Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p ≤ 0.001 and **** = p ≤ 0.0001. Schematic representation of the heat treatment and ThT staining of ApoE. Binding of ThT to misfolded or aggregated proteins greatly enhances its fluorescence (A). The fluorescence of solutions containing ApoE3

• or BSA following ThT staining as determined by spectrophotometry, after a 30 min incubation at room temperature (rt), 37, 56 and 75 °C (n = 3) (B). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and were annotated as ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p

• 1.725 pmol per well and uptake was measured after 4 h (n = 3). The fluorescence of HMEC-1 cells after uptake of LNPs in medium supplemented with HI or NHI ApoE (B). Schematic representation of the bead capture and staining of ApoE bound LNPs (C). The fluorescence of ApoE3 bound to LNPs that are captured

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• metabolic activity. The maintenance of F-actin structural integrity, as visualized via phalloidin staining (red), offers compelling evidence supporting the biocompatibility of the material through sustained cytoskeletal organization. Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1, provides additional

• compared to control (Ctrl+), determined by Tukey's post-hoc test. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells treated with FLG–TA. Confocal fluorescence images showing ROS levels after staining with CellROX (green) and Hoechst 33258 (blue). Scale bar: 20 µm (A). Quantification of ROS production

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• nanoparticles before and after mucin interaction. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 6: Coating of alginate nanoparticles by Eudragit RS100 polymer. Supporting Information File 7: Properties of FAM-labeled peptide. Supporting Information File 8: Periodic acid–Schiff staining of cells

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• by embedding the samples in pure resin followed by curing at 60 °C for 24 h. The blocks were then subjected to a Leica UC7 ultramicrotome (Wetzlar, Germany) to make ultrathin (60 nm) sections followed by staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The sections were allowed to air dry before

• monodansylcadaverine staining Fluorescent monodansylcadaverine selectively accumulates in acidic vacuoles and has been used as a tracer for autophagic vacuoles [34]. Briefly, A549 cells were plated onto 20 mm round glass coverslips and allowed to adhere overnight. On the next day, cells were exposed to 25 μg/mL of the

• with 1× PBS. The cells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 30 min, counterstained with DAPI for nuclear staining, mounted using antifade, and analyzed using confocal microscopy. Immunoblot analysis The expression level of various autophagy-related proteins was analyzed using

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• considered to have a similarity greater than 97%, with matching identification if the similarity exceeds 99%. A similarity lower than 97% might suggest the presence of a novel species, as indicated by Stackebrandt and Goebel [39]. Staining revealed that both Brevundimonas olei (Pd) and Bacillus altitudinis

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , and polypyrrole) with a broad light absorption spectrum and efficient photothermal conversion capabilities (see below in Figure 2e) [58][59][60]. In addition to polymer-based photothermal nanomaterials, organic small molecule dyes that are often used for tissue staining can also be used as

• for clinical ILM staining, is better suited for generating VNBs on the ILM, and the high NIR absorbance of ICG is beneficial in the in vivo environment. Karen Peynshaert’s team [169] demonstrated that ICG can bind to the ILM and generate VNBs upon pulsed laser irradiation, thereby disrupting the

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . Later, bacterial colonies were screened, and pure cultures were maintained at 4 °C. A comprehensive analytical scheme was adopted to identify the most promising bacterial isolates, that is, Gram’s reaction, morphology, catalase activity, endospore staining, and carbohydrate fermentation profiling using

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• in their study since this method is the only method for direct visualization of submicrometer structures. We used negative staining of bio-NP samples, which allows one to see the particles and study their structure, as well as to assess the degree of contamination of the sample with impurities. The

• photomodified and native FBS and NBS plus samples of sucrose fractions without sera (additional control), and (4) samples of bio-NPs isolated from photomodified and native FBS and NBS. Negative staining with 0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate solution was performed identically for all samples, using pre-prepared

• visualized in TEM. Representative images of bio-NPs isolated from 10% FBS by single (top row) or double (bottom row) UC. (a,e,f) LPs; circles show high-density LPs (≤10 nm). (a,e) Minute spherical particles are shown with arrows. (b,c,g,h) EVs. (d) Structureless serum components. TEM, negative staining with

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• -linking polysaccharides) are the cross-linkers. This structure is typical of diverse taxa from different plant groups and represents a characteristic 3D netlike architecture of a hydrogel. Staining of basic mucilage components. (a) Artemisia annua – pectins stained with ruthenium red. Delicate cellulose

• fibrils are visible stretching radially from the seed surface. (b) Capsella bursa-pastoris – pectins stained with alcian blue. (c) Plantago ovata mucilage is rich in hemicelluloses but comprises also pectins – staining with crystal violet. (d) Artemisia annua – magnification of the mucilage envelope

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• histopathology featuring Cy5-fluorescence microscopy, HER2 immunohistochemical staining, and autoradiography images. This figure was adapted from [145] (© 2018 Feng Chen et al., published by Springer Nature, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). The black staining of the membranes obtained by adding ruthenium red during cell fixation reveals that caveolae, which may appear to be free vesicles in the cytosol, are surface connected. The

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• microscopy (CLSM), histological staining of longitudinal and cross sections (toluidine blue and Cason), and micro-computed tomography (µCT), our investigation of the arolium and euplantulae of the stick insect M. extradentata addresses the following questions: (1) Are there structural and material

• -bearing regions stained from violet to pink [60][61]. For staining with toluidine blue, the glass slides were incubated with 0.1% toluidine blue solution for 2 min and rinsed using a stream of distilled water. Cason’s triple stain (consisted of 1 g of phosphotungstic acid, 2 g of orange G, 1 g of aniline

• (Figure 1B). Arolium structure The pretarsus of M. extradentata is 500 µm wide and 400 µm long. The ventral face of the arolium consists of a thickened layer of fibrous cuticle composing the actual smooth attachment pad (ap) [1]. Toluidine blue staining resulted in a blue hue of the attachment pad

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• with the release of CUR-Fe NPs and is in accordance with the Fick diffusion (Table 2). Cellular uptake study Prussian blue staining was performed to detect the ability of Huh-7 cells to uptake NFs, as shown in Figure 5. Compared with those in the control group, blue particles were observed in the

• was significantly enhanced by RF hyperthermia. To further test the cytotoxicity of the NFs group, we performed live and dead staining (Figure 6c,d). Dead cells were stained red and living cells were stained green. The results showed that the amount of red increased in the NFs+RF group, further

• . Three independent repetitions were performed in each group. The cytotoxicity of the NFs+RF group was also observed by live/dead staining. Huh-7 cells (1.0 × 106) were seeded onto 4-chamber cell culture slides, and incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 24 h. The medium was replaced either with fresh medium or

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• EndMT, that is, a predominance of tapered cells with little internal staining. These changes were not prevented by almost any treatment, except dexamethasone and nanoARC-Chol (ALN), which maintained the endothelial morphology and the intensity of actin filament staining to a higher extent and cell/field

• metalloproteases substrate (FS-6), Sephadex G-50, lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS), Mitochondria Staining Kit (JC-1 dye), valinomycin, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dexamethasone (DEX), ammonium persulfate, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), gelatin from bovine skin type B, and BSA

• oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) as described by Ledda and co-workers [80]. Briefly, 1.5 × 104 THP-1 macrophages were incubated with 100 μg/mL of human oxLDL for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 atmosphere. FC induction was assessed by ORO staining. Briefly, cells were fixed to glass coverslips previously placed in 24-well

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• step was added to the preparation procedure. However, it is important to specify that this step is not required and that bacteria stained by the RhBITC- or FITC-BSA/PDA NPs can be observed alive directly after staining. The samples were fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA): Samples were centrifuged at

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• dependence of HbMP uptake on these receptors. Table 2 gives an overview of the samples of indirect phagocytosis test no. 2; the incubation time with HbMPs was 30 min. All samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Leucocytes were identified by DNA staining with propidium iodide (PI) or diamidinophenylindole

• (DAPI). The closely spaced emission maxima of DAPI and FITC, or PI and APC, necessitated the use of different dyes for DNA staining depending on which signal, FITC or APC, was of interest in each sample. In each run, 2000 monocytes were analyzed. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the reference

• well. Neither holding a temperature of 37 °C for 120 min (Incub-wb) nor incubation with DAPI or PI (DAPI-/PI-wb) caused a relevant change in this signal. Neither the blood itself nor the HbMPs or the chosen incubation times had an interfering influence on the test. Staining the monocytes with FITC

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• standard model for cutaneous leishmaniasis. The parasites were maintained according to previously published protocols [22]. Prussian blue staining For staining with Prussian blue (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), promastigote and intracellular amastigotes were treated with 100 µg/mL of SPIONs for 24 h. The

• (*). Bright-field optical microscopy of L. amazonensis promastigotes (A, B) and intracellular amastigotes (C, D) treated with 100 µg/mL of SPIONs for 24 h, after staining with Prussian blue (A–D). (A) The arrows indicate the blue stain characteristic for the reaction with ferrous compounds in the promastigote

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• without staining. Electron microscopy imaging was conducted using a field-emission scanning electron microscope FEI-NOVA NanoSEM 230 equipped with an Apollo XL silicon drift detector from EDAX-Ametek or using a high-resolution JEOL IT500HR/LA microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• . Small volumes of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs were placed on carbon-coated copper grids and allowed to evaporate at room temperature. For negative staining, a drop of freshly prepared 2% uranyl acetate solution was dripped on the copper grid, and excess liquid is removed by a piece of paper after 2 min. Zeta

• TEM due to energetic electron bombardment causing burn, negative staining using uranyl acetate was performed. Figure 4d shows the TEM image of the Ch/Q-Ag NPs exposed by negative staining. It is seen that the chitosan/quercetin shell structure uniformly covers the core Ag NPs (see insets of Figure 4d

• NPs after negative staining were obtained and confirmed that the chitosan/quercetin shell structure covered the core Ag NPs. Moreover, the amount of quercetin and caffeic acid in the samples of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs determined by colorimetric methods were found to be 31.0 ± 0.8 and 28.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• were added three times at room temperature, every hour, to a solution of nanoG (6.75 mL) to obtain nanoGS determined by a light orange staining of the solution. After each addition of silver ions, the mixture was kept under magnetic stirring at room temperature (20–25 °C) for 1 h. The reduction of

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• weeks. The emergence of new bone in the defective region is confirmed by microscale computational micrographs and staining assay findings [98]. Ning et al. (2019) developed glycyl-ʟ-histidyl-ʟ-lysine-containing copper ions integrated with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and chitosan. Further, the

• activity was increased. In addition, Alizarin red S staining tests detected the development of mineralized nodules [81]. On the Ti substrate, TiO2 nanotubes carrying a gentamicin drug mixture were deposited. Furthermore, a combination of alginate and chitosan was utilized to cover the TiO2–gentamicin

• phosphatase staining revealed the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts [66]. The addition of polymethylmethacrylate to powder composites of chitosan/graphene oxide increased the compressive strength by 16.2%, compressive modulus by 69.1%, and bending strength by 24%. After four weeks of

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• microscope (TEM; FEI; Brno, Czech Republic) after negative staining of nanogel samples with uranyl acetate. The number-average diameter (Dn), weight-average diameter (Dw), and dispersity (Ð) were calculated using ImageJ software by counting the hydrogel nanoparticles in the TEM images following these