaga,
• Cristian Hessel,
• Izadora F. Reis,
• Ivo F. Teixeira,
• Lucia H. Mascaro and
• Elton Sitta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 806–817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.57

• acquired from 10° to 80° at a rate of 2°·min−1 with a step size of 0.02°. Morphological features and elemental composition were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM; Zeiss Supra35) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), operating at 15 kV. Optical properties

• treatment, depending on the alkali cation present or the CN crystallinity. For instance, in PCN/BiVO4 and PHI-Na/BiVO4 (Figure 3b and 3c), the globules decreased in size compared to pure BiVO4, whereas in PHI-K/BiVO4, PHI-Cs/BiVO4, and PHI-Li/BiVO4, they tended to agglomerate into elongated morphologies

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• chemical synthesis offers size control, it typically involves toxic reducing agents, raising biocompatibility concerns [3]. AgNP synthesis using plant extracts has gained attention due to environmental friendliness, but it lacks precise control over size and dispersity of AgNPs. Laser synthesis

• AgNPs in biomedical applications. PLAL addresses the limitations of both biosynthesis and chemical synthesis by offering a reproducible, contaminant-free method with high reproducibility and size control. Combining laser ablation of a metal target with natural compounds is a unique concept that provides

• activity and can modulate cell viability and oxidative stress in a size- and concentration-dependent manner [14]. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that AgNPs produced by PLAL in an aqueous sage extract environment could maintain the bioactive properties of both AgNPs and sage extract, leading to

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• suspended MoS2, MoS2 on SiO2, bilayer MoS2, and MoS2 on gold. Both pore size and pore formation efficiency exhibit a pronounced dependence on the type of substrate. Pores are largest and most frequent in MoS2 on SiO2, while the gold substrate massively quenches pore formation. The observed pore dimensions

• Information File 1, Figure S1), consistent with the pore morphology previously reported for suspended MoS2 [25]. Representative pores are shown in STEM annular dark-field (ADF) images in Figure 1a–d. We quantified pore-size distributions by measuring ≈150 pores. Mean pore radii are summarized in Figure 1e

• interpretation is inferential – the dissipation pathway is not measured directly – but it is consistent with the pore size enhancement observed under both HCI and SHI irradiation (see below Figure 4a), suggesting the effect is not specific to one excitation regime. The preceding discussion focused on lateral (in

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• , see Figure 2, Figure 3, and Supporting Information File 1, Figures S1–S3) and the minimum bounding rectangle of the collagen solution region. The rectangularity for each channel size is shown in Figure 3. When the channel width ranged from 1 to 2 mm, the rectangularity of the aqueous layer was 94% or

• varying both the channel size and the flow rate of the collagen solution (Figure 2, Supporting Information File 1, Figures S1–S3). Our results suggest that interface formation is largely insensitive to the flow rate of the collagen solution, whereas the channel size significantly governs the interfacial

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• . Observations of alloy formation at the nanoscale confirm that the miscibility between different metals can significantly increase as particle size decreases [3][4][5][6][33]. Nevertheless, in the case of nanoalloy formation induced by thermal dewetting of alternately deposited thin metallic layers, it is

• determined the size distribution of the formed structures, which is presented in Figure 4. It can be observed that annealing the 4 nm Ag/4 nm Pt bilayer at 650 °C for 15 min results in the relatively small average nanostructure size and the well uniform size distribution. This observation prompted the

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• environmental monitoring and remediation. For example, the optical properties of AgNPs are primarily governed by localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR ), which occurs in the 380–450 nm region and depends on the nanoparticles’ size and shape. The unique optical properties of nanosilver were utilised to

• develop LSPR-based nanosensors that detect different metal ions [7]. A surface coating of ʟ-carnosine on nanosilver enables size tuning and the detection of metal ions such as As3+, Cr3+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, while cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coating provides selectivity against Hg2+ and Cu2+ [8][9

• particle size, surface composition, state stability, and organic matter, which ultimately generate bioavailability and toxicity concerns [34]. The regulatory framework governing AgNP environmental applications remains fragmented across jurisdictions; while OECD, ISO, EU, and US EPA guidelines address

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• milestone by performing 3D real-time two-photon-excited SPT on dFONs [21], using the 3D-Redshot setup [22]. In this case, dFONs proved particularly effective compared to more commonly used inorganic probes because they combine a large two-photon (2P) brightness with a small size, allowing for unprecedented

• called 1 and 2 (Figure 1a,b). By adjusting the dye concentration during precipitation [20], we tuned the nanoparticle diameters as can be seen in Figure 1c,d. Whereas dFON(2) exhibits a single size population centered at 20 nm, dFON(1) shows two distinct size populations, namely, a smaller one centered

• at 15 nm and a second, larger and broader population centered at 50 nm. These two size distributions result in highly distinct nanoparticle volume distributions. Specifically, the distribution centered at 50 nm yields average volumes that are at least one order of magnitude larger than those of the

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• the theoretical mass of the solid sample, calculated as the product of the density of PCL, 1.081 g·cm−3 [51], and the volume Vt ≈ 3.98 cm3. The pore size (P) was estimated using Equation 2: Here, D denotes the mean fiber diameter for each specimen, (1 − p) corresponds to the area of fibers per unit

• interactions between BODIPY molecules and PCL chains. Increasing the dye content promotes stronger jet stretching in the electric field during electrospinning, leading to the formation of thinner fibers. Porosity and average pore size analysis confirmed the effect of BODIPY addition, leading to increased

• porosity and slightly smaller pore sizes. For pure PCL, the porosity was 88.4%, while for PCL with BODIPY additive, the porosity increased to approximately 94%. The average pore size decreased from 204 ± 7 nm for pure PCL to 192 ± 4 nm after BODIPY addition. The observed increase of porosity is within the

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• (CNFs) [7]. CNCs and CNFs differ mainly in their size and crystallinity, as CNFs contain both amorphous and crystalline cellulose chains and can extend to several micrometers in length. In contrast, CNCs exhibit high crystallinity, with lengths typically measuring below 500 nm. Both materials offer

• applications [67]. At the same time, advances in synthetic methods now allow for precise control over the size, shape, and aspect ratio of metal nanomaterials, parameters that directly determine their catalytic properties. Yet, a major challenge persists because INPs are kinetically unstable and their

• applied in wastewater treatment to degrade organic pollutants efficiently [86]. Metal oxides serve as key activators in photocatalytic oxidation by initiating radical chain reactions, and they remain favored for their low cost, minimal toxicity, and ease of modification through strategies such as size

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• higher concentration of this metal on Ag@TiO2 2000p affected the ablation rate of the Ti plate and induced a growth of titanium oxide nanostructures on the surface. Morphology and size of Ag@TiO2 (200p and 2000p) Morphology and structure of the obtained samples were analyzed using TEM, HRTEM, and SAED

• times greater in the Ag@TiO2 2000p than in the Ag@TiO2 200p NP solution. The nanoparticle sizes and size distributions were measured using a zeta potential analyzer with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Table 2 summarizes the average dimensions of the synthesized nanoparticles. Ag@TiO2 200p and Ag@TiO2

• 2000p NPs exhibited average hydrodynamic diameters of 145.2 and 134.6 nm, and the size of the nanoparticles averaged in the range of 108–420 and 93–267 nm, respectively (Figure 6). These values are in reasonable agreement with the TEM-derived particle sizes, considering that DLS measures hydrodynamic

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• used for vaccination are composed of a complex mixture of different lipids, all of which have a particular function. Additionally, inorganic nanoparticles can be made with controlled size and shape out of many different materials. Nanotechnology has also made standardized characterization and quality

• size in a "big" human. At the same time, recent findings suggested that nanoparticles may be able to reach tumor tissue also via active mechanisms of uptake and transport across tumor endothelial cells, potentially opening up new ways to reach tumors with drugs [20][21][22]. Next to passive targeting

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• factor limiting the performance and reliability of nanotechnology-enabled devices, including magnetic storage systems and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) [1][2]. Unlike macroscale friction, nanoscale friction of two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibits unique size-dependent and interface

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• brings two changes. Firstly, as observed by comparing Figure 3a and Figure 3d, the average size of the domains increases and disordered areas tend to disappear. Such trends are expected for self-assembled monolayers in general and have been reported and analyzed in detail in the specific case of the

• substrate) the ZnPc STM image recenters on the central Zn atom and the visibility of the TSB35-C12 conjugated cores, relative to ZnPc, is improved. Such a better resolution (i.e., a smaller spot size produced by the central Zn atom) is also characteristic of reduced fluctuations through a tighter anchoring

• resolved absorption Absorption spectra at various incidence angles were recorded on a QE-Pro Ocean Optics spectrophotometer. White light (MWWHL4, ThorLabs) was expanded and collimated using an achromatic doublet (AC254-100-A-ML, ThorLabs). Then, a diaphragm was used to obtain a beam size of 1 mm diameter

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• generation of surfactant-free, high-purity colloidal nanoparticles. Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL), in turn, involves the irradiation of colloidal micro- or nanoparticle suspensions with high-intensity pulses above the fragmentation threshold, leading to size reduction through photomechanical or

• photothermal mechanisms [17]. Laser melting in liquids (LML) employs lower pulse intensities to increase particle size [18] and/or modify crystallinity and morphology through melting and resolidification [19]. At moderate laser fluences, close to or even below the melting threshold, irradiation can induce

• changes in atomic structure, enabling defect engineering [20]. The broad materials library accessible through LSPC, combined with the wide range of laser, target, and solvent parameters, creates a complex multidimensional optimization space governing nanoparticle size, internal structure, composition, and

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• was evidenced after dopant incorporation into the TiO2 structure. Morphological characterization showed poorly defined spherical particles that decreased in size with increasing Cu and Co concentrations. PL spectra showed an additional signal attributed to the ability of the metal dopants to capture

• from these to the lattice distortion. Additionally, the crystallite size of the materials was determined using the Debye–Scherrer equation and the results are reported in Table 1. The presence of Mo, Cu, and Co metal ions decreases the crystallite size. The inhibition of grain growth in the crystal

• increase in copper concentration (0.5 wt %) resulted in a decrease in particle size and their agglomeration, leading to particles of undefined shape. In contrast, the incorporation of 0.2 wt % of cobalt resulted in smaller particles forming agglomerations. When the cobalt content is increased, particles

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• both fundamental physics and potential quantum information applications, detection, and sensing [1][2][3][4]. To achieve these goals, the increasing ability to manipulate quantum states is crucial. As electrons are confined in fewer dimensions and as the size of the dot decreases, the charging energy

• shift, one must also deal with two particle scattering off the singlet. At finite degeneracy, fluctuations of slave bosons about their mean-field coherent states determine the size of current fluctuations. Motions of the quasiparticles generate fluctuations that create interactions between

• U can be inferred from the size of Coulomb diamonds. For semiconducting carbon nanotubes, the charging energy is of the order of tens of millielectronvolts [7][29] and, for QDs in a 2DEG, U = 1–4 meV [6][100][101]. Γ gives us a quality of contacts and is of the order of millielectronvolts or even

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• -Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.17.33 Abstract This study investigates size-controlled, quantum-confined CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dots using core-hole clock spectroscopy in combination with post-collision interaction (PCI) line shape analysis, providing insights into

• local charge transfer dynamics and internal continuum states. We observe an acceleration of charge transfer times by almost one order of magnitude in thin-shell quantum dots, comprising only one or three double layers of ZnS, before reaching a size-independent limit. This size-dependence is governed by

• exhibit pronounced quantum confinement effects on their internal continua with a size-dependent transition from bulk-like band properties toward mixed and also atom-like localization [7]. Thus collective electronic states and local charge transfer between atomic units have significant impact. Central

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• uniform size distribution before pyrolysis. Synthesis of graphene oxide GO was synthesized using the Hummers' method as modified by Marcano and coworkers [9]. Briefly, 3 g of graphite were added to a flask containing a H2SO4/H3PO4 mixture, followed by the gradual addition of 18 g of KMnO4. The reaction

• upon chemical reduction. Conversely, the Agro-GO samples exhibit a different behavior. All three (Agro-GOP, Agro-GOX, and Agro-GOC) show blueshifted π→π* transitions compared with GO, indicating a significant reduction in the size of the conjugated sp2 domains, as smaller and more fragmented sp2

• photochemical growth of AuNPs. This approach takes advantage of the strong affinity between gold precursors and oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO surface, which act as nucleation and anchoring sites for AuNPs, thereby modulating their size, spatial distribution, and interaction with the carbon

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• for the atoms in the investigated material, or under specific imaging conditions using STM, as described in section “Where are the limits for controlled defect engineering in terms of spatial precision, single type or size (e.g., hole size), and scalability?”. As a non-invasive technique, Raman

• implemented in the tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) configuration, the well-established D/G ratio depends on the TERS tip enhancement [95] and whether the distance among defects is larger or smaller than the tip apex size [96][97]. As shown in Figure 3, the D/G ratio exhibits three different tendencies

• the groundwork for spin-based quantum technologies in van-der-Waals materials. Where are the limits for controlled defect engineering in terms of spatial precision, single type or size (e.g., hole size), and scalability? Defect engineering in 2D materials is of obvious relevance for applications. For