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Search for "water" in Full Text gives 1504 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28
- mucoadhesive drug delivery system that was developed to fulfill these requirements. Alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil emulsification followed by external gelation and then coated with the mucoadhesive polymer Eudragit RS100. The formulated nanoparticles had a mean size of 219 nm and
- ± 3.9)%. To our knowledge, the range of encapsulation efficiency (EE) values determined in studies conducted with alginate-based nanoparticles was 7–90% [46][47]. As examples, Fernando et al., produced nanoparticles by a water-in-oil emulsification/external gelation process with EE values of 36% [48
- nanoparticles was examined after 24 h through fluorescence measurements in the underlying gelatin layer (test group). As the reference group, nanoparticles were dispersed in water (instead of mucin) and incubated on a gelatin layer for 24 h. The purpose of this group was to determine the maximum nanoparticle
Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26
- that the carbon support is wettable by water. Making macroscopic carbon surfaces hydrophilic necessitates carbon surface oxygenates that are thermodynamically stable only at graphitic edges spaced closely enough to retain adsorbed water [22]. This precludes glassy carbon and basal-plane highly ordered
- lowered by surface reconstruction [37]. Passivation of dangling bonds on graphite occurs fast [38]; we were unable to find a reported timescale. In general, dangling bonds possess short lifetimes. For example, dangling OH bonds of water have sub-picosecond lifetimes [39], whereas the lifetimes of dangling
- circuit potential, where no faradaic current flows [2], did not show product generation. This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composite cathode electrocatalyzed hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction (Figure 6C,D). Hydrogen can arise from the reduction of water
Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24
- , until a dark brownish precipitate appeared, followed by addition of 1.5 mL of H2O2 (30%) and 100 mL of ice-cold ultrapure water to stop the oxidation reaction and eliminate unreacted KMnO4. The chemistry involved in the chemical exfoliation of graphite is shown in Figure 1. The purified graphitic sheets
- were collected using successive centrifugation steps at 13,000 rpm for 30 min and washing with deionized (DI) water several times, until the hydrolysis of covalent sulfates formed during oxidation [26][27]. The final product of exfoliated GO nanosheets were extracted through freeze-drying. Binding of
Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23
- . It also exhibits antifungal activity against Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, and Cryptococcus [10]. While having several benefits, berberine has limited therapeutic usage since it is poorly soluble in water, absorbs poorly through the intestinal wall, and has a very low bioavailability (about 5
- materials with novel properties. The development of substances and methods with enhanced water dispersibility and bioavailability from materials such as berberine and curcumin is a current trend. Several studies on the nanofabrication of berberine aimed at improving its bioavailability and evaluating its
- sulfate (Scharlau, Spain), and filled up to a total weight of 100 g with sterile distilled water. Zirconium balls (200 g) were added to the vial, which was placed on a platen roller and operated at 2,000 rpm for 120 h. After milling, the balls were removed, and the suspension of BerNPs was collected
Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22
- sensitive compounds [3]. Electrospun nanofibers exhibit a large surface area, high porosity, and small pore size, making them useful for a wide range of applications, as shown in Figure 1. Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers have many applications, including water treatment, biomedical
- water treatment. Table 1 shows the properties applications of chitosan that have been studied. Among the crucial factors in the electrospinning process is the solubility of the polymer [51]. Chitosan is soluble in organic acids such as diluted aqueous acetic, formic, and lactic acids, but it is
- insoluble in water, alkali, and most mineral acid systems. Additionally, chitosan is soluble in mixtures of water, methanol, ethanol, and acetone [52], making it feasible for the electrospinning process. Unbound amino groups make chitosan a positively charged polyelectrolyte in acidic media, resulting in
Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21
- , Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram-4349, Bangladesh Department of Civil Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram-4349, Bangladesh Water Management & Treatment Technologies Institute, Sustainability & Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for
- Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab
- Emirates 10.3762/bjnano.16.21 Abstract In the constantly growing field of environmental sustainability, the threat of newly discovered pollutants, particularly antibiotics, has become a crucial concern. The widespread presence of these pharmaceutical substances in water sources presents a complex hazard
Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18
- characteristic absorption peaks of FA (at 280 nm) and TMZ (at 255 and 328 nm, corresponding to the active hydrolytic metabolite MTIC and the prodrug TMZ, respectively) in water solution and the concurrent absence of peaks in water solution of free PEG6000 and unloaded non-PEGylated and PEGylated CNs (Figure 3
- indicate that chemically modified CNs are highly water soluble and that their toxicity depends on the degree of functionalization. Considering the specific targeting ligands used for dual functionalization of the CNs in the present study, aside from their effects on the solubility of CNs, one cannot
Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17
- of both soil and water, and disruption of the natural ecosystem balance [1]. To tackle these pressing environmental challenges, a promising solution lies in adopting biofertilizers in agriculture, which involve harnessing microorganisms like plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. These microorganisms
- application and storage [7]. Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the development of rhizobacterial carrier materials, as their effective utilization can provide protective benefits to plants, assist in nutrient absorption, and, when in gel form, significantly improve water management efficiency
- applications. The nHA carrier is hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) in powder form, comprising the elements calcium, phosphorous, oxygen, and hydrogen. These elements provide nutrients that support the viability of rhizobacteria. Water within the carrier also plays a crucial role in maintaining the viability of
Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16
- endogenous chromophores (i.e., blood, water, and melanin) and biomolecules in the human body have a low absorption rate of NIR light. Hence, NIR has a high tissue penetration depth, which can avoid photothermal damage to healthy tissues [35][36][37]. Activation of photothermal nanomaterials with NIR light
- nanometals can be swiftly heated to temperatures around 100 °C using low-energy laser pulses of specific wavelength. This rapid heating effectively evaporates a limited amount of water in the adjacent nanoscale region, forming vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) (see below in Figure 2c) [50]. The swift expansion and
- photothermal agents [61]. Organic small molecule dyes are easy to remove from the eye, however, they suffer from low photothermal conversion efficiency, easy photobleaching, low water solubility, and low stability [39]. Common organic small molecule dyes include cyanine dyes (e.g., indocyanine green (ICG
Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15
- purification. Concentrate rare earth stock solutions (≈1 mM) were prepared by dissolving each oxide in deionized water, slowly adding a small quantity of HCl since these oxides are insoluble in water. From these stocks, less concentrated solutions were prepared at various rare earth concentrations by diluting
- condensation is related to the use of HCl to dissolve the rare earth oxides in solution during the sample preparation process (see section “Experimental”). It is well known that these oxides react with aqueous HCl producing the trivalent cation form of the rare earth elements and water [30]. Thus, the
A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO2 capture
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14
- Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen Nicholas Hansen Mahboubeh Motadayen Nina Lock Martin Lahn Henriksen Jonathan Quinson Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Aarhus University, Ole Worms
Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13
- for their potential as antibacterial hybrid pigments. The bentonite clay modified with niobium was prepared by a solution containing swelling clay mixed with niobium oxide (NbOx) and niobium phosphate (NbPh) in a water solution; after that, the suspension was calcinated. X-ray diffractometry, X-ray
- cereus (ATCC 10876) and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35649). The analysis revealed remarkable antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis, suggesting a preferential selectivity for Gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: adsorption; bentonite; hybrid pigment; niobium; photocatalysis; water remediation
- color of MB in wastewater reduces light penetration into aquatic organisms, disturbing the balance of the ecosystem and harming various forms of life [3]. Effluents and water bodies containing MB require prioritized treatment due to its adverse effect on water quality. Therefore, it is crucial to
TiO2 immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12
- nanocomposites were synthetized by the introduction of titanium tetraethoxide (TEOT) into the interlamellar space of 2D mordenite, its subsequent hydrolysis in water or a solution of 70% ethanol in water for 6, 12, and 24 h, and calcination. The resulting TiO2/2D mordenite materials were studied by a set of
- nanoparticles of about 4 nm in size. It was found that the textural properties of the resulting materials are sensitive to the environment in which TEOT hydrolysis takes place. Alkoxides are, generally, not stable in protic solvents such as water. However, because of this property they are widely used as
- starting products in a large number of reactions. The hydrolysis of various metal alkoxides by pure water, or its mixtures with primarily alcohols or other solvents, are the basis of the sol–gel method to obtain oxide materials. The tendency of metal alkoxides to this reaction can be considered as their
Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8
- range from 400 to 4000 cm−1. We observed a peak at 484 cm−1, which corresponds to Zn–O bond vibrations. In addition, we observed peaks at 440, 480, and 670 cm−1 also related to ZnO. The presence of water within the nanocrystalline ZnO NPs was suggested by peaks observed at 3400 cm−1, representing O–H
- MB dye progressed with time and yielded 95% degradation under 120 min. The process involved in dye degradation is exciting electrons and generating holes in the semiconductor. The produced electrons form superoxide radicals (•O2−) by reacting with O2, while holes react with water (H2O) molecules to
- according to [24] with slight modifications. The GP258 isolate was inoculated to MRS broth and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Further, the mixture was diluted fourfold using sterile distilled water and again incubated for 24 h. The culture broth was adjusted to pH 6 using 1 M NaOH, then to the culture broth
Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7
- some flexibility for the users in that they recommend a specific medium, but this is not essential (and indeed many labs use tap water or bore hole water). Thus, each lab needs to prepare its own detailed SOP that underpins the experiment. In the example shown, we have not linked to other aspects of an
- partly confidential information on the production processes needed for the life cycle assessment to evaluate energy and water consumption or as a basis to discuss the amounts of material needed to be shipped to the partners and then the status of the shipment. At the same time, the instance maps are
Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5
- ][40] in bodies of water, addressing a pressing environmental concern. Also, iron-modified zeolites have shown variations in both electric and magnetic properties that allow one to generate catalysts based on zeolites [41]. Among these types of composites consisting of zeolites modified with magnetic
- nanoparticles, sodium Linde A Type (LTA) zeolite, also known as NaA zeolite, stands out for its remarkable capacity and selectivity to capture various types of metals commonly found as contaminants in drinking water. These metals include Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cs, and Sr [42][43][44][45][46
Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3
- , which employs micro- and nanostructures to repel water, we investigate the application of silicone nanofilaments (SNFs) as a coating on steel surfaces to mitigate scaling. Silicone nanofilaments, previously successful on polymers, textiles, and glass, are explored for their hydrophobic properties and
- moisture control and water interaction [1][2]. The structure and chemistry of insect skin are finely tuned to navigate these challenges, showcasing a sophisticated natural adaptation to efficiently repel water [3]. Springtails have mastered this capability using micro- and nanostructured skin surfaces
- applications of mimicking the liquid-repelling properties of their skin to address a common industrial challenge: The scaling of steel surfaces. Scaling, a pervasive issue in various industries, results from unwanted water adhesion and mineral deposition, leading to corrosion, reduced efficiency, and increased
A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2
- molecules. Within a microemulsion system, they self-assemble at the interface between water and oil. The hydrophilic groups face the aqueous phase, while the resorcinarene scaffold with tails on the lower rim points towards the dispersed (oil) phase. Under slightly basic conditions (pH 8.5), resorcinarenes
- react with BA to form boronate esters through cross-linking (Scheme 1). To synthesize p(Hist-CA), 4 mL of BA solution (1.25 mM) in PB, pH 8.5, and 7.3 μL of triolein (TO) were added to a mixture of Hist-RA (2 mM) and CA-RA (4.4 mM) in 1 mL of water. The mixture was vortexed for 1.5 min until an emulsion
- profile of the water-soluble portion of the sample showed four peaks (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). The main peak, with an average molecular weight of approximately 33 kDa (peak 3, Table 1), was attributed to p(Hist-CA). In the high-molecular-weight region, two low-intensity peaks (peaks 1
Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1
- . The scale template was removed by acid etching, using drops of a 3:1 mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, followed by heating at 130 °C for 15 min. The replicas were then cleaned using deionized water. Titanium(IV) ethanolate (33–35% TiO2), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS 98%), and
Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131
- membrane structure and dynamics. In contrast, the density profile for AUR (Figure 6c) shows a peak near the water–membrane interface, indicating a more superficial insertion compared to OLA. AUR’s density decreases significantly toward the bilayer center, highlighting its preference for interacting with
Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129
- different liquid media, namely, deionised water (DW), toluene, and anisole, to fabricate HfO2 and HfC NPs along with Hf NSs. Spherical HfO2 NPs and nanofibres were formed when Hf was ablated in DW. Hf ablated in toluene and anisole demonstrated the formation of core–shell NPs of HfC with a graphitic shell
- carbides [11][31]. In one of our earlier works [10], we performed femtosecond ablation and reported the formation of colloidal hafnium oxide NPs and nanoribbons in deionised water. The average sizes of NPs and nanoribbons were 13.5–18.0 and 10–20 nm, respectively. Further, we also reported that monoclinic
- duration (picosecond pulses used here) and the surrounding liquid medium on the laser-ablated Hf-based NPs and NSs. Three different solvents, deionised water (DW; inorganic and oxygen-containing), toluene (organic and oxygen-free), and anisole (organic and oxygen-containing), have been chosen as ablation
Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126
- , three-dimensional network of polysaccharides (cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses) and is able to absorb large amounts of water. Depending on the water content, mucilage can behave as an efficient lubricant or as strong glue. The current work attempts to summarise the achievements in the research on
- hydrophilic, three-dimensional (3D), polymeric networks able to absorb huge amounts of water [1][2][3]. This term refers perfectly to the mucilage envelope produced by many fruits and seeds (diaspores) of diverse plant taxa [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Mucilage is considered as a natural hydrogel and shares specific
- . Macroscopically observable mucilage is often a transparent, gel-like capsule formed around the diaspore after hydration with water (Figure 1). At the microscale mucilage exhibits, before hydration, successive layers formed by adcrustation in the mucilaginous cells of the seed/fruit coat (the outermost covering of
Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125
- . Then, the mixture was thoroughly mixed and heated at 80 °C for 1 h until the color of the mixture turned from brown to black. The resulting black precipitate of Fe3O4 NPs was washed three times with deionized water and then dispersed for 40 min in an ultrasonic disintegrator (Ultrasonic Homogenizer
- MassLynx data processing software. Separation was done on a C-18 column (Knauer, Germany, 250 × 4 mm, particle size 4.5 nm) at an elution rate of 1 mL/min with the following gradient elution system: HPLC-grade water with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (solution A, Carlo Erba, France), acetonitrile (solution B
- model Experiments were conducted on mature male white Wistar rats weighing 190–210 g. The animals were kept on a regular diet and water regimen at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, 55% ± 5% humidity, and a 12 h day/night cycle. The animals were randomly divided into seven experimental groups of five to six
Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124
- purification. Before the experiment, glassware was cleaned with aqua regia and rinsed twice with double distilled (DD) water. Methods Tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticle synthesis using ʟ-carnosine Silver nanoparticles with tunable plasmon wavelength were synthesized using a wet-chemical reduction approach
- -car-AgNP1 was synthesized at room temperature (RT = 25 °C), with the addition of 1 mL ʟ-carnosine (0.01 M) to 5 mL DD water followed by sequential additions of 100 μL NaOH (1 M), 1 mL AgNO3 (0.01 M), and 1 mL NaBH4 (0.001 M). The other samples, ʟ-car-AgNP2, ʟ-car-AgNP3, ʟ-car-AgNP4, and ʟ-car-AgNP5
- , were synthesized at temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C and at boiling temperature, respectively. The synthesis procedure for ʟ-car-AgNP2 to ʟ-car-AgNP5 was similar, with the reaction mixture comprising 1 mL ʟ-carnosine (0.01 M) added to 5 mL DD water, followed by sequential additions of 50 μL NaOH (1 M
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123
- characteristics such as greater absorption capacity, greater bioavailability, controlled release of active ingredients, improved solubility of hydrophobic substances in water, and good kinetic stability [12][13][14]. Metallic nanoparticles have been investigated as a promising approach for vector control. The
- /100 mL of purified water) by heating the mixture for 5 min and decanting for 1 h. After this process, the mixture was filtered and stored for 5 days at 15 °C. Finally, the filtered solution was treated with an aqueous solution of AgNO3 (1 mM) and incubated at room temperature. The chemical compounds
- ethanol, concentrated in a rotary vacuum evaporator, and finally stored at refrigerator temperature. A hydroalcoholic extract was produced by adding 1 mL of S. natans extract to 99 mL of purified water and 0.5 mL of Triton®. This extract was treated with AgNO3 (100 mM; 99:1) and conditioned at room
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