Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• temperatures. Prior to film deposition, the substrates were cleansed in an ultrasonic cleaner using acetone and isopropyl alcohol sequentially for 10 min at room temperature. The cleaned substrates were then dried in air and placed on the substrate holder in the chamber. A ZnTe target (dimensions 2 inch

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• photocatalyst [74]. In a recent study, Jeyaprakash and coworkers [75] synthesized Ti3+-doped TiO2 with oxygen vacancies utilizing ultrasonic treatment for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) via sono-photocatalysis under visible halogen lamp irradiation. The modified TiO2 demonstrated remarkable degradation of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• localized warming, which triggers transient thermoelastic expansion. The ultrasonic signal generated by the expansion can be detected by an ultrasonic imaging transducer to provide deep structural images (5 μm to 10 cm) of the eye [184][185][186]. In addition, PAI can provide functional information, for

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• formed. Subsequently, the emulsion underwent homogenization in an ultrasonic bath while being bubbled with argon for 1.5 h to generate a uniformly dispersed solution. Then, the solution was diluted three times. Polycondensation occurred at 25 °C overnight under stirring. p(Hist-CA) was then purified

• added to the solution, and it was homogenized for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure. Then, solutions of Hist-RA (4 mM, 0.5 mL, PB, pH 8.5), CA-RA (8.8 mM, 0.5 mL, PB, pH 8.5), and BA (1.25 mM, 4 mL, PB, pH 8.5) were added, and then the synthesis was

• that was 1 × 1 × 3.5 cm3 in size. The excitation wavelength was 475 nm, and the fluorescence spectra ware measured between 480 and 700 nm. Electronic analytical balances ViBRA AF-225 DRCE (220/0.001 g, resolution 0.00001 g) were utilized for weighing the samples. Ultrasonic treatment was performed with

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• . Then, the mixture was thoroughly mixed and heated at 80 °C for 1 h until the color of the mixture turned from brown to black. The resulting black precipitate of Fe3O4 NPs was washed three times with deionized water and then dispersed for 40 min in an ultrasonic disintegrator (Ultrasonic Homogenizer

• described in [61]. For the preparation of extracts, the plant powder was mixed with the extragents, that is, 96%, 70% and 50% ethanol, diluted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) in a 1:30 (w/v) ratio and exposed to ultrasound at 75 W (ultrasonic homogenizer, Sonic-150W, MRC, Israel). After 24 h of incubation on

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• added, and the suspension was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath. The sonication time was controlled by analyzing the material’s hydrodynamic diameters by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Dispersion aliquots for measurement were collected every 10 min, and the sonication was performed until there were no

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• impurities. The SiO2/Si(100) substrates were immersed in acetone and 2-propanol for a duration of 2 min in an ultrasonic bath. Subsequently, they were immersed in a solution of methanol at a temperature of 60 °C and then dried in N2 gas flow. A 5 nm thick layer of tantalum was deposited on a SiO2/Si(100

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• and cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces. The targets were thoroughly cleaned in an ultrasonic bath using ethanol, acetone, and DW for 10 min. After washing, the targets were fixed at the bottom of the glass beaker filled with 5 mL of DW and aqueous NaCl solution (1 mM). The setup was mounted on the motorized

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• power = 3.5 kW) up to a boiling temperature of ca. 95 °C and boiled for 30 s. After this, the sample was removed from the vessel and cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner in isopropanol for 30 s and subsequently dried with nitrogen. The resultant as-grown film underwent rapid thermal annealing (RTA

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• synthesized in a hydrothermal process. 0.25 g of TiO2 and 12.5 mL of 10 M NaOH were mixed under ultrasonic stirring. The suspension was then transferred to a teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 130 °C for 10 h. The resulting white solid was separated by centrifugation and rinsed several times

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• Shanghai Zhongqiao Xinzhou Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Preparation of Fe3O4 NCs Fe3O4 NCs were synthesized using a microwave hydrothermal synthesis method with a computer microwave ultrasonic synthesis/extraction instrument (XH-300A+, Beijing Xianghu Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing

• ultrasonication (XM-P06H, Xiaomei Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd., Kunshan, China) for 30 min at room temperature. HCCP (15 mg), CUR (15.9 mg), and HPS (5.4 mg) were subsequently added with sonication for 30 min. TEA (2 mL) was dispersed into acetonitrile (10 mL), and this mixed solution was added dropwise to the

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• was slowly added into 20 mL of tert-butanol (Merck-Millipore) and mixed with an ultrasonic cleaner (Creworks Co., Ltd.) at 40 kHz for 1 min. The mixed solution was filtered by suction filtration using a 0.2 μm filter membrane (Merck KGaA). The filtered solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm (Kubota Co

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• preparation on the results and confirm the method’s suitability for TiO2 pigment analysis. One sample was manually agitated, while the other underwent a 1 min dispersion in an 80 W ultrasonic bath. For sample A, the bimodal PSD typical of E171 is clearly visible in both spectra in Figure 2. Similar bimodal

• as in [11], differences in method M1 with respect to [11][21] are described below. These three methods differ substantially in all their characteristic steps, including ultrasonic bath dispersion in water, dry dispersion in a solid polymer, and the powdering onto a sticky sample stub without

• summarised in Table 11. Sample preparation and measurement protocol of RCPTM Prior to the microscopic analyses, the supplied TiO2 (E171) samples were suspended in acetone (at a concentration of 6 mg/mL) and shaken in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min. Immediately after the shaking stopped, a few microliters of

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• induced in the SiO2 upper layer were cleaned for ten minutes in an ultrasonic bath with acetone, isopropanol, and O2 plasma before being placed in the microscope chamber. Graphene and SiO2/Si etching The samples were placed inside the SEM-Versa 3D (FEI), which also operates at LV mode. The chamber was

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• studied to treat schistosomiasis by using a nanotechnological approach. A method using ultracentrifugation and ultrasonic dispersion produced ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract-derived nanoparticles which an average size of 238.3 nm [64]. The author justified his choice to use this kind of nanoparticles

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• structure. The resist was patterned using an electron beam, which offers higher resolution than other sources (e.g., UV light) because of the smaller wavelength of electrons. Since the use of an ultrasonic bath will destroy the free-standing membrane, the undercut must be deliberately made larger to ensure

• etching opens further applications for TEM sample preparation for more complicated high-resolution nanostructures. We have developed a straightforward method to prepare a SiN membrane with nanostructures on one side. This method allows for the use of an ultrasonic bath, higher deposition temperatures, and

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• suspension was finally deposited on a glass slide and covered by a glass coverslip, both previously washed using 0.2% Hellmanex® cleaning solution and ethanol in an ultrasonic bath. After complete drying (15 min), 8 µL of mounting medium (ProLong™ Diamond, Molecular Probes™) was deposited on the dry drop of

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• . Firstly, the POE oil and nanoparticles were stirred in a mechanical stirrer, then the mixture was stirred with an ultrasonic stirrer. The mechanical mixing process was applied with the TOPTION MX-S mechanical mixer. Also, an ultrasonic mixing process was applied with the TOPTION TU-900E4 sonic mixer. The

• . The a) FE-SEM micrograph with a scale bar of 200 nm, b) FE-SEM micrograph with a scale bar of 400 nm, and c) EDS analysis of the CNT nanoparticles. XRD pattern of the CNT nanoparticles. The devices used to implement the two-step method are a) mechanical stirrer, b) ultrasonic stirrer, and c) precision

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• sonication in an ultrasonic bath SW3H (Sono Swiss). Once the films were drop cast on aluminum mirrors, the IR spectra were recorded. The synthesized Si3P4 NPs were reactive and emanated phosphine upon contact with moisture. Once the ampoules were opened in an inert atmosphere, particles were allowed to

• “WinXPow”. Elemental analysis was carried out on an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer S2 Picofox (Bruker) with total external reflection. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples were dispersed in an ultrasonic bath with hexane and then deposited on copper grids with lacey carbon film (SPI Supplies

A wearable nanoscale heart sound sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE)/ZnO/GR and its application in cardiac disease detection

• Yi Luo,
• Jian Liu,
• Jiachang Zhang,
• Yu Xiao,
• Ying Wu and
• Zhidong Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 819–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.67

• to the mixed solution. The mass fraction of ZnO was 10%, and the mass fraction of GR was 0.1%. The particles in the solution were dispersed by ultrasonic treatment for 2 h. Finally, the solution was shaken and mixed for 3 h to obtain the electrospinning solution. The electrospinning solution was

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• % amplitude using an ultrasonic processor (130 Watts, Cole-Parmer, USA) equipped with a 6 mm titanium tip. After the sonication process, NLC-BNZ were obtained by leaving the hot suspension to cool to room temperature. The remaining volume was then measured. Measurement of the encapsulation efficiency

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• in this work. The wafer was divided into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces, which were then cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner in acetone (20 min), ethanol (15 min), and deionized water (10 min). The wafer pieces were oxidized in hot Piranha solution (45 mL of H2SO4/15 mL of H2O2) for 5 min. To perform metal-assisted

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• reach a higher doping level around 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. Before starting the KPFM analysis, the sample was cleaved, and a surface cleaning was carried out to expose a clean cross section. We performed a chemical treatment based on sequential ultrasonic baths of acetone, ethanol, and deionized water. The