N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• generation in Mo thin films with a low-energy argon ion beam (1 keV) across different ion fluences (1016–1018 ions·cm−2). Thornton et al. [16] examined a transition from tensile to compressive stress in argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films as the sputtering gas pressure decreased. Sun et al. [17] also analyzed

• the properties of argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films deposited via ion beam sputtering, varying deposition parameters such as accelerating voltage, incidence angle, and chamber pressure. Films deposited at near-normal incidence exhibited compressive stress and a nearly linear increase with the

• accelerating voltage. At grazing incidence, the observed stress is either minimal or slightly tensile and is mostly unaffected by the accelerating voltage. Tripathi et al. [18] examined the temperature-dependent surface alterations in Mo films induced by He+ ion irradiation within the 773–1073 K range as a

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• (r) = . It should be noted that the term Uel is important when the bonding between adatoms and substrate is strong (for example Cu atoms deposited onto Ti, Ta, or Mo substrates) [30][31]. For sufficiently small lattice mismatch between adsorbate and substrate, elasticity and stress effects may be

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• expressed as is 0.001275. The total broadening of the peak (βT) caused by the crystalline size and strain in the lattice is given by: where βD is broadening of the peak due to crystal size and βε is broadening due to lattice strain. For analyzing stress and strain resulting from X-ray diffraction

• a consequence of Ag doping, which also results in peaks broadening. The wurtzite structure of ZnO is characterized by dominant peaks at approximately 96 and 473 cm−1, the peak at 473 cm−1 represents the E2H mode corresponding to oxygen, and this mode is sensitive to internal stress. Ag doping

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• substrate, which ultimately lead to the development of stress and strain within the film. At a substrate temperature of 600 °C, the lattice constant value is the same as in the bulk material. The strain in films occurs due to lattice mismatch between film and bulk. The microstrain in films was calculated

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• oxidative stress and autophagy modulation [14]. Graphene oxide (GO) due to its unique physicochemical properties has attracted vast scientific attention as an efficient drug delivery carrier and modulator of biological activities, including autophagy, DDR, and intracellular transportation of therapeutics

• lung cancer cells Cells upon exposure to external stress and endogenous metabolic changes produce a variety of DNA lesions. Those can give rise to genomic instability via gene mutations and chromosomal damage, leading to tumor progression and metastasis [60]. In a healthy cell, various DNA-damage

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• stress on that fiber and weaken the overall structure [25]. With advancements in technology for producing nanofibers through electrospinning, various methods and techniques have been developed to enhance the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers. The objective of this review is to explore

• measures the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking and is one of the most critical mechanical properties of nanofibers. Tensile strength is usually tested using a universal testing machine (UTM), also known as tensile testing machine or tensile strength instrument

• membrane can be tricky in terms of handling and thickness measurements used for stress calculations [132]. Preparation of specimens requires attention to prevent damage, pretension, or slipping from grips during testing. Maccaferri et al. [133] demonstrated the use of a paper frame to hold the specimen in

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• publications contain information on the potential mechanisms of CNs’ cytotoxicity, pointing to physical destruction, oxidative stress/ROS generation, DNA damage, cell autophagia and lysosomal membrane damage followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, pyroptosis followed by activation of inflammasomes, apoptosis

• necrosis was observed, with the involvement of toll-like receptor-, transforming growth factor β-, tumor necrosis factor α-, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathways in the signaling pathway network and oxidative stress playing a crucial role in these pathways [75][76]. However, all

• observed when FA was applied to breast cancer cells through induced oxidative stress as the driver of cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest in the S and/or G1/G0 phases, and significantly increased apoptosis [94][95]. The mechanisms behind the cancer protection and potential carcinogenic effect of FA are in

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• agreement with the OT results since the concentration used in the sample to obtain this image was 1 μM of neodymium. Finally, for erbium (Figure 3c) the complexes also appears compacted/condensed for 1 μM of the rare earth, also in agreement with the OT results. We stress that the intent of the AFM

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• possess greater mechanical strength, they are more prone to deformation under mechanical stress [75][76]. Membranes used for gas separation must have sufficient mechanical strength to resist plastic deformation under high gas pressures [77]. Although inorganic membranes appear more advantageous for gas

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• delivery route despite the potential advantages of local approaches [6]. Once in the bloodstream, NCs are exposed to a wide range of forces, such as fluid shear stress, blood flow, opsonization, excretion, and interaction with the MPS, all of which influence NC stability and delivery. This challenging and

• ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1. These liposomes promoted M2 polarization via the CaSR/AKT/β-catenin pathway while protecting macrophages from ferroptosis. In murine models of IBD, CLF reduced oxidative stress, inhibited ferroptosis, and restored intestinal homeostasis by increasing the M2/M1 macrophage ratio [66

• , with various damaging mediators, including ROS and other oxidative stress-related compounds, playing a critical role in perpetuating fibrosis [88]. It has been found by Beljaars et al., that both M1- and M2-like macrophage subsets coexist in fibrotic lesions in both human and mouse livers, highlighting

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . ZnO NPs are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions, upon interaction with bacterial cells. These ROS disrupt bacterial cell membranes, cause oxidative stress, and damage cellular components, ultimately leading to cell death. Additionally, ZnO

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• stability on steel. Our study demonstrates the successful coating of stainless steel with SNFs, achieving super-hydrophobicity and resilience under high shear stress and explosion/decompression tests. Scaling experiments reveal a 75.5% reduction in calcium carbonate deposition on SNF-coated steel surfaces

• coat stainless steel (Type 316) with nanofilaments, discuss stability test of the coatings, and the results of scaling experiments. Results and Discussion Nanofilamant performance and stability on steel Shear stress test of SNF coatings on steel Previous applications of SNF technology have been focused

• damage the coating visibly. Yet, most paintings and coatings will sustain damage when mechanically scratched. To evaluate shear stability under realistic operating conditions, we constructed a medium-temperature, medium-pressure, constant shear stress device (Figure 2A and Figure 2B). Our design is an

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ), (∇u)T is the transposed velocity gradient tensor, τ is the viscous stress tensor (Pa), μ is the dynamic viscosity (Pa·s), Q includes heat sources other than viscous dissipation (W·m−3), and δij is the Kronecker delta symbol. All equations in this section were taken from [26], except Equation 5, which

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• osmotic stress [4][5][6][10][24][25]. Depending on the hydration level, mucilage exhibits distinct physical properties, which are also connected with its biological functions. In a fully hydrated state, it demonstrates very low friction, important for example, in endozoochoric diaspore dispersal [26][27

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• different drug delivery systems suitable for the applications. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the effective delivery of monoclonal antibodies and RNA and stress the recent literature tackling this challenge. While giving examples of nanotechnological approaches for the effective delivery of

• stabilized with tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) were proposed against Alzheimer’s disease. TPGS, a water-soluble precursor of vitamin E, was used in the formulation to reduce the amyloid-beta-induced oxidative stress [114]. In vivo tests on Wistar rats highlighted that the mucoadhesive

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• combined with resilient fibrous helical structures enhance energy absorption and improve stress redistribution, providing additional protection against damage caused by impact loads [68]. Such adaptations not only facilitate efficient prey capture but contribute to the overall durability of the mandibles

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• C. elegans [35][54]. Oxidative stress is one of the central mechanisms and, in fact, the main cause of the toxicity outcomes discussed above. It is associated to changes in the function or expression of superoxide dismutase, “Rieske” iron-sulfur protein, mitochondrial complex I, and the ubiquinone

• translocation to other organs or oxidative stress. Similarly, Rive et al. [58] did not detect any detrimental effects in C. elegans exposed to amino-functionalized GO. Moreover, biomolecules interacting with the GO surface also have an effect on its toxicity, Côa et al. [14] observed that a bovine serum albumin

• . [63] showed that different polyphenols have life-prolonging and stress-reducing properties to C. elegans. Up to 300 μM (≈500 mg·L−1) TA promotes longevity in C. elegans, which is called hormesis effect; at higher concentrations, TA is actually toxic [64]. TA exposure induces different resistance

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• point, the precision of distance control is limited by the opMEMS eigenstrain, which can be effectively mitigated by stress engineering and FIB modifications. These methods are efficient for experimental work, but there is also an opportunity to improve opMEMS by modifying the geometry that leads to

• stress relief. For the more complex opMEMS, FEM simulation should be used to solve the design problems. The experiment we conducted proves that it is possible to eliminate structurally induced eigenstrains in the RoI. Successful modification was achieved using an iterative approach. Only a single ion

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• %, corresponding to the Fe3O4(311) and Fe3O4(004) peaks, respectively, than samples 1 and 2 with values of −0.19% and −0.01%, respectively. Sample 3 exhibits a decrease in d-spacing for both the (311) and (400) peaks, in comparison to sample 1 and sample 2. The presence of compressive stress in the crystallites of

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess

• , it was reported that MONPs have been found in human tissues such as brain, heart, and liver [11] and that occupational exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials increased oxidative stress biomarkers, suggesting potential DNA oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation [12]. Given the limited data available

• of the nano-qRASTR model. MONPs with higher metal electronegativity may interfere more strongly with cellular functions of zebrafish, but this does not invariably heighten toxicity; in some instances, it may mitigate oxidative stress and membrane disruption, thereby diminishing toxic effects

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• parenchymal tissue injury and attenuating parenchymal stress and inflammation. In this approach, anti-inflammatory substances are used, such as corticosteroids, colchicine, and ursodeoxycholic acid [14][15]. As the activation of HSCs is a hallmark of liver fibrosis, targeting signaling molecules involved in

• permeability in primary human HSECs during liver fibrosis and occlusion [66]. The exposure of TiO2 NPs in vitro resulted in the formation of large gaps between the cells without significant effects on cell viability and no significant release of oxidative stress. This strategy may be exploited for co

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• substances secreted and the effectiveness of CNT action. Carbon material coatings for improved mechanical, tribological, and electrical properties Performance and longevity of implants are closely related to their mechanical properties. A mismatch with tissues can potentially lead to stress shielding

• with peculiar chemical reactivity and resistance to oxidative stress. Summary and Future Perspectives The results herein discuss the complex scenario of the interaction between implants and living tissues, which is still far from being fully understood. The engineering of implant surfaces with

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• -/cavin-coated structures, which are often reported to be involved in endocytosis of NPs. Caveolae are known to have different functions, one being to provide membrane upon mechanical stress [32]. They can thereby prevent membrane disruption, and reform in an ATP-dependent manner [32]. However, they can

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• stresses at the NP surface are crucial in phase transitions below a certain critical NP size [26]. Although it is understood that, qualitatively, the surface stress generates an effect comparable to an externally applied compressive pressure on the NP, a quantitative description is missing. While there