Electrochemical sensing of sildenafil in pharmaceutical formulations using an (S,N)-doped reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Ngo Thi Thanh Xuan,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Duc Anh,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Hai Phong,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Lam Son and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1087–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.74

• suggests the partial restoration of the conjugated sp2 carbon network and improved charge mobility after removal of oxygen-containing groups. The reduced PL intensity of (S,N)-rGO indicates a lower recombination rate of charge carriers and more efficient electron transport capability. In addition, the

• effect The effect of scan rate on the electrochemical behavior of SDN at the (S,N)-rGO/GCE was investigated in the range of 0.07–0.40·V s−1 (Figure 6a). The oxidation peak current increased with increasing scan rate, indicating enhanced mass transport toward the electrode surface. As shown in Figure 6b

• close to the theoretical value of 0.5 expected for a diffusion-controlled process, further confirming that diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. Nevertheless, considering the high surface area and π-electron-rich structure of (S,N)-rGO, surface interaction and partial adsorption of SDN on the

Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• nanotechnology-enabled formulation strategies that improve solubility at physiological pH, enhance drug absorption and permeation, and protect against an adverse microenvironment, thereby improving drug bioavailability and reducing the dose requirement. The fundamental differences in drug transport and

• , further limiting absorption, as these counter transport the absorbed drug back into the lumen [11]. However, when loaded into nanocarriers, pre-clinical models suggest that various mechanisms contribute to transporter inhibition to improve intracellular accumulation; for instance, the excipient ᴅ-α

• coating. Upon oral administration, they are mainly absorbed via lymphatic transport through chylomicron pathway and also improve the dissolution rate of the crystalline drug [19]. DTB-loaded SLNs were prepared using various lipids, including glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl tripalmitate, glyceryl

Nanoglasses: a trail towards uncharted regions of vitreous materials and their properties?

• Gerhard Wilde and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.72

• of interface density and chemistry may enable tailoring of mechanical, diffusion, and functional properties, including enhanced plasticity, altered transport behaviour, and tuneable optical or electronic responses. Finally, open questions regarding interfacial structure, thermodynamic driving forces

• , excess volume would also need to be transported from the outside of the material to localized regions inside, involving long-range transport and thus requiring time scales that might be prohibitive, specifically with respect to the barrier heights along the transport pathway and concerning the

• verified that the atomic transport through the glass–glass interface phase proceeds significantly faster than in the bulk phase of the chemically identical homogeneous glass. With the recent verification that thin-film deposition methods also allow for synthesizing nanoglasses, a versatile approach is now

Influence of an external electric field on the catalytic CO oxidation of nanoscaled CeO₂ and its La³⁺ and Gd³⁺ congeners

• Parastoo Jamshidi,
• Silvio Heinschke and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1028–1038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.70

• potential, charge transport within nCeO2 is modulated. Our results show that both dopants Gd3+ and La3+ lead to an increasing VO concentration, whereas the impact of the applied potential on the oxidation behaviour varies with catalyst composition. The applied electric potential markedly improves the

• separation and transport and influences heat transfer occurring in the bulk and at surfaces of dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and electrostrictive materials [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The electric-field-assisted catalytic decomposition over Pt/CeO2 enables the conversion of methanethiol to H2S even at low

• transport is commonly discussed in terms of small-polaron hopping between neighbouring cerium sites (Figure 4, left panel) [31][32][33][34]. In parallel, oxygen vacancies may rearrange within the fcc ceria lattice under suitable conditions (Figure 4, middle panel) [35]. In the present work, these processes

Synthesis and characterization of RF-sputtered ZnTe/Cu_2−xTe thin films for solar cell applications

• Gerardo Arreola Jardón,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Claudia Elena Pérez García,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta and
• Sergio Joaquín Jiménez Sandoval

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1016–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.69

• in materials such as CdTe, CdSe, and ZnTe, without evidence of excessive Cu2+ formation, thereby favoring improved electrical stability. Previous studies on Cu-doped ZnTe thin films have mainly focused on the influence of Cu incorporation on crystallinity, optical bandgap, and electrical transport

• , establishing a direct relationship between phase evolution and electrical transport. These findings contribute to the understanding and development of ZnTe-derived materials for back-contact applications in CdTe solar cells. Experimental The films were grown by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on a

• and avoid structural modifications during measurement. Normal-incidence transmittance spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 400–2500 nm using a Cary 5000 spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies). Finally, the charge transport parameters (carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• , potentially favoring droplet growth and particle enlargement. Analysis of the response surface plots (Figure 1) further suggests that the combined increase in PCL and EO may reduce the efficiency of mass transport during nanoprecipitation, consistent with diffusion-controlled mechanisms described by the

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

• + redox couple provides a stable and reproducible interfacial potential. (3) Mixed ionic–electronic conduction occurs in materials such as PEDOT:PSS, which supports simultaneous ion and electron transport and transduces potential changes via modulation of the polymer oxidation state. Together, these

• . In the case of chemiresistors, the channel should also offer a large accessible surface area to maximize adsorption-induced conductance change. In addition, it should be engineered to operate near the percolation threshold, where charge transport is dominated by a small number of critical junctions

• , thereby enabling high transduction gain from small adsorption events [106]. The active layer of an electrochemical electrode should provide high electrochemical activity with efficient ion and electron transport, ensuring fast charge/discharge kinetics. It must also maintain chemical stability and

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• interact with substrate-binding regions of P-gp or interfere with ATPase-driven transport activity to block drug efflux, increasing intracellular concentration and drug efficacy. Negi et al. developed liposomes coated with hyaluronic acid and containing imatinib mesylate, a substrate of the P-gp and BCRP

• increasing the concentration of cytotoxic drugs in resistant tumor cells. 3.1.2 Strategies to evade P-gp-mediated efflux. Advanced nanoparticle drug delivery systems exploit alternative cellular entry pathways, such as vesicular transport, organelle targeting, or specific features of the tumor

• . Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanoscale drug delivery systems composed of lipids that enable the encapsulation and transport of active substances such as drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, and other therapeutic compounds [43]. These structures reduce systemic toxicity and improve therapeutic efficacy and

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• considerable attention in the fields of materials science and nanotechnology because of their diverse functionalities, including luminescence, sensing, charge transport, and drug delivery [3][4][5][6]. Supramolecular gels are formed through bottom-up self-assembly driven by weak intermolecular interactions

• interactions with iodine or strong electron acceptors, thereby generating TTF radical cation species that serve as charge transport pathways. As a result, their electrical properties can be tuned from semiconducting to metallic behavior, depending on the doping level [21][22][23][24]. The realization of

• that one-dimensional structures formed through self-assembly can directly function as charge transport pathways [29][30]. C3-symmetric discotic molecules, which possess a rigid central core and three-directional interaction sites, are well known as molecular platforms that readily form highly ordered

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• absorbed excitation drives the oxidation of water (a thermodynamically demanding four-electron, four-proton process) at an inorganic cluster containing four manganese ions and one calcium ion (Mn4CaO5). The electrons extracted from water are passed along the electron transport chain to Photosystem I, where

• photoelectrocatalytic performance [19]. Amorphous sulfur-doped C3N4 (S-C3N4, Table 1), prepared from sulfur-containing precursors such as purpald, achieves a narrower bandgap of 1.8–2.0 eV and a higher surface area, accessing a larger fraction of the solar spectrum at the cost of somewhat reduced charge transport

• density, liquid ammonia stores 1.9 times more energy per liter than liquid hydrogen, making it an attractive medium for carbon-free energy storage and transport [35]. G) The case for photoelectrocatalysis: combining light and bias Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis each address part of the energy

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• surface-conjugated with a peptide with affinity for CD4 receptors [58]. The clinical use of DRV has been limited by its low bioavailability largely due to its lipophilic nature. First pass metabolism and efflux transport further reduce bioavailability [59]. To address these limitations, DRV-loaded SLNs

• were designed to improve delivery to HIV reservoirs [58]. In permeability studies, the nanoparticles showed a fourfold increase in transport across a Caco-2 cell membrane compared to plain drug solution. Furthermore, the peptide-grafted SLNs achieved enhanced cellular uptake in a CD4+ T cell model

Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• preparation The MoS2-based samples were prepared using natural bulk molybdenite mineral (Molly Hill Mine, Quebec, Canada). WSe2 crystals were prepared by CVT method from tungsten and selenium using bromine as a transport agent. High-throughput mechanical exfoliation of large-scale MoS2 and WSe2 was carried

Tuning the electronic properties of defect-rich MoS₂

• Eric Juriatti,
• Martina Binninger,
• Carolin Schüle,
• Maren Zirwick,
• Katarina Margetic,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Marcus Scheele and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 796–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.56

• they represent, for example, traps for charge carrier transport [17]. However, it is challenging to produce nearly defect-free TMDC monolayers or multilayers. In particular, natural, exfoliated MoS2 crystals exhibit a variety of intrinsic defects [18]. Moreover, p- and n-type defects can be formed

Substrate-dependent pore formation in molybdenum disulfide monolayers under ion irradiation

• Yossarian Liebsch,
• Umair Javed,
• Lucia Skopinski,
• Leon Daniel,
• Franziska Appel,
• Radia Rahali,
• Clara Grygiel,
• Henning Lebius,
• Carolin Frank,
• Lars Breuer,
• Leon Kirsch,
• Frieder Koch,
• Jani Kotakoski and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 769–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.54

• -induced disorder and charge trapping are expected to increase carrier scattering, thereby limiting lateral spreading of the non-equilibrium electronic excitation. This is known from several studies [48][49] on charge transport in MoS2 that report higher carrier mobility in suspended monolayers than in

• . In the first zone ≈60 mg of sulfur is placed. An argon flow of 500 sccm is used to purge the quartz tube containing the reagents and as a means to transport the precursors. During the 30 min process, the first zone reaches 150 °C, while the second zone reaches 750 °C. After the process has finished

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• Epithelial tissues form selective barriers that regulate the transport of molecules, ions, and gases; they play an important role in physiological homeostasis [1]. In vitro models of epithelial barriers, particularly culturing Caco-2 cells, have been widely used to study the function of the epithelial

• investigation of epithelial barrier formation, transport functions, and mechanobiological responses that are otherwise difficult to isolate in conventional solid-supported systems. Moreover, when functionalized with extracellular matrix proteins, such interfaces can support uniform epithelial maturation and

• , offering a novel platform with potential for advanced drug transport studies and co-culture experiments with other cell types. This approach is expected to open new avenues for functional assays, such as transepithelial electrical resistance or drug permeability studies and co-culture experiments with

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• exhibit toxicity towards aquatic organisms, including bacteria, algae, invertebrates, and fish, with reported adverse effects such as growth inhibition, reproductive impairment, and mortality [32][33]. Moreover, various factors influence the fate and transport of AgNPs in environmental samples, including

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• -diffusion transport, and extraction pathways, thereby shaping critical device parameters such as open-circuit voltage and fill factor. This review highlights recent progress in junction engineering strategies for BEF enhancement. Homojunctions extend interfacial potential fields into the bulk through

• transport. By contrast, 2D/3D heterojunctions exploit interfacial dipole formation, intrinsic polarization, and phase-penetration effects to amplify and homogenize the BEF, while simultaneously improving energy-level alignment and defect passivation. We systematically compare these strategies within a

• fields. These effects facilitate directional transport and prolong carrier lifetimes. Therefore, the rational construction and optimization of generalized junctions to enhance the built-in electric field have become a key research direction for improving the efficiency and stability of PSCs, laying the

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• size in a "big" human. At the same time, recent findings suggested that nanoparticles may be able to reach tumor tissue also via active mechanisms of uptake and transport across tumor endothelial cells, potentially opening up new ways to reach tumors with drugs [20][21][22]. Next to passive targeting

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• nanofibers, have been proposed for the simultaneous transport of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives, leveraging compartmentalization to combine material advantages and enable multifunctional controlled-release strategies [25]. Beyond organic nanocarriers, research has increasingly extended to inorganic

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• Damian Krychowski Stanislaw Lipinski Department of Theory of Nanostructures and Quantum Materials, Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.17.34 Abstract We consider transport through a multilevel interacting quantum

• of a single excess charge on the dot increases. Strong dynamic correlations start to play a dominant role when Coulomb interaction exceeds electron kinetic energy. For dots weakly coupled to the leads, many-body resonances build up at low temperatures, opening new paths for coherent transport. Due to

• the generation of spin-polarized currents [19][20][21][22][23]. A continuing present goal is to test fundamental correlations between different degrees of freedom and to examine their role in quantum transport. The principal aim is to understand how dot or multidot structures with internal spin

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• between different growth methods, for example, chemical vapor transport vs molecular beam epitaxy in terms of pressures and growth temperatures. Generally, the thermodynamic conditions are ill-defined during growth, especially the chemical potentials of the material constituents are not well known, making

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• . Beyond delivery, BNPs address hypoxia [5], a critical barrier to PDT efficacy, through oxygen-carrying systems like hemoglobin-based nanostructures, which retain the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin and can effectively transport and release oxygen within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME

• cell membranes, such as immune evasion, prolonged circulation, and specific targeting, BNPs can be further enhanced through surface modifications to improve their therapeutic performance. These modifications enable BNPs to address complex challenges in drug delivery, including targeted transport

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• , were characterized through electrical transport measurements. The I–V characteristics show that, in the NbRe/Py bilayer, vortices reach higher critical velocities than those observed in the NbRe/Au structure. The analysis of the flux-flow instability within the Larkin–Ovchinnikov framework allows one

• ; superconductivity; vortex dynamics; Introduction Vortex dynamics plays a central role in the electrical transport under magnetic fields in type-II superconductors and is an essential subject of research in superconductivity [1]. In inhomogeneous type-II superconductors, structural defects create pinning centers

• that NbRe thin films are polycrystalline with oriented grains of nanometric size, of the order of a few nanometers [20][21]. Furthermore, earlier investigations have demonstrated that the superconducting and transport properties of NbRe are robust against moderate thickness variations [19]. These

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• authors agree with an oxidation kinetic consistent with the Cabrera–Mott model [44][45]. As an electrochemical process, LAO is inherently current-dependent. Early studies showed that oxide growth evolves from an initial electronic tunneling regime to ionic transport as the film develops [46]. Dagata and

• stress and trapped charges hinder further ion transport. Together, these effects progressively slow oxidation and ultimately halt growth [48]. This explains why local oxidation experiments on Si report maximum features below 10 nm, while oxide features grown on SiC (with different stoichiometry and

• features. Different materials exhibit varying oxidation kinetics, conductivity, and susceptibility to environmental conditions. For example, TMDs such as MoS2 and WSe2 are especially sensitive to phonon scattering, which significantly influences their thermal conductivity, electrical transport properties

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• ]. They are especially important in gymnosperms, where they serve as primary conduits for water transport, whereas in angiosperms, they function alongside vessel elements, contributing to both axial and lateral water movement by providing strength of the tissue [3][4]. Tracheids are specialized cells that

• are elongated, hollow, and tapered at both ends, forming an interconnected system that facilitates the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant [3]. Depending on the species and function, conifer tracheids are generally narrow, with varying diameters (8–80 µm

• enhance water transport efficiency during growth seasons, enabling the trees to support rapid growth. Conversely, narrower lumina in latewood provide superior mechanical support during periods of reduced growth, ensuring structural stability. However, across the five species studied here, the hardwood