Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella choleraesuis [15]. Some studies have shown that the size of Cu NPs plays a crucial role in their antimicrobial activity. For

• example, CuO NPs with a size of 4.8 nm demonstrated better antibacterial activity than larger particles (7.8 nm) [16]. The small Cu NPs have a greater capacity to penetrate the cell membrane [17][18]. Zinc oxide NPs are well known for their photocatalytic properties. Also, recent studies have demonstrated

• interval of XRD analysis was 2θ = 5–80°, with a step size of 0.01° and 1 s of measure time for each step. The durability of the finish was assessed by washing the modified textile five times. The fabrics were washed using deionized water and the detergent Alconox. Mechanical action was applied using

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• , Pdet = 6.5 µm pixel size, 2048 × 2048 pixel, 16 bit image depth) with a 10 µm Gadox scintillator was used as the detector. For high-contrast and low-dose imaging, holotomography was applied as the phase contrast technique. Here, a gold Fresnel zone plate with a diameter of 300 µm was used [30]. By

• the pixel sizes were set based on the respective effective pixel size of the scan. Because the diameters differed strongly within and between several wood species, we measured two diameters of each tracheid and fiber, that is, the long and short axes of the lumen from cross section per sample and

• size resulted from the quality of the scans, as some scans were not of sufficient quality for the purpose of this study. We therefore only worked with the scans with sufficient quality (16 in total). Moreover, the diameter and wall thickness were additionally measured from SEM images of the untreated

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• catalytic properties of AuNPs stem from their nanoscale size, which increases the surface-to-volume ratio, exposes a higher density of active sites, and induces quantum size effects that modulate the electronic structure [5]. These characteristics collectively enhance their reactivity, selectivity, and

• tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have

• widespread use in direct oxidation processes, Au/C have been less explored in selective α,β-oxidative dehydrogenation reactions, particularly for β-N-substituted saturated ketones [19][21]. In this study, gold nanoparticles with an average size of 10–15 nm, stabilized by sodium citrate (NaCit), and of 3–8 nm

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• a pass energy of 40 eV for high resolution, narrow scan window spectra (100 meV step size, 500 ms dwell time), and 160 eV for wide scans (1000 meV step size, 200 ms dwell time), using a monochromated Al Kα X-ray source, with a photon energy of 1486.7 eV. Spectral peak fitting was carried out using

• orientations. Thus, the oxidation of Cu underneath graphene strongly depends on the Cu facet [51][52][53][54], and it is likely that in this case, due to the size of the graphene domains, it can span different Cu facets. Yet, no oxidation is observed. For the other three samples, however, an obvious oxygen

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• structure and flexibility of the polymer. These models can be used to understand how the properties of the side chains affect the overall behavior of the polymer, including its ability to interact with other molecules. Applying this practical solution to the "realistic polymer system size" vs "computational

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• and sustainability considerations into nanomaterial development. Need for harmonized testing protocols Establishing standardized and reproducible methodologies for characterizing nanomaterial properties – such as size distribution, surface chemistry, and toxicity profiles – is essential. A unified

• information. QSAR models, for instance, rely on known correlations between specific nanomaterial properties – such as size, shape, and surface chemistry – and various toxicity endpoints. By identifying hazardous materials well before synthesis, QSAR-based screening saves resources, decreases late-stage

• powerful aspects of materials informatics lies in its ability to integrate machine learning with multiscale simulation tools – ranging from molecular dynamics to density functional theory – which helps researchers correlate nanoscale features such as particle size, shape, and surface functionalization with

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• tumours, undergoing enzymatic cleavage of peptide bonds which causes nanocarrier destabilization, charge reversal, and size reduction. These transformations triggered drug release within the tumour tissue and improved nuclear targeting, optimizing therapeutic efficacy [50]. Thereafter, a study by Lin et

• al. developed MMP-2-responsive PEG-coated nanocarriers that, upon peptide cleavage, underwent PEG detachment, charge reversal, and size reduction, enhancing cellular uptake and tumour-specific drug release. This system effectively inhibited tumour growth with minimal systemic toxicity in mice [51

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• qualitatively confirmed by spectrophotometry (e.g., by the absence of fluorescence in the supernatant obtained in the last washing cycle), ensuring that the fluorescence signal in subsequent experiments originates exclusively from liposome-associated dye. Particle size, particle size distribution and z

• highlight the dominant independent variables that have a significant effect in the model, the VIP score was used. Results and Discussion Particle size, particle size distribution and z-potential of the nanoliposomes Several studies have reported that despite the composition and the other surface properties

• (i.e. surface charge), the size range of long time circulating NPs may strongly affect their stability, in vivo circulation time, as well as BBB retention, and the possibility of entering into specific interactions with the BBB structures, thus their transport and uptake by brain cells [19]. In this

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• insets in Figure 3), the variable segment has the simplest (two-layer) cross section. The simulation was performed with mesh steps of 0.125…1 μm, using a reduced-size superconducting screen truncated at a distance of 10 μm from the structure edges (see next section for details). For clarity, the data is

• 5.3 (to 400,000 μm2). Similar modifications were applied to the layout of the Gauss neuron sample described in [27]. Its size was reduced by a factor of 4.7 (to 8,050 μm2), and its ground plane area was increased by a factor of 6.3 (to 400,000 μm2). The neurons were placed in the center of the screen

• with their output arm, which has the same shape for sigma and Gauss neurons, aligned along the symmetry axis of the screen. Suppression of screen-mediated interaction was expected due to the inverse proportionality of the coupling to the transverse (relative to the control line) size of the screen [26

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• polydispersity index (PDI) (0.100 ± 0.022), small size (103.43 ± 1.31 nm), and slightly negative zeta potential (−12.23 ± 0.35 mV). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was 94 ± 2.4% for R-PE and 42 ± 2.8% for 5-FU. Regarding the stability study, the liposomes maintained vesicle size, PDI and zeta potential values

• in a stable range. From the choice of the 50 mg HSPC liposome, the immunoliposomes were developed. The selected immunoliposomes, composed HSPC/DOPE/Chol/DSPE-PEG-Mal in a ratio of 64:10:22.2:3.7, were named HSPC IM 07. This formulation presented low PDI (0.185 ± 0.01), small vesicle size (99.45

• 7.4 containing 5-FU and/or R -PE, respectively, at final concentrations of 260 μg/mL and 1 mg/mL. Subsequently, the formulations were subjected to an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. To reduce the size of the vesicles, the sonication method with a probe ultrasound was applied (Qsonica Sonicator – Model

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• are performed for a 3D slab geometry, finite in the xy-plane with size N × N and infinite along the z-axis. The magnetic field B = (0,0,B) is applied along the z-axis, rendering the problem effectively 2D, except for the Biot–Savart equation (Equation 5), where the integral remains 3D. In the

• calculations we set u,v = 0 at the boundaries of the system often referred to as “open boundary conditions”. We consider a sample with the relatively small linear size of N = 31 due to the high computational cost of achieving convergence with respect to both the superconducting gap and the magnetic field

• . However, this length exceeds the characteristic superconducting coherence length, which limits the influence of the finite-size effects. The electron density along z is absorbed into the parameters of the BdG and Biot–Savart equations. All energies are expressed in units of the hopping amplitude t, and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• surface roughness at a scale pertinent to the size and interactions of the epidermal microstructures are generally scarce [30][31][33][80][83][92] and non-existent for arboreal Cyrtodactylus. Among all ecotypes analysed, the crown habitat of trees apparently imposes the strongest selective pressure on

• sample size may have biased our phylogenetic results; a more comprehensive taxon sampling within specific clades and the inclusion of the most basal clade within Cyrtodactylus (C. tibetanus and C. zhaoermii) will permit more detailed insights. Despite the relatively small sample size we employed, all

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• illustration of these functional epoxide, ketone, hydroxy, and carboxyl groups on the surface of a rGO flake is shown in Figure 1a. In addition, the adjustability of lateral size and thickness of the rGO flakes, which influence functional parameters [23], is another advantage of these materials. According to

• the G-Flake® reduced graphene oxide paper samples were determined using HMS Ecopia 5500 equipment in Van der Pauw configuration. For this method, samples were cut to a size of 1 cm × 1 cm. The measurements were conducted at room temperature. Values reported in this work are the average of ten

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• calibration achieved through wedge and diamagnetic lateral force calibrator methods. The work of adhesion was quantified by integrating the obtained lateral forces over the distance moved during manipulation, revealing a non-monotonic dependency on nanoparticle size with maximum adhesion observed for

• of extremely small size (<20 nm) is still a challenge and consequently limits studies in this area [9][14]. The majority of studies concerning AFM-based NP manipulation focuses on establishing reproducible protocols for the creation of patterns and structures with NPs as building blocks, but often

• . Since it is assumed that NPs are single-charged [5], the QMF can, on the one hand, be used for scanning the NP mass distribution and, under the common assumption of spherical shape and the theoretical density of Cu, the size distribution. On the other hand, the QMF can be also be employed for filtering

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• thin-film hydration method based on Rojas-Gutierrez’s procedure [52]. Based on the size distribution and concentration of the nanoparticles (10 mg·mL−1), a lipid layer was formed with DOPS, cholesterol, and DMPC at a molar ratio of 64:29:7. The three lipids were dispersed in chloroform and mixed with

• with the lipid-functionalized UCNPs (inset), revealing a size distribution of approximately 15–20 nm. Because the lipid shell is an ultrathin organic layer (2–3 nm) with low electron contrast, no distinct morphological differences are expected between coated and uncoated nanoparticles in TEM images

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• central electrode of the CPW Wc = 38 μm is limited in the present design by the geometrical size of the junctions shunted by a thin-film resistor. As discussed in [54], for the CPW lines with a high Wc and small Wgap, the difference between the frequencies of the odd and even modes becomes smaller. The

• PLL. The additional steps of smaller size are likely to be caused by the locking at different harmonics and other sidebands. It should be noted that the form of the IVC in spectral measurements in the cryostat is different from that measured in the LHe probe because the PLL system and the JJ array

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• , we report on the synthesis of polyhedral core–shell SPIONs. Their size was tuned to improve their magnetic properties. Furthermore, by hybridizing into a core–shell inorganic/inorganic structure, the nanoparticles can achieve significantly improved magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency (at

• least tenfold). The designed core NPs are composed of a Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core and a MnFe2O4 shell. Their size and morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate their chemical composition. The iron oxide phase was confirmed by

• Mössbauer analysis, and the magnetic properties were studied to select the ideal size for magnetic hyperthermia application. Keywords: core–shell nanoparticles; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetic properties; Introduction Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a versatile class of materials due to their

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• contained fibres that were not encapsulating fluorophore. Given that the same low-fibre-density areas are seen in cryo-SEM and are of the same approximate size, this structural heterogeneity can be confirmed not to be an artefact of CLSM but rather intrinsic to the microscale morphology of the self

• 100× (N.A. = 1.3 Oil) (DIC), resolution 140 nm, total magnification 1000×. Spectral irradiance at 561 nm and 100% laser power is 88.4 W·m−2. For imaging of compressed samples, a sample of gel around the size of the end of a spatula was placed upon a circular glass coverslip in a holder. A plastic O

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• departs from simple integer-dimensional behavior, the power-law decay exponent α can continuously vary between values typical for 3D and 1D systems. This transition reflects how the size and shape of the Cooper pair adapt to the dimensionality of the system [33]. The effective dimensionality of the

• lines in Figure 1. For numerical simulations, we used a discretized lattice model with a system size of 128 unit cells along the z-direction (the principal axis of the NS transition) and 64 unit cells in the perpendicular x-direction. A total of twelve different geometries were modeled by varying η in

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• chiral molecules and light is experimentally characterized by optical rotation or circular dichroism (CD). However, the inherent discrepancy in size between light and molecules typically results in weak chiroptic effects for small molecules [15][16]. High concentrations of analytes or long optical path

• . Additionally, the size and shape inhomogeneity of cPNSs will cause a discrepancy between the experimental CD data and the simulated data. Therefore, the synthesis of highly uniform cPNSs is always desirable. Simulating and characterizing the superchiral EM field about a cPNS is of great interest. EM fields

• because of the size mismatch between most plasmonic nanostructures and chiral molecules, making the direct link between nanostructural chirality and molecular chirality challenging. Additionally, the overall geometrical chirality of a plasmonic nanocrystal can be characterized by electron microscopy and

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• AuNP suspensions is substantially influenced by their particle size and dispersion speed. 10–20 nm AuNPs with a narrow size distribution tend to absorb light from the blue-green spectrum and reflect red light. In contrast, their aggregation leads to a light absorption shift to longer wavelengths

• sample–conjugate interaction, a nitrocellulose membrane for VB12–bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugation, secondary antibodies as test and control lines, and an absorbent pad for waste. Designed for the small molecular size of VB12, this structure ensures its competitive binding to antibodies. A crucial

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• , enabling operation in a wide frequency range from gigahertz frequencies to X-rays [6][7][8] due to a normal-metal absorber. CEBs offer several advantages over other types of receivers such as transition edge sensors [9][10][11]. These advantages include their micrometer-scale size, which facilitates direct

• of dext = 80 μm and an inner ring diameter of dint = 70 μm. The lattice constant (period) of the metamaterial array is P = 86 μm. The total size of the structure is 424 μm. A large-scale SRR has an outer ring with an external diameter of dext,1 = 80 μm and an internal diameter of dint,1 = 70 μm. The

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• century [3]. They are investigated, for example, regarding drug delivery [4], but they are also parts of actual products, for example, of sensors [5]. All this is based on the ease of synthesis, chemical stability, size tuneability, and unique optical properties [6]. The extreme dependence of the

• properties on particle size and shape has been demonstrated for particle sizes in the 1–100 nm range and on biological interfaces [7]. Limited biocompatibility and high tendency to aggregate in solution inspired new mechanisms of particle biofunctionalization with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. Coupling

• high and the shape cannot be identical (hemagglutinin is roughly a triangular 7 nm prism of 15 nm length), the size is in the typical NP range, and a dense coating with oligomannoside should mimic surface physics. Accordingly, we note that the adsorption of AuNPs on surfaces would mimic the survival of

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• equipment, especially characterization tools used for nanosystems, are unavoidable challenges. Another critical challenge is the precision required to produce nanomaterials. The unique properties of nanomaterials arise from controlled particle size, but achieving the desired size and uniformity is extremely

• nanomaterials becomes a tedious and expensive task, often more so than for advanced bulk materials. It is indispensable to acknowledge that even after detailed characterization, warranting that even 90% of the nanoparticles have uniform size and identical surface characteristics is difficult. This is largely

• due to the inherent instability of 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials [23]. That is why, in most cases, nanomaterials require a specific medium and controlled environment for stability. In the same line, due their high surface energy, large surface area, and small size, nanomaterials naturally tend to

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• regional results, Table 1 reports documented MP density in some Himalayan freshwater lakes and their typology. Table 2 is a compilation of the most commonly reported dominant polymers and morphologies, as well as the size classes, of MPs in Himalayan lakes. 3.2 Impact on biodiversity, water quality, and

• generally render conventional methods, for example, trawling plankton nets in surface water, infeasible owing to transport and size constraints of equipment [31]. This has given rise to sampling devices that are both portable and light, specifically tailored for use in remote environments. For example

• than SEM. It is particularly useful in morphological examination, size grading, and rapid particle identification. The combination of optical microscopes and modern digital imaging techniques allows for automatic particle classification and counting, which greatly decreases the extent of human